Biquadratic Equations" (1866), etc

Prättigau. See Prätigau. Praxiteles (praks-it'e-lēz). [Gr. Πραξιτέλης.] Born at Athens about the end of the 5th century B. c. A celebrated Greek sculptor. His activity lasted until about the time of Alexander the Great, or 336 B. C. Nearly threescore of his works are mentioned in old writers. The characteristics of his work are shown in the statue of Hermes and Dionysos discovered in the Heræum at Olympia and identified by Pausanias's description. Various figures in modern museums are supposed to be copies of his work. Among them are the Satyr of the Capitol (the “Marble Faun" of Hawthorne's novel); a much more beautiful torso discovered in the Palatine, and now in the Louvre; the Silenus and Dionysus in the Louvre; the A poll i no of the tribune in Florence; and the Apollo Sauroctonus of the Vatican. His most celebrated work was the Aphrodite of Cnidus, which, next to the Zeus of Phidias, was the most admired of the statues of antiquity. Pray (prā), Isaac Clark. Born at Boston, 1813: died at New York, Nov. 28, 1869. An American journalist, theatrical manager, actor, playwright, and poet. He began to write for the pre when only fourteen. In 1846 he went on the stage in London, and played for some time such parts as Alexander, Hamlet, Othello, Sir Giles Overreach, etc. Among his plays are "The Old Clock, etc.," dramatized from his novel (1836), "Cæcinna," "The Broker of Florence," etc. He was par ticularly succe ful in training pupils for the stage. Préault (prā-ō'), Antoine Auguste. Born at Paris, Oct. 8, 1809: died there, Jan. 11, 1879. A French sculptor. He studied in the Collège de Charlemagne till he was sixteen, and then supported himself in an ornament-modeler's shop, devoting his leisure hours to drawing in a life cla managed by a celebrated model of the day. From this he went to the atelier of David Prenti , Benjamin May berry d'Angers. He executed "La misère," "Gilbert mourant," "La famine" (1833), "Les parias," "Mouré," "Vitelli us," and the famous bas-reliefs of "La tuerie" (in plaster), all rejected by the jury (1834). His works were systematically rejected for the Salon till 1848, on account of their extremely marked character. Other works are the colo al statue of Charlemagne (1836), "Hecuba" (1836), "Carthage" (1838), "L'Abbé de l'Epée" for the Hôtel de Ville (1844), and "Clémence Isaure" for the Jardin du Luxembourg (1848). He made the famous medallion of Silence for the Jewish cemetery at Père Lachaise in 1848; the statue of General Marceau (1850); the Christ of the Church of Saint-Gervais; "La vierge aux épines" (1866); "Paul Huet" (1870: funeral medallion); etc. Pré aux Clercs (prā ō klar), Le. A strip of land in old Paris, which extended from the wall of Philippe Auguste to the present Champ de Mars, between the abbey of St.-Germain des Prés and the river. It must have belonged originally to the abbey, but was at an early date transferred to the university and used as a park or campus by the students. It was for many years given over to lawle ne . It is now built upon. Pré aux Clercs, Le. An opera by Hérold, produced in 1832 at Paris. It was very succe ful. Preble (preb'l), Edward. Born at Falmouth (now Portland), Maine, Aug. 15, 1761: died at Portland, Aug. 25, 1807. An American naval officer. He served in the Revolutionary War, and commanded the naval expedition against Morocco and Tripoli in 1803-04. Preble, George Henry. Born at Portland, Maine, Feb. 25, 1816: died at Boston, Ma ., March 1, 1885. An American admiral and naval writer, nephew of Edward Preble. He entered the a midshipman in 1835; commanded the Katahdin and the St. Louis during the Civil War; was promoted captain in 1867, commodore in 1871, and rear-admiral in 1876; and was retired in 1878. He wrote "History of the Preble Family in America" (1868), "History of the Flag of the United States of America, Naval and Yacht Club Signals, etc." (1872), etc. Precaution (prē-kâ'shon). James Feni more Cooper's first novel, published in 1821. Precauzioni (prā-kout-sē-ō'nē). An opera by Petrella, first produced at Genoa in 1851. Précieuses Ridicules (prā-syėz' rē-dē-kül'), Les. A comedy by Molière, produced produced in 1659. The Marquise de Rambouillet had collected around her, early in the 17th century, a coterie of fine (not to say finical) literary ladies, who came to be known as the "Précieuses"; and the fashion had extended to the provinces when Molière wrote his play. "The stage had been employed often enough for personal satire, but it had not yet been made use of for the actual delineation and criticism of contemporary manners as manners and not as the foibles of individuals. The play was directed against the affectations and unreal language of the members of literary coteries which, with that of the Hôtel Rambouillet as the chief, had long been prominent in French society. It has but a single act, but in its way it has never been surpa ed either as a piece of social satire or a piece of brilliant dialogue ill us trating ludicrous action and character." Saints bury , French Lit. p. 308. Preciosa (prāt-sē-ō'zä). A play by Wolff, music by Weber, produced at Berlin in 1821. Predil (pra'dil). An Alpine pa on the southern border of Carinthia, Austria-Hungary, 35 miles west-southwest of Klagenfurt, connecting the valleys of the Drave and Isonzo. Pregel (pra'gel). A river in the province of East Pru ia, Pru ia. It is formed by the union of the Pi a and Rominte, and flows into the Frisches Haff 5 miles below Königsberg. Length, about 125 miles. Preller (prel'ler), Fried rich. Born at Eisenach, Germany, April 25, 1804: died at Weimar, April 23, 1878. A noted German landscape painter. Among his best works are landscapes illustrating the Ody ey, in the long corridor in the museum at Weimar. Preller, Ludwig. Born at Hamburg, Sept. 15, 1809: died at Weimar, June 21, 1861. A German antiquary, chief librarian at Weimar from 1846. His chief work is "Griechische My tho logie" (1854-55). With H. Ritter he published "Hist or i a philosophiæ Græ cæ et Romanæ" (1836). Prelude (prēʻlūd or prel'ud), The. A philosophical poem by Words worth, published in 1850. Prence (prens), or Prince (prins), Thomas. Born in England, 1601: died at Plymouth Ma ., March 29, 1673. An American colonist, one of the pilgrims in the Fortune. He was governor of Plymouth Colony 1634-38 and 1657-73. Prentice (pren'tis), George Denison. Born at Preston, Conn., Dec. 18, 1802: died at Louisville, Ky., Jan. 22, 1870. An American journalist, poet, and humorist. He became editor of the Louisville "Journal" in 1831. His humorous writings were published as "Prentice an a" in 1859. Prenti (pren'tis), Benjamin May berry. Born Nov. 23, 1819: died Feb. 8, 1901. An American general. He served as a captain of volunteers in the Mexican war, and was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers at the beginning of the Civil War, being promoted major-general in 1862. He defeated Generals Theophilus H. Holmes and Sterling Price at Helena, Arkansas, July 4, 1863. He resigned in Oct. of the same year. ous author. Prenti , Mrs. (Elizabeth Payson). Born at Portland, Maine, Oct. 26, 1818: died at Dorset, Vt., Aug. 13, 1878. An American novelist and writer of juveniles: wife of G. Lewis Prenti , and daughter of Edward Payson. Her best-known work is "Stepping Heavenward" (1869). She also wrote "Little Susy Series," "Flower of the Family" (1854), etc. Prenti , Seargent or Sargent Smith. Born at Portland, Maine, Sept. 30, 1808: died near Natchez, Mi ., July 1, 1850. An American orator and politician. He was elected to Congre from Mi i ippi in 1838. Prenzlau (prents'lou), or Prenzlow (prents'10). A town in the province of Brandenburg, Pru ia, situated on the Uker and the Lower Ukersee 58 miles north-northeast of Berlin. It was the capital of the ancient Ukermark. Near it, Oct. 28, 1806, a Pru ian army under Prince von Hohenlohe sur rendered to the French under Murat. Population (1890), 18,019. Pre raphae lite Brotherhood, The. A band of artists, originally consisting of Holman Hunt, D. G. Ro etti, and J. E. Mill a is (joined later by William Michael Ro etti, Thomas Woolner, F. G. Stephens, and James Collins on), who. united in 1848 with a view of adopting a closer study of nature, and as a protest against academic dogma. "The Germ" was started in 1850, but only four numbers were published. Its avowed object was to "enforce and encourage an entire adherence to the simplicity of nature." The principle was applied to the writing of poetry as well as to painting. Ruskin earnestly advocated the school, whose methods he defined as the effort "to paint things as they probably did look and happen, not as, by rules of art developed under Raphael, they might be supposed gracefully, deliciously, or sublimely to have happened." A storm of vituperative criticism raged round the brotherhood for five years, and finally spent itself on their succe ors. By 1854 the band was practically broken up by divergence of methods. Over beck, who went to Rome in 1810, had with Schadow, Cornel i us, Philip Veit, and others (known by friends and enemies as the Pre raphae lites, the New-old School, etc.), built up a school based on the methods of Perugino and others preceding Raphael. Their work influenced Dyce. Maclise, Madox Brown, Hunt, and others in England, and led to the formation of the Pre raphae lite Brotherhood. Prerau (prā'rou). A town in Moravia, Austria Hungary, situated on the Beczwa 13 miles south-southeast of Olmütz. Population (1890), 13,172. Presanella (prā-zä-nel'lä). A group of the Alps, in southern Tyrol, connected with the Adamello Mountains, and separated from the Ortler group by the Tonale Pa . Height of Monte Presa nella, 11,686 feet. Presburg, or Pre burg (pres'börg), Hung. Pozsony (po'zhōny). [L. Posonium .] The capital of the county of Presburg, Hungary, situated on the Danube in lat. 48° 9′ N., long. 17° 6' E. Pre scott, William Hickling. Born at Salem, Ma ., May 4, 1796: died at Boston, Jan. 28, 1859. A noted American historian. While he was an un- der graduate at Harvard one of his eyes was injured by a Prévost d'Exiles Prestwich, Sir Joseph. Born at Clapham, London, March 12, 1812: died at Shoreham, Kent, June 23, 1896. A noted English geologist, profe or of geology at Oxford 1874-87. Pretender, The or The Old. See Stuart , James time he became nearly blind. Notwithstanding this drawback, he was able to make careful researches, principally Francis Edward. in Spanish history, employing a reader and using a special Pretender, The Young. See Charles Edward writing-case. He obtained from Spain a large number of Louis Philip Casimir . valuable manuscripts. His principal works are "History Pretor i a (pre-to'ri-ä). The capital of the Trans vaal Colony, South Africa. Population (1896), est., 8,000. Pretorian Camp. A camp of ancient Rome, first permanently established by Tiberius, outside of the city walls. It formed approximately a square of 1,500 feet to a side, and was inclosed by a good brick-faced wall 10 feet high, strengthened with towers at its gates. The camp was included by Aurelian in his new line of fortifications, and still forms an abrupt projection in the wall on the northeast. The fortifications of Aurelian are 3 times as high as those of Tiberius, and not so well built. The latter, embedded as they are in the newer work, can still be followed for a considerable distance. Within the Prestige (pres-tēzh'), Fanny. Born at London, Aug. 6, 1846. An actre . She made her first ap- pearance at Melbourne, Australia, when only 10 years old, as the Duke of York in "Richard III." Her first appear- ance in New York was in 1863. Preston (pres'ton). A town in Lancashire, England, situated on the Ribble in lat. 53° 45′ N., long. 2° 42′ W. It is one of the chief centers of cotton manufacture in England; has also manufactures of linen (dating from the end of the 18th century), iron, machinery, etc.; and has considerable coasting commerce. Here, Aug. 17-19, 1648, the Parliamentarians (about 10,000) under Cromwell totally defeated the Scottish Royalists under the Duke of Hamilton; and here in Nov., 1715, the Jacobites were defeated by the British troops and com- It is a seat of considerable trade by the Danube and the railway system of which it is the center, and occupies an important strategic position. The notable buildings are Rathaus. It was capi- the cathedral, ruined castle and the shanent until 1848. Population (1890), 52,444. Presburg, Peace of. A treaty concluded between France and Austria, Dec. 26, 1805. Austria ceded her Venetian po e ions to the kingdom of Italy, Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Pa au, etc., to Bavaria, and her Swabian po e ions to the South German states. Bavaria and Würtemberg were made kingdoms. Austria received the principality of Salzburg and some smaller po e ions. Prescot (pres'kot). A town in Lancashire, England, 8 miles east of Liverpool. Population (1891), 6,745. Pre scott (pres'kot). A town in Yavapai County, Arizona, situated in lat. 34° 30′ N., long. 112°24′ W. It is the center of a gold-and silver mining region. Population (1900), 3,559. Pre scott. A town in Grenville County, Ontario, Canada, situated on the St. Lawrence opposite Ogdensburg, New York. Population (1901), 3,019. Pre scott, Harriet. See Spofford , Mrs. Pre scott, Richard. Born in England, 1725: died in England, Oct., 1788. A British general. He served in the Seven Years' War; came to Canada in 1773; and had command of the British force in Rhode Island in 1777, when he was captured by William Barton. He became major-general in 1777, and lieutenant-general in 1782. Pre scott, Robert. Born in England, 1725: died near Battle, England, Dec. 21, 1816. A British general. He served in the Revolutionary War, and was colonial governor in Canada 1796-99. Pre scott, William. Born at Groton, Ma ., Feb. 20, 1726: died at Pepper ell, Ma ., Oct. 13, 1795. An American soldier. He served in the expedition to Nova Scotia in 1755, and commanded at the battle of Bunker Hill June 17, 1775. marble incrustation. Const an tine abolished the Pretorian Guard, and pulled down the wall of their camp on the side toward the city. Pretorian Guard, The. See the extract. Some remembrance of this fact lingering in the specch of the people gave always to the term Prætorium (the Prætor's house) a peculiar majesty, and caused it to be used as the equivalent of palace. So in the well-known pa ages of the New Testament, the palace of Pilate the Governor at Jerusalem, of Herod the King at Cæsarea, of Nero the Emperor at Rome, are all called the Prætorium. From the palace the troops who surrounded the person of the Emperor took their well-known name "the Prætori an Guard." Under August us the cohorts composing this force, and amounting apparently to 9,000 or 10,000 men, were scattered over various positions in the city of Rome. In the reign of Tiberius, on pretence of keeping them under stricter discipline, they were collected into one camp on the northeast of the city. The author of this change was the notorious Sejanus, our first and most conspicuous example of a Prefect of the Prætorians who made himself all-powerful in the state. The fall of Sejanus did not bring with it any great diminution of the power of the new functionary. As the Prætorians were the frequent, almost the recognised, creators of a new Emperor, it was natural that their commanding officer should be a leading personage in the state, as natural (if another English analogy may be allowed) as that the Leader of the House of Commons should be the first Minister of the Crown. Still it is strange to find the Prætori an Prefect becoming more and more the ultimate judge of appeal in all civil and criminal cases, and his office held in the golden age of the Empire, the second century, by the most eminent lawyers of the day. This part of his functions survived. When Const an tine at length abated the long-standing nuisance of the Prætori an Guards -setting an example which was unconsciously followed by another ruler of Constantinople, Sultan Mahmoud, in his suppre ion of the Jani aries - he preserved the Prætori an Prefect, and, as we have already seen, gave him a position of pre-eminent dignity in the civil and judicial ad ministration of the Empire. But of military functions he was now entirely deprived, and thus this officer, who had risen into importance in the state solely as the most conspicuous Guardsman about the court, was now permitted to do almost anything that he pleased in the Empire so long as he in no way touched soldiering. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 211. Pretty man (prit'i-man), Prince. A whimsical character, in the Duke of Bucking ham's play "The Rehearsal," who alternates between be Ma ., about 1843. An American writer and ing a fisherman and a prince, and is in love translator. She has lived in France and Great Britain for some time, and is particularly noted for her translation of Mistral's "Mirèio" in 1873. She has also translated "The Life of Madame Swetchine" "(1865), "Portraits de femmes" from Sainte-Beuve (called "Celebrated Women"), etc., and has written "Troubadours and Trou vères" (1876), "A Year in Eden" (1886), etc. Preston, John Smith. Born near Abingdon, Va., April 20, 1809: died at Columbia, S. C., May 1, 1881. An American orator: a Sece ionist leader and Confederate general. Preston, William. Born near Louisville, Ky., Oct. 16, 1816: died at Lexington, Ky., Sept. 21, 1887. An American politician. He was member of Congre from Kentucky 1852-55; United States minister to Spain 1858-61; and a Confederate general. Preston, William Ballard. Born at Smith field, Montgomery County, Va., Nov. 25, 1805: died there, Nov. 16, 1862. An American politician. He was Whig member of Congre from Virginia 1847-49; secretary of the navy 1849-50; and a Confederate senator. Preston, William Campbell. Born at Philadelphia, Dec. 27, 1794: died at Columbia, S. C., May 22, 1860. An American politician and orator. He was Democratic United States senator from South Carolina 1837-42, and president of South Carolina College 1845-51. Preston pans (pres-ton-panz'). A small town in Hadding tons hire, Scotland, on the Firth of Forth 8 miles east of Edinburgh. Here, Sept. 21, 1745, the Jacobites (chiefly Highlanders) under Charles Edward, the "Young Pretender," defeated the British troops under Cope. Prestwich (prest'wich). A town in Lancashire, England, 4 miles northwest of Manchester. Population (1891), 7,869. with Cloris. His embarra ments are amusing and numerous. He was intended to ridicule Leonidas in Dryden's "Marriage à la Mode." Preu (pro is), Johann David Erdmann. Born at Lands berg, Pru ia, April 1, 1785: died at Berlin, Feb. Feb. 24, 1868. A Pru ian historian, his to rio historiographer of the royal house of Brandenburg. He published "Biographie Friedrichs des Gros sen" (1832-34), and other works on Frederick the Great. Preu en (pro is's en). The German name of Pru ia. Preu isch-Eylau. See Eylau . Preves a (pra-vā'sä). A seaport in Albania, Turkey, situated at the entrance to the Gulf of Arta, in lat. 38° 57′ N., long. 20° 46′ E., near the site of the ancient Nicopolis. Population, about 6,000. Prevost (pre-vō'), Augustine. Born at Geneva, Switzerland, about 1725: died in England, May 5, 1786. A British general in the Revolutionary War. He defeated the Americans at Brier Creek in 1779 was unsucce fullest on in Prevost, Sir George. Born at New York, May 19, 1767: died Jan. 5, 1816. A British general, son of A. Prevost. He became commander-in-chief in British North America in 1811, and was defeated by the Americans at Plattsburg in 1814. 1779; and defended Savannah succe fully in 1779. Prévost d'Exiles (pra-vo deg-zel'), Abbé Antoine François. Born at Hesdin, Artois, April 1, 1697: died in the forest of Chantilly, Nov. 23, 1763. A French novelist. For 30 years he spent his time between the Jesuits' schools, the army, society, and the cloister. Finally he took monastic vows, but did not retain them long. He fled from the country and resided six years in Holland and England. He made a livelihood by means of his pen, and at the outset drew largely Prévost d'Exiles upon his own fund of personal experiences for the subject matter of his writings. He achieved succe with his "Mémoires d'un homme de qualité" (1728-32). Then he wrote "His to ire de M. Cleveland, fils naturel de Cromwell, ou le philosophe anglais" (1732-39), and his celebrated masterpiece, "His to ire du chevalier Des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut" (1733). A periodical publication, "Le pour et le contre," in 20 volumes, extended over 7 years, beginning in 1733. He also wrote "Le doyen de Killerine" (1735), "His to ire de Marguerite d'Anjou" (1740), "Campagnes philosophiques" (1741), “Mémoires pour servir à Î'his to ire de Malte" (1741), "L'His to ire d'une Grecque moderne" (1741), "His to ire de Guillaume le Conquérant" "Mémoires d'un honnête homme" (1745), "His to ire générale des voyages" (1745-70), "Manuel lexique" (1750), "Le monde moral” (1760), “Mémoires pour servir à l'his to ire de la vertu" (1762), "Contes, aventures, et faits sin. guliers" (1764), "Lettres de mentor à un jeune seigneur" (1764), etc. As a translator he rendered into French works of Dryden, Hume, Richardson, Cicero, etc. Prévost-Paradol (prā-võ'pä-rä-dol'), Lucien Anatole. Born at Paris, Aug. 8, 1829: committed suicide at Washington, D. C., July 20, 1870. A French journalist and author, an opponent of Napoleon III. He was minister to the United States in 1870. He wrote "Revue de l'his to ire universelle" (1854), etc. Priam (pri'am). [Gr. Πρίαμος , L. Priamus .] In Greek legend, the king of Troy at the time of its siege by the Greeks. He was the husband of Hecuba, and the father of 50 sons, including Hector and Paris. He perished at the capture of Troy. Priapus (pri-a pus). [Gr. Πρίαπος.] In Greek mythology, a god, a son of Dionysus and Aphrodite, the promoter of fertility and the protector of shepherds, farmers, and fishermen. Přibram, or Przibram (pzhēʼbräm). A town in Bohemia, situated 33 miles southwest of Prague. It is noted for its silver-mines (the property of the state), the most important in the Austrian empire. It has also lead-mines. Population (1891), commune, 13,412. Pribyloff (prēʼbē-lof) Islands. A group of islands in Bering Sea, about lat. 57° N., long. 170° W., belonging to Alaska. They have come into prominence in connection with the controversies between Great Britain and the United States concerning the seal fisheries. Price (pris), Bonamy. Born in Guernsey, May 22, 1807: died at London, Jan. 8, 1888. An English political economist. He graduated at Oxford (Worcester College) in 1829, and in 1868 became profe or of political economy at Oxford. He published "The Prin ciples of Currency" (1869), "Chapters on Practical Political Economy" (1878), etc. Price, Fanny. The principal character in Jane Austen's novel "Mans field Park,” noted for her humility. Price, Matilda. In Dickens's novel “Nicholas Nickle by," the bosom friend of Fanny Squeers. She afterward marries John Browdie. She is alluded to by Mi Squeers in their little unpleasantne as "base degrading 'Tilda." he Price, Richard. Born at Tynton, Glam organs hire, Feb. 22, 1723: died at London, April 19, 1791. An English philosophical writer. In 1758 published "Review of the Principal Questions in Morals." He is best known as a writer on financial and political questions. In 1778 he was invited by Congre to help in the management of the national finances, but declined. Price, Sterling. Born in Prince Edward County, Va., Sept. 11, 1809: died at St. Louis, Sept. 29, 1867. An American general. He was a Democratic member of Congre from Mi ouri 1845-46, when he resigned and raised a Mi ouri cavalry regiment for the MexiHe took part in General Stephen W. Kearny's can war. march from Fort Leaven worth to Santa Fé, where he was left in command when Kearny proceeded to California. In 1847 he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, and conquered Chihuahua. He was governor of Mi ouri 1853-57, and became a Confederate major-general in Mi ouri at the beginning of the Civil War. He served at Wilson's Creek, and captured Lexington in 1861; took part in the battles of Pea Ridge and Corinth in 1862; commanded at Iuka in 1862; and commanded the district of Arkansas 1863-64. Prichard (prichʼärd), James Cowles. Born at Ro , Here ford shire, Feb. 11, 1786: died at London, Dec. 22, 1848. An English ethnologist. His parents belonged to the Society of Friends. He graduated at Edinburgh, and studied also at Cambridge and Oxford. In 1810 he was a physician at Bristol. In 1813 he published "Researches into the Physical History of Man," and in 1831 "Eastern Origin of the Celtic Nations." Pride (prid), Thomas. Born at London: died there, Oct. 23, 1658. An English Parliamentary officer. He was originally a drayman and brewer. At the beginning of the civil war he was ensign under E ex, and distinguished himself at Preston. On Dec. 6, 1648, he was delegated to "purge" the House of Commons by ejecting the members that favored reconciliation with the king. He was one of the judges of the king, and signed his death warrant. Pride and Prejudice. A novel by Jane Austen, written in 1796 and published in 1813. Marbles," 1676), "The Validity of the Orders of the Church of England, etc." (1688), "Connection of the Old and New Testaments in the History of the Jews, etc." (1716-18), a number of ecclesiastical tracts, etc. Pride's Purge. In English history, the forcible exclusion from the House of Commons, Dec. 6, 1648, of all the members who were favorable to compromise with the royal party. This was effected by a military force commanded by Thomas Pride, in execution of orders of a council of Parliamentary officers. Priegnitz, or Prignitz (prēg'nits). That part of the ancient mark of Brandenburg which lay south of Mecklenburg and northeast of the Elbe and Havel. Chief town, Perleberg. Priene (pri-ēnē). [Gr. Πριήνη.] In ancient geography, an Ionian city situated in Caria, Asia Minor, north of Miletus. The site contains many ruins. The temple of Athene Polias, dedicated in 340 B. C., was an Ionic peripteros of 6 by 11 columns, of marble, graceful in proportion and with delicate decorative sculpture. Its walled peribolos was bordered with porticos. Priest ley (prēst'li), Joseph. Born at Field head, near Leeds, Yorkshire, March 13, 1733: died at North umber land, Pa., Feb. 6, 1804. An English clergyman and natural philosopher, especially celebrated as the discoverer of oxygen. He was the son of a nonconformist cloth-dre er, and was educated at a Di enters' academy at Daventry. In 1755 he took charge of a small congregation at Needham Market, Suffolk, which was subsidized by both Independents and Presbyterians. In 1761 he was tutor in an academy at Warring ton. In 1767 he published the "History Electricity." He adopted Socinian views on religion, and materialistic views on philosophy. At this time began his researches in "different kinds of air." About 1773 he became literary companion to Lord Shelburne, and traveled in Holland and Germany, returning to Paris in 1774. In 1774 he announced his discovery of "dephlogisticated air," now called oxygen. In 1780 he removed to Birmingham, and became a ociated with Boulton, Watt, and Dr. Darwin, grandfather of Charles Darwin. For sympathizing with the French Revolution (he had been made a citizen of the French republic) he was attacked in 1791 by a mob, his house was broken into and burned, and his manuscripts and instruments destroyed. In 1794 he removed to America. Prieto (pre-ā'tō), Joaquin. Bornat Concepcion, Aug. 20, 1786: died at Val para i so, Nov. 22, 1854. A Chile an general and politician. Hetook a prominent part in the war for independence; was a leader of the conservative revolt of 1829-30; and by his victory over Freire at Lircay (April 17, 1830) decided the result for his party. On the death of Ovalle (March 21, 1831), Prieto became provisional president, soon after was regularly elected president, and by reëlection retained the post until Sept. 18, 1841. On May 25, 1833, the constitution now in force was adopted. A revolt was suppre ed in 1836, and the same year a war with Peru was commenced, resulting (Jan. 1839) in the overthrow of the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation. Prig (prig), Betsey. A nurse, the friend and "frequent pardner" of Sairey Gamp, in Dickens's novel "Martin Chuzzlewit." Prigioni (pred-je-ōnē), Le Mie. [It., 'My Prisons.'] A work by Silvio Pellico, published in 1833, describing his prison life (1820-30). Prignitz. See Priegnitz. Prim (prēm), Juan, Count de Reus, Marquis de los Castillejos. Born at Reus, Catalonia, Spain, Dec. 6, 1814: died at Madrid, Dec. 30, 1870. A Spanish statesman and general. He entered the army of the Cristinos in 1834, in the civil war between the Cristinos and the Car lists. As a progre ist he was afterward one of the chief instruments in the overthrow of Espartero. While in command in 1860 of a division of reserves in the war against Morocco, he gained the brilliant victory of Los Castillejos (Jan. 1), which secured for him the title of marquis. He was a leader of the insurgents who deposed Queen Isabella in 1868, and became premier and minister of war, with the chief command of the army, in the provisional government established by them. He was fatally shot by an a a in Dec. 28, 1870. Prime (prim), Samuel Irenæus. Born at Ballston, N. Y., Nov. 4, 1812: died at Manchester, Vt., July 18, 1885. An American editor, author, and Presbyterian clergyman. He became an editor of the New York "Observer" in 1840, and contributor under the name of "Irenæus." Among his works are "The Power of Prayer” (1859), “Travels in Europe and the East" (1855), "Letters from Switzerland" (1860), “The Alhambra and the Kremlin" (1873), etc. Prime, William Cowper. Born at Cambridge, N. Y., Oct. 31, 1825. An American journalist and author, brother of S. I. Prime. He edited the New York "Journal of Commerce." He wrote travels, including "Tent Life in the Holy Land" (1857), and "Pot tery and Porcelain, etc." (1877), etc. Primorskaya. See Maritime Province . Primrose (prim'rōz), Sir Archibald. Born 1617: died 1679. A Scottish baronet. He supported the Royalist cause in the civil war, and at the Restoration was made a lord of se ion, with the title of Lord Car ring ton. His fourth son was created earl of Rosebery. stow, Cornwall, May 2, 1648: died at Norwich, England, Nov. 1, 1724. An English theological writer, dean of Norwich. He was educated under Dr. Busby at Westminster, and graduated at Oxford (Christ Church) in 1672. He wrote "Marmora Oxoniensia ex A run dell i an is, etc., conflata" ("Description of the Arundel Primrose, Archibald Philip, fifth Earl of Rose Liberal statesman. He was educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford, and succeeded his grandfather as earl in 1868. He has occupied a prominent place in public affairs. He was under-secretary of state for home affairs 1881-83; first commi ioner of works 1884-85; and foreign secretary in the third and fourth Gladstone ministries, 1886 and 1892-94. On Mr. Gladstone's retirement Princes, Robbery of the from office in March, 1894, Lord Rosebery succeeded him as prime minister: resigned June, 1895. He was chairman of the first London county council, elected in 1889. Primrose, Charles. The vicar of Wake field in Goldsmith's tale of that name. He is a sincere, humane, and simple-minded man, who preserves his modesty and nobility through hardship and good fortune. Mrs. Primrose is an excellent housekeeper with a pa ion for show, and she can read any English book without much spelling. George, the eldest son, was bred at Oxford and intended for one of the profe ions. Moses, the youngest, was bred at home and distinguishes himself by going to the fair in a gosling-green waistcoat, and a thunder-and-lightning coat, to sell a colt, coming home with a gro of green spec tacles. The daughters are described by Dr. Primrose him. self as follows: "Olivia wished for many lovers, Sophia to secure one. Olivia was often affected from too great a desire to please. Sophia even represt excellence, from her fears to offend. The one entertained me with her vivacity when I was gay, the other with her sense when I was serious. But these qualities were never carried to exce in either, and I have often seen them exchange characters for a whole day together. A suit of mourning has transformed my coquette into a prude, and a new set of ribbons has given her sister more than natural vivacity." Gold smith , Vicar of Wake field, i. Primrose Hill. An eminence about 200 feet high, north of Regent's Park, London. There is a very fine view from it. In the early part of the 19th century Chalk Farm, which is on the hill, was a popular place for duels. Primrose League. In Great Britain, a Britain, a league or combination of persons pledged to principles of Conservatism as represented by Benjamin Disraeli, earl of Beacons field (1804–81), and opposed to the "revolutionary tendencies of radicalism." The object of the league is declared to be "the maintenance of religion, of the constitution of the realm, and of the imperial ascendancy of Great Britain." The scheme of the organization was first discu ed at the Carlton Club in Oct., 1883, and the actual league made its first public appearance at a grand banquet at Freemasons' Tavern in London a few weeks later. The organization of the league is by "habitations" or clubs: these obey the instructions of the Grand Council, and annually send delegates to the Grand Habitation, which is held in London on or near the 19th of April, the anniversary of Beacons field's death. A noteworthy feature is the enrolment of women, or "dames,” who take an active part in all the busine of the a ociation, having an executive committee and a fund of their own. The name and symbol of the league are derived from Beacons field's favorite flower, which it has been fashionable to wear on the 19th of April. Prince, The. See Principe , Il . Prince (prins), Thomas. Born at Sandwich, Ma ., May 15, 1687: died at Boston, Oct. 22, 1758. An American clergyman and historian, pastor of the Old South Church, Boston. He published "Chronological History of New England" (1736-55). Prince Albert Land. A district in the arctic regions, about lat. 72° N., long. 115° W. Prince Dorus (prins dō'rus). A poem by Charles Lamb, published in 1811. It is a poetical version of the old tale of the prince with the long nose. Prince Edward Island. An island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, forming a province of the Dominion of Canada. Capital, Charlotte town. It is separated from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia on the southwest and south by North umber land Strait. The surface is undulating; the soil fertile. It has flourishing agriculture, industries, and fisheries. It is divided into 3 counties. Government is vested in a lieutenant-governor, executive council, legislative council, and legislative a embly. It sends 4 members to the Dominion Senate, 4 members to the House of Commons. It was discovered by Cartier in 1534, and named Isle St. Jean; was settled in the beginning of the 18th century; was ceded by France to Great Britain in 1763; had the present name given it in 1799; and entered the Dominion in 1873. Length, about 130 miles. Greatest breadth, 34 miles. Area, 2,133 square miles. Population (1901), 103,259. Prince John. A nickname of John Van Buren. Prince of Tarent. See Very Woman , A. Prince of the Peace. A title given to Godoy, duke of Alcudia, who negotiated with France the peace of Basel, 1795. Prince of Wales, Cape. The northwesternmost point of North America, projecting from Alaska into Bering Strait, in lat. 65° 33′ N., long. 167° 59′ W. Prince of Wales Island. 1. See Penang . -2. An island belonging to Alaska, situated west of the mainland, about lat. 55°-56°30′ N. Length, about 130 miles.-3. A tract in the arctic regions, about lat. 72o-74o N., long. 100° W.-4. A small island north of Cape York peninsula, Australia, from which it is separated by Endea vor Strait. Prince of Wales Strait. Asea pa age in the arctic regions, separating Banks Land on the northwest from Prince Albert Land on the southeast, and leading into Melville Sound. Prince Regent Inlet. A sea pa age in the arctic regions, separating Cock burn Island on the east from North Somerset on the west, and leading to the Gulf of Boothia. Princes, Robbery of the. In German history, the resultle abduction from Altenburg of the Prince's Islands. A group of small islands in the Sea of Marmora, 15 miles southeast of Con- stantinople: the ancient Demonesi. Prince (prin's es), The. A narrative poem by Tennyson, published in 1847. Prince e de Clèves (pran-ses' dė klāv), La. A novel by Madame de la Fayette, published in 1677. The scene is placed in the court of Henry II., but the chief characters are the author herself, her husband, Roc he fou cauld, Mary Stuart and others of her contem- IMG:content-0942.png:[blocks in formation] sil-i-ā'nus). Executed at Treves, 385 A. D. The founder of a sect in Spain and Gaul, called from him Priscillianists, which held a mixture of Christianity, Gnosticism, and Manichæanism. Priscus (pris'kus), Helvidius. A Roman pa- triot, son-in-law of Thrasea Pætus, exiled by Nero, and again by Vespas i an who put him to death. He was questor in Achaia under Nero; tribune of the people in 56; and later pretor. Prishtina. See Pristina . Prisoner of Chillon, The. A poem by Lord Byron, published in 1816, founded on the im- prisonment of Bonnivard in the Castle of Chil- ion in Switzerland. The Century Cyclopedia of Names Princeton (prins'ton). A borough in Mercer County, New Jersey, 44 miles southwest of New York. Here, Jan. 3, 1777, a victory was gained by the Americans under Washington over a portion of the army of Cornwall is. The Continental Congre sat here in 1783. It is the seat of Princeton University (see New Jersey , Col- lege of). Population (1900), 3,899.. Prince William Sound. An inlet of the Pacific Ocean, on the southern coast of Alaska. Principato Citeriore (prin-chē-pä'tō chē-tā-rē- o're). The former name of the province of Natural is Mathematic a. [L., The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philoso- phy.'] A famous work by Sir Isaac Newton, composed chiefly 1685-86, presented to the Royal Society April 28, 1686, and first pub- lished (in Latin) in 1687 (edited by Halley). The second edition (1713) was edited by Roger Cotes. It is the foundation of modern astronomy, mechanics, and mat he- matical physics. Prior (pri'or), Matthew. Born, probably in East Dorset, July 21, 1664: died at Wimpole IMG:content-0944.png:[blocks in formation] Kosova, European Turkey, situated on a branch of the Drin, in lat. 42° 13' N., long. 20° 47′ E. Population, estimated, 30,000. Pristina (prēs-tē ́nä), or Prishtina (prēsh-tē'- nä). A town in the vilayet of Kosova, Euro- pean Turkey, situated in lat. 42° 40′ N., long. 11′ E. Population, est., 17,550. Pritchard (prich'ärd), Mrs. (Hannah Vau- ghan). Born in 1711: died at Bath, Aug., 1768. A noted English actre . She played in early life at suburban fairs, and married an actor of little talent; but some years before Garrick appeared she held a leading position on the London stage. She was noted both in tra- gedy and in comedy, and was Mrs. Siddons's greatest prede- ce or in the characters of Lady Macbeth and Queen Kath- arine. She excelled also in characters of intrigue and gaiety, as Lady Betty Modish, Lady Towneley, etc. She abandoned the stage in 1768. Privas (pre-väs'). The capital of the depart- ment of Ardèche, France, situated on the Ou- vèze in lat. 44° 44′ N., long. 4° 36′ E. An ancient Calvin ist stronghold, it was taken and burned by the troops of Louis XIII. in 1629. It has iron-mines and im- portant manufactures. Population (1891) commune, 7,312. Privernum. See Piperno . Probus (pro'bus), Marcus Aurelius. Born at Sirmium, Pannonia: killed near Sirmium, 282 A. D. Roman emperor 276-282. He waged war succe fully against the Germans in Gaul. He was killed by mutinous soldiers. Procida (pro'chē-dä). A volcanic island at the entrance of the Bay of Naples, 13 miles west- southwest of Naples, belonging to the province of Naples, Italy: the ancient Prochyta. Length, 2 miles. Population (1881), 13,131. Proclamation, Emancipation. The proclama- tion by which, on Jan. 1, 1863, President Lin- coln, as commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States, declared as a military mea- sure, in accordance with notice proclaimed Sept. 22, 1862, that within certain specified territory armed rebellion all persons held as slaves Proctor (prok'tor), Henry A. Born in Wales, 1765: died at Liverpool, England, 1859. A Brit- ish general. He was colonel of a regiment in Canada in 1812; defeated the Americans under James Winchester at French town in 1813; and was repulsed by Harrison at Fort Meigs, by Croghan at Fort Stephen son, and by Harri- son at the battle of the Thames (Oct. 5, 1813). Proctor, Richard Anthony Born at Chelsea, England, March 23, 1837: died at New York, Sept. 12, 1888. An English astronomer. He was educated at King's College, London, and at St. John's Col- lege, Cambridge, graduating in 1860. His practical work in measuring the rotation of Mars and charting the 324,- 198 stars of Argelander's catalogue is specially noteworthy. He published "Half-hours with the Telescope" (1868), "Half-hours with the Stars" (1869), "Star Atlas" (1870), "The Sun" (1871), "Borderland of Science" (1873), Progreso (pro-gra'sō). The seaport of Merida Prokesch-Osten (pro'kesh-os'ten), Count An- ton von. Born at Gratz, Styria, Dec. 10, 1795: at Vienna, Oct. 26, 1876. An Austrian di- ist. He was am- the daughter of Pandion and wife of Tereus. By Tereus she became the mother of Itys. On the pretext that his wife was dead, Tereus brought her sister Philomela from Athens, ravished heron the way, cut out her tongue, and hid her on Parna us. She contrived to inform Procne of her story, and the two slew Itys and served him up to his father to eat. Tereus was changed into a hawk, Procne into a swallow, and Philomela into a nightingale. Procopius (prō-kō'pi-us). [Gr. Προκόπιος .] Born at Cæsarea, Palestine, probably about 490 A. D.: died about 565 (?). A Byzantine historian. He accompanied Belisarius on various campaigns, and wrote histories of the Persian, Vandal, and Gothic wars in the time of Just in i an. He was also the author of a work on the buildings of Just in i an ("De ædificiis") and of a secret history ("Anecdota") directed against Just in i an. Procopius, Andrew, surnamed "The Great." Killed in battle near Böhmisch-Brod, Bohemia, May 30, 1434. A noted Hu ite leader. He be- came commander of the Taborites in 1424; gained the vic tory of Au ig, June 16, 1426; and invaded Moravia, Aus- tri a, Hungary, Silesia, and Saxony. He rejected the Com- pactata of Prague; and was defeated by the Calix tines in the battle of Böhmisch-Brod, May 30, 1434. Procris (pro'kris). [Gr. Πρόκρις .] In Greek le- gend, the wife of Cephalus, by whom she was slain. Procrustes (prō-krus'tēz). [Gr. Προκρούστης , the stretcher.] The surname of a legendary Attic robber (Damastes or Polype mon). He had a bed (named from him the "Procrustean") upon which his prisoners were tortured: those who were too short he stretched to fit it, and those who were too tall had their limbs cut to the proper length. Procter (prok'ter), Adelaide Anne. Born at London, Oct. 30, 1825: died there, Feb. 3, 1864. An English poet, daughter of Bryan Waler Procter (Barry Cornwall). She wrote "Leger s and Lyrics" (1858-60). She became a convert to Roman Catholicism in 1851. Procter, Bryan Waller: pseudonym Barry Cornwall. Born at London, Nov. 21, 1787: died there, Oct. 4, 1874. An English poet and IMG:content-0945.png:[ocr errors] Pro pert i us (prō-pėr ́shius), Sextus. Born at A isi, Italy, about 50 в. с.: died after 16 в. с. A Roman elegiac poet: a friend of Mæcenas, Vergil, and Ovid. His poems are largely amatory, cele- brating his mistre Cynthia (Hostia). IMG:content-0946.png:[blocks in formation] 411 в. с. A celebrated Greek sophist, the ear- liest of that cla of teachers. He was driven from Athens on a charge of atheism, and his work "On the Gods" was publicly burned. He is best known from his famous dictum "Man is the measure of all things: of those which are, that they are; of those which are not, that they are not." Prot agoras. A dialogue of Plato: the narra- tion by So crates of a conversation which took place in the house of Call i as, a wealthy Athe- nian, between himself, the sophists Prot agoras, Hippias, and Prodicus, Hippo crates, Alcibiades, and Critias. The theme of this celebrated dialogue is virtue, its nature, unity, and teachablene : and it is also a study of the sophistic teachers in the person of one of their best representatives, the famous Prot agoras. It closes with the well-known conclusion of So crates that virtue is knowledge Protector of the Indians. Bartolomé de las Casas, who received this official title ( Protector Universal de los Indios ) in 1516. Later there were local protectors in the different colonies. Protesilaus (prō-tes-i-lā'us). [Gr. Πρωτεσίλαος .] In Greek legend, the first of the Greeks slain in the Trojan war. Protestant Duke, The. A name given to the Duke of Mon mouth (son of Charles II.). Protestantenverein (prō-tes-tän-ten-fe-rin'). [G., 'Protestant union.'] An a ociation of Ger- man Protestants formed at Frankfort-on-the- Main in 1863. Among its objects are toleration, free- dom from ecclesiastical domination, union of different churches in a national church, and the development of Protestant ism. the Jesuits. Proteus (prō'tūs or prō'tē-us). [L., from Gr. Πρωτεύς .] 1. In cla ical mythology, a sea- god, the son of Ocean us and Tethys, who had the power of a uming different shapes. Accord- ing to the legend, Menelaus, on his return from Troy, sur- prised Proteus and held him fast through all his changes of form, until he learned from him how to return home. 2. One of the "two gentlemen of Verona," in Shakspere's play of that name. Prothalamion (prō-tha-la'mi-on). A "spousal verse" by Edmund Spenser, published under this name in 1596. It was written on the occasion of the marriage on the same day of the two daughters of the Earl of Worcester to Henry Guilford and William Petre. Pro to genes (prō-toj'e-nēz). [Gr. Πρωτογένης .] Born at Caunus, Caria, Asia Minor (or at Xan- thus in Lycia): lived in the second half of the 4th century B.C. A celebrated Greek painter of Rhodes. His most famous works were the Ialysus in Rhodes, afterward placed in the Temple of Peace in Rome, and the Resting Satyr. Pro to genes and his work were the wider middle intercolumniations of both great porches and the large central door: this way was flanked between the west portico and the door by six tall Ionic columns, whose capitals supply the most beautiful type of the order. Pros crit to (prō-skrēt ́tō), Il. [It., The Exile.'] An opera by Nicolai, produced at Milan in 1840. greatly admired by his contemporary Apelles. Proud Duke. A name given to Charles Sey- mour, sixth duke of Somerset. Proudhon (prö-don'), Pierre Joseph. Born at Besançon, France, July 15, 1809: died at Pa y, Jan. 19, 1865. A French socialist. He was the son of a cooper; studied at the College of Besançon, and in 1839 obtained from the Academy of Besançon a pension which enabled him to spend several years of study at Paris. He was afterward (1843-47) in the employ of a commercial house at Lyons. At the outbreak of the February revolu- tion in 1848 he threw himself with ardor into the social is- tic propaganda at Paris; was elected a member of the Con- stituent A embly; and founded the short-lived journals "Le Peuple" (1848-49), "La Voix du Peuple" (1849-50), and "Le Peuple de 1850" (1850). He was imprisoned under the pre laws 1849-52, and fled to Belgium to escape a sen- tence of imprisonment on the publication in 1858 of his work "De la justice dans la révolution et dans l'église," but was amnestied in 1860. He also published "Qu'est-ce quela propriété?" (1840), "Création de l'ordre dans l'human. ité" (1843), "Système des contradictions économiques" (1846), "La révolution sociale, démontrée par le coup d'état (1852), etc. Prout (prout), Father. The pen name of Francis Mahony. Provence (pro-vons'). [From the Latin provin- cia.] An ancient government of southeastern France. Capital, Aix. It was bounded by Venai in and Dauphiné on the north, Piedmont and Nice on the east, the Mediterranean on the southeast and south, and Langue doc (separated by the Rhone) on the west, corre- sponding to the departments of Var, Ba es-Alpes, and Bouches-du-Rhône, and part of Vaucluse. It is noted for its fruits and a variety of other products. It was made a Roman province ( provincia ) 125-105 B. c., and was after- ward part of Gallia Narbonensis. It was overrun by the West Goths in the 5th century, and conquered by the Franks at the beginning of the 6th century. Then it was part of the kingdom of Theodoric, but about 538 was re- conquered by the Franks. The Saracens overran it in the 8th century. On the division of the Caroling i an empire in 843, it went to Lothair and later to Charles the Bald. Boso became king of Provence or Cisjurane Burgundy in 879. Provence was later part of the kingdom of Arles, and was ruled by its own counts from 926. It pa ed to the counts of Barcelona about 1112, and later to Aragon. Charles of Anjou founded the Angevin line of counts of Provence in 1246. It pa ed to Louis XI. of France in 1481, and was united with the crown. Its inhabitants are Pro- Provincia, or Provincia Gallica (pro-vin's hi- gal'i-kä), or Gallia Provincia (gal'i-a pro-vin'- shi-ä). In ancient geography, the part of Gaul conquered by the Romans in the end of the 2d century B. C. It corresponded to Provence, Dauphiné, and Langue doc. Later the name was restricted to Pro- vence. Compare Narbonensis . Provincial Letters. See Pascal . Provincias Intern as (pro-ven'the-äs ēn-ter'- näs). [Sp., 'Interior Provinces.'] A colonial di- vision of Spanish America. The name was vaguely used, as early as the 17th century, for the northern parts; of New Spain or Mexico. In 1777 (by order of Aug. 22, 1776) a new government was formed under this name, completely separated from the viceroyalty of New Spain, and comprising Nueva Vizcaya (Durango and Chihuahua), Coahuila, Texas, New Mexico, Sinaloa, Sonora, and the Californias. The capital was Arizpe in Sonora, and the audience of Guadalajara retained its judicial authority; the governor was also military commandant. In 1786 and 1787-93 the government was again subordinate to the viceroy. When the final separation was made in 1793, California was attached to Mexico. Later the Provincias Intern as were divided into two military districts, the Oc- cidente and Oriente, California being united to the former: this change went into effect in 1810. Provincias Unidas de la Plata. See La Plata . Provincias Unidas del Centro de América. The official name of the Central American con- federated states, declared by the Constituent Congre , July 1, 1823. The provisional government was an executive of three members and the existing courts. With the constitution adopted Nov. 22, 1824, the name became Estados Federados de Centro - América , Provisions of Oxford, See Oxford , Provisions of . Provo (pro'vo), or Provo City. The capital of Utah County, Utah, situated on Utah Lake 40 miles south by east of Salt Lake City. It is a railroad and manufacturing center. Population (1900), 6,185. Provoked Husband, The. A comedy begun by Vanbrugh, who wrote nearly four acts be- fore his death, under the title "A Journey to London." It was finished by Cibber, and pro- duced in 1728. Provoked Wife, The. A comedy by Vanbrugh, produced in 1697. It was revived in 1726. Pruckner (prök'ner), Caroline. Born at Vi- enna, 1832. A noted teacher of singing. She opened a school of opera in 1870 at Vienna, and has pub- lished a "Theorie und Praxis der Gesangskunst" (1872 and Prudent i us other poems on religious subjects: the chief Christian poet of the early church. Prudhomme (prü-dom'), Monsieur Joseph. A self-satisfied character created by Henri Monnier in 1852, noted for his high-sounding but empty phrases. He is frequently quoted and referred to in French literature. His name was taken from the Old French term signifying 'righteous man,' used for a member of a council composed of workmen and employers, appointed for the settlement of disputes between the two cla es. Prudhomme, Sully. Born at Paris, 1839. A French poet. He published his first poems, "Stances et poëmes," in 1865, and since that time has given himself up entirely to literature, science, and philosophy. Among his works are "Les épreuves, etc." (1866), "Les solitudes (1869), "Les destins" (1872), "La révolte des fleurs" (1874), "La France" (1874), "La justice" (1878), etc.