TSAR, TZAR

or CZAR, Slav, title meaning ‘emperor’; cognate with the Lat. ‘Cesar’; used by the Grand-duke Viadimir of Ru ia early in the 12th cent., and definitely adopted as the title of the reigning sovereign by Ivan the Terrible in 1547; title of Empre was Tsaritsa or Czarina, and of the heir a me throne, Tsarevitch or Cesarech. town, river port, on Volga, Saratov, Ru ia; railway junction; important transit trade. Pop. 75,000. 30° 23’ E.), town, summer resort, Petrograd, Ru ia; contains former Imperial residence. Pop. 24,000. (1840-93), Ru ian composer, studied under Anton Rubin stein at the Petrograd Conservatoire, where he became teacher of harmony (1866-77), afterwards devoting himself entirely to composition; works include operas, as Eugen Onegin, 1879, and Iolanthe, 1893, symphonies, as the Pathetique, and many other forms of composition; style inclined towards the dark and melancholy. med an people dwelling in the E. Caucasus, now subject to Ru ia. DIUS) (1503-72), Swi historian; 0. Glarus; of distinguished family dating from XII. cent.; strong supporter of Counter-Reformation, Johann Jakob T. (1818-89), a naturalist and diplomatist, and Fried rich (1820-86), a scholar, were of the same family. soldier; put down several rebellions; became war commi ioner, 1860; captured Nanking, 1864; retired in 1870.