kid'ney

[A. S. cwith, womb, belly, -tneere, kidney.] One of the two organs (L. ren, G. nephros) which excrete the urine. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs, about 4^ in. in length, 2 in. in width, and li in. in thickne , lying on either side of the spinal column, behind the peritoneum, about opposite the twelfth thoracic and first three lumbar vertebrae. At the inner edge of each kidney is a concave depre ion, the hylus, where the ve els and nerves enter and leave the organs and where the ureter emerges the hylus leads into the renal sinus, a hollow containing the pelvis and calyces and the branching blood-ve els. The kidney is enclosed in a fibrous envelope, the capsule, which dips into the sinus at the hilus. The substance of the organ is divided into cortex and medulla; the former is darker colored and more granular in appearance than the latter; it contains the Malpighian corpuscles and most of the convoluted tubides; the medulla is lighter in color and striated and contains the majority of the straight tubules it is formed of the pyramids whose bases rest in the cortex and whose apices are the renal papillas at which point the central collecting tubule opens into a calyx, this in turn emptying into the pelvis of the kidney from which the water pa es into the ureter and so reaches the urinary bladder. The pyramids are made up of tubules; each tubule begins at the glomerulus, or Malpighian corpuscle, in the cortex; it is first convoluted, then enters the pyramid, pa ing down toward the papilla, near which it turns back on itself, the turn being called Henle's loop, it then ascends to the cortex, where it is again convoluted (being called the irregular tubule), and returns to the pyramid in the center of which it empties into the straight collecting tube, which terminates, usually after uniting with others, at the apex of the papilla. Projections of ma es of tubules pa up into the cortex, being known as medullary rays, while the cortical substance often pa es down between the pyramids, forming the so-called columns of Berlin; the cortical substance between the medullary rays is also called the labyrinth. am'yloid k., amyloid degeneration of the kidneys, a ociated usually with a similar proce in the spleen and liver, caused frequently by prolonged suppuration the kidneys are large, firm, and pale, the cortex being especially thickened and having a glistening appearance on section the infiltration of amyloid material affects first the glomeruli and later the tubules as well, arteriosclerot'ic k., granular k. cicatric'ial k., the irregularly contracted and deformed k. resulting from suppurative pyelonephritis, cirrhot'lc k., granular k. contrac'ted k., granular k., small white k. cya- not'ic k., pa ive congestion of the k. cys'tic k., one which contains one or more cysts filled with a clear or brownish serous fluid or colloid matter. diaphragm at'ic lig'ament of the k., that segment of the mesorchium which extends to the diaphragm. fat'ty k., large white k., soapy k. float'ing k., the abnormally mobile kidney in nephroptosia. gout'y k., granular k. gran'ular k., chronic interstitial nephritis; an affection of the k. characterized by hyperplasia and contraction of the interstitial connective ti ue, with induration of the organ usually a ociated with arteriosclero; sis, heart k., the small granular k., due to sclerosis, occurring in certain cases of valvular heart disease, horse's hoe k., union of the lower extremities of the two kidneys by a band of ti ue extending acro the vertebral column, in'guinal lig'ament of the k., the segment of the mesorchium extending to the inguinal region, k. of preg'nancy, a pathological change in the kidneys, said to occur in about 80 per cent, of all cases of pregnancy, consisting in anemia with fatty infiltration of the epithelia, without inflammation; the urinary symptoms are albuminuria and sometimes granular and hyaline casts with fatty renal epithelia. lard a'ceo us k., amyloid k. large white k., the enlarged kidney with smooth or nodular surface, thin non-adherent capsule, thick white cortex, and large red pyramids, occurring in certain cases of chronic parenchymatous nephritis; the principal change is a fatty degeneration of the epithelium and glomeruli, the convoluted tubules are filled with casts composed of desquamated fatty epithelium, mov'able k., floating k. pal'pable k., a slight degree of nephroptosia. sclerot'ic k., granular k. small white k., a form of chronic parenchymatous nephritis in which the organ is little if at all increased in size; the capsule is thickened and moderately adherent, and there is some proliferation andvcontraction of the interstitial connective ti ue; there is fatty degeneration of the epithelium and glomeruli, soap'y k., the large white k., which is said to contain myelins, consisting of fatty acids in combination with pota ium and sodium, and not simple fats, sur'gical k., suppurative pyelonephritis, resulting from extension of disease from the lower urinary pa ages, wan'dering k., floating k. wax'y k., amyloid k. absce , nephrapostasis, nephropyosis, i^yonephrosis, calculus, nephrolith, calculous formation, nephrolithiasis, lithonephria. capsule division or ezcision, decapsulation, ren i puncture, nephrocapsectomy, renal capsulotomy, nephrotomy, Edebohl's operation. congestion, nephremia, nephrohemia. contraction. nephrarctia, nephromiosis, nephrostenosis. cystic formation, nephrocystosis. description, nephrography. disease, nephropathy, nephresia, nephrism. Bright s disease, downward displacement, nephroptosia. dropsy, nephredema, nep hydrops, hydronephrosis, enlargement, nephrectasia, nephrauxe, nephromegaly, nephrohypertrmihy, nephroncus. excis on, nephrectomy. fixation of wandering, nephropexy, nephrolixation, ren i fixation, nephrorrhaphy, ren i suture. floating, nephroptosia, ren mobile, ectopia ren is, nephrospasis. hardenmg, nephrosclerosis, hemorrhage from, nephrorrhagia. hemorrhage into, nephrapoplexy. hernia, nephrocele, inactivity, nephrapragmonia, nephranuria^ nephratony, nephroparalysis, nephroplegia. incision, nephrotomy, inflammation, nephritis, nephrophlegmasia, pyelonephritis, nephropye it is, pyelitis, glomeruli tis, glomem'onephritis, cha lazo nephritis, nephrochalazosis, nephroooocosis, nephria, Bright's disease, nephrapostasis. pain, nephralgia, nephrodynia, nephrocolica, renal colic, colic a renal is, nephrodysneuria, dolor nephritic us. pus in, pyonephrosis, nephropyosis, nephrapostasis. science relating to, nephrology, small, renculus, reniculus, renulus. softening, nephromalacia. ulceration, nephrelcosis. unnary retention, hydronephrosis, nephrydrosis, nephrydrops.