South Bevel and

See Bevelo Bevel and, South . South Brabant. See Brabant . South Carolina (kar-ō-lī'nä). One of the South Atlantic States of the United States of America. Capital, Columbia; chief city, Charleston. It is bounded by North Carolina on the north and northeast, the Atlantic Ocean on the southeast, and Georgia (separated for most of the distance by the Savannah River) on the southwest and west. The surface is level near the coast, hilly and undulating in the interior, and mountainous in the northwest. The principal rivers are the Great Pedee, Santee, Edisto, and Savannah. The State has gold, porcelain clay, and other minerals, and is especially noted for the production of rice and sea island cotton. It has 41 counties, sends 2 senators and 7 representatives to Congre , and has 9 electoral votes. A majority of the inhabitants are negroes. An unsucce ful attempt to colonize was made by the French under Ribault in 1562. The first permanent settlement was made by the English in 1670. Charleston was founded in 1680. The territory remained under a proprietary government with North Carolina until 1729, when it became a separate crown colony. Many of the early colonists were French Huguenots, Scotch-Irish, Swi , and Germans. South Carolina was one of the 13 original States (1776). It was the scene of many battles in the Revolution (Fort Moultrie, Charleston, Camden, King's Mountain, Cowpens, Eutaw Springs), and of many partizan contests, and was held by the British 17801781. Its advocacy of nullification nearly led to civil war in 1832-33. It took the lead in advocating States-rights doctrines, and was the first State to secede (Dec. 20, 1860). It opened the Civil War by the bombardment of Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861; and suffered severely by the blockade, attacks on Charleston Harbor, and the march of Sherman's army in 1865. It was readmitted in 1868. The South erne, or Southern (suTH'ern), Thomas. Born in County Dublin about 1660: died May 26, 1746. British dramatist. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and entered the Middle Temple, London, but abandoned law for play-writing. Among his plays are "The Persian Prince, or the Loyal Brother" (1682), "Isabella, or the Fatal Marriage" (1694), "Oroo, noko" (1696), "Sir Anthony Love, or the Rambling Lady," South Georgia (jôr'jiä). An uninhabited island in the South Atlantic Ocean, about lat. 54°-55° S., and east-southeast of the Falkland Islands. It is claimed by the British. South Hadley (had'li). A town in Hampshire County, Ma achusetts, situated on the Con- necticut 11 miles north of Springfield. It is the seat of Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (which see). Population (1900), 4,526. Netherlands which borders on the North Sea, south of North Holland and north of Zea- land. It contains The Hague and Rotter dam. Area, 1,166 square miles. Population (1894), 1,021,865. South Island. The southernmost of the two chief islands of New Zealand. South Kensington Museum. One of the "sub- divisions of the Department of Science and Art of the Committee of the Council on Education." The museum, which is in Brompton, in the western part of London, south of Hyde Park, was opened in 1857 for the purpose of promoting science and art. It contains a mu- seum of ornamental or applied art, the National Gallery of British Art, an art library, the Royal College of Science, a science and education library, the National Art Training- Schools, etc. The museum is greatly indebted to private liberality in the loan of treasures of art, but the govern- ment has also purchased and presented to it much valuable material. The India Museum is now officially a part of it. The south and west galleries of the buildings used for the International Exhibition of 1871–74 now contain some of the collections of the South Kensington Museum, and the east gallery contains the India Museum. The Muse- um of Natural History, removed from the British Museum, is in a new building south of the International Exhibition Galleries, built in 1873-80. In 1899 extensive new build- ings were begun, and the name was changed, by order of the Queen, to the Victoria and Albert Museum. South Mountain. A ridge of the Alleghaniesin western Maryland and southern Pennsylvania. A victory was gained here by the Federals under McClel- lan over the Confederates under Lee, Sept. 14, 1862. The lo of the Federals was 1,813; of the Confederates, 934. in Fairfield County, Connecticut, situated on Long Island Sound 31 miles southwest of New Haven. It has various manufactures. Com- pare Norwalk . Population (1900). 6,591. South Orkney Islands, or Powell's (pou'elz) of islands in the Southern Ocean, southeast of Cape Horn and east of South Shetland. South Park (pärk). A plateau or elevated val- ley in central Colorado, southwest of Denver and south of Middle Park. Area, about 1,200 South port (south port). A town and watering- place in Lancashire, England, situated on the Irish Sea 17 miles north of Liverpool. It is a favorite resort for sea-bathing. Population (1891), 43,026. South Ru ia (rush'a). A collective name for the governments in the southern part of Euro- fication, terinoslaff, and the province of the De South Sea. The name given to the Pacific by Panama, where he cro ed it, runs nearly east and west, the Pacific forms its southern shore: hence, to the Span- iards on the Isthmus it was the South Sea. Until the 19th century this was the common name, sometimes em- ployed in a special manner for the South Pacific. It is still frequently used. See Pacific Ocean . Portsmouth, England. South Sea Bubble. A financial scheme which originated in England about 1711 and collapsed in 1720. It was proposed by the Earl of Oxford to fund a floating debt of £10,000,000, the purchasers of which could become stockholders in a corporation, the South Sea Company, which was to have a monopoly of the trade with Spanish South America, and a part of the capital stock of which was to constitute the fund. The refusal of Spain to enter into commercial relations with England made the privileges of the company worthle : but, by means of a series of speculative operations and the infat- uation of the people, its shares were inflated from £100 to £1,050. Its failure caused great distre throughout Eng- been discovered there. Population (1901), 97,263. South Uist (wist). An island of the Outer He brides, Scotland, about 20 miles west of the Isle of Skye. Length, 21 miles. South wark (suTH'ärk). A parliamentary and municipal borough in London, situated on the southern bank of the Thames. It returns 3 members to Parliament. Population of the registration districts (1891), 339,093. South well (south'wel). A town in Notting- hamshire, England, 12 miles northeast of Not tingham. The bishopric of South well comprises the counties of Nottingham and Derby and parts of the West Riding of Yorkshire. The minster is a Norman church with square central tower and two lofty western towers with pyramidal roofs. The nave is of the most ma ive Norman work, with round arches and huge cylindrical riage," "Vivia, or Secret of Power," etc. Souvaroff. See Suvaroff . Souvestre (sö-vestr'), Émile. Born at Mor- laix, France, April 15, 1806: died at Paris, July 318is or French novelist and dram at is 5, 1854. A Sowerby Bridge. Ige. A manufacturing town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, situated on the Calder 10 miles southwest of Bradford. Population (1891), 10,408. Sozomen (soz'ō-men) (Hermias Sozomenus). Born probably near Gaza, Palestine, about 400 A. D.: died about the middle of the 5th century. An ecclesiastical historian, author of a church history (edited by Valesius 1668). Spa (spâ; F. and Flem. pron. spä), or Spaa (spä). A town and watering-place in the prov- ince of Liège, Belgium, situated at the junction junctio of the Spa, Wayai, and Pic he rotte, 17 miles southeast of Liège. It is the oldest of the large Euro- pean watering-places (spas). The chief spring is the Pou. hon. Population (1890), 7,109. Spag no let to. See Ribera . Spahawn. See Ispahan . Spain (spān). [Sp. España , Pg. Hespanha , It. Spagna , D. Spanje , F. Espagne , L. Hispania and Iberia , Gr. Ισπανία , Εσπερία (western land), and Ιβηρία.] A kingdom of southwest- ern Europe, which occupies the greater part of the Iberian or Spanish peninsula. Capital, Madrid. It is bounded by the Bay of Biscay and France on the north, the Mediterranean on the east and south, the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic on the southwest, and Portugal and the Atlantic on the west. The interior IMG:content-1061.png:[ocr errors] Spalding (spâl'ding). A town in Lincoln shire, England, situated on the river Well and 34 miles south-southeast of Lincoln. Population (1891), 9,014. Spalding, Martin John. Born in Marion Coun- ty, Ky., May 23, 1810: died at Baltimore, Feb. 7,1872. An American Roman Catholic prelate. He was bishop of Louisville, and became archbishop of Baltimore in 1864; was president of the second plenary council in Baltimore in 1866; and was prominent as a del. egate to the Vatican Council 1869-70. He wrote "Evi- dences of Catholicity" (1847), "History of the Protestant Reformation in Germany and Switzerland" (1860), a trans- lati on of Darras's "General History of the Catholic Church" (1866). Spalding, Will i a William. Born at Aberdeen, Scot- land, 1809: died Nov. 16, 1859. A Scottish critic, philosopher, and miscellaneous writer. He was admitted to the bar at Edinburgh in 1833, and was profe or of rhetoric at Edinburgh University 1834-45, and profe or of logic at the University of St. Andrews from 1845 until his death. He wrote "Italy and the Italian Islands" (1841), "History of English Literature" (1852), etc. Spandau (spän'dou). A town in the province of Brandenburg, Pru ia, situated at the junc- tion of the Spree and Havel, 8 miles west by north of Berlin. It is an important fortre , and the Julius Tower in the citadel contains the imperial war treasure. It has a cannon-foundry, a small-arms factory, a school of musketry, artillery workshops, etc. Population (1890), 45,365. Span gen berg (späng'en-berg en-berg), Gustav Adolf. Born at Hamburg, Feb. 1, 1828: died at Berlin, Nov. 19, 1891. Α German historical painter. Among his works is "Luther Translating the Bible" (1870). Spanish America. A collective name for those portions of America which were settled by the Spaniards, and are now inhabited by their de- scendants-that is, the whole of South America except Brazil and the Guianas, Central Amer- ica, Mexico, Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Domini- can Republic, with some small islands of the West Indies. Spanish-American War. A war between Spain and the United States in 1898, waged by the latter for the liberation of Cuba. Its chief events were the breaking off of diplomatic relations by Spain April 21; beginning of the blockade of Cuba April 22; declaration of war by Spain April 24, and by the United Manila May 1; arrival of Cervera's squadron at Santiago May 19; sinking of the Merrimac in the entrance to San- tiago harbor June 3; landing of United States troops at Baiquiri June 20-22; battles of San Juan and El Caney July 1-2; attempted escape and destruction of Cervera's squadron July 3; surrender of Santiago July 17; campaign in Porto Rico July 25-Aug. 12; signing of peace protocol Aug. 12; capture of Manila Aug. 13; signing of treaty of peace at Paris Dec. 10. By the treaty Spain relinquished her sovereignty over Cuba, and ceded Porto Rico, Guahan in the Ladrones, and the Philippines to the United States. Spanish Armada, The. 1. See Armada .-2. Mr. Puff's tragedy rehearsed in 'Sheridan's "dramatic piece" "The Critic." by Portugal, while his only allies were the Elector of Ba dukes of Modena and Spain, indeed, sided with him, but had neither money nor men. The most conspicuous leaders of the Grand Alliance were the English general Marl borough, the imperial general Prince Eugene, and Heinsius, pensionary of Holland. The seat of the war was principally Italy, the Netherlands, and Ger- many. The chief events were the victory of Eugene and Marl borough over the Bavarians and French under Tallard at Blenheim, Aug. 13, 1704; the victory of Marl borough over Villeroi at Ramillies, May 23, 1706; the victory of Eugene and Leopold of De au over Marsin and the Duke of Or- léans at Turin, Sept. 7, 1706; the victory of the French under Berwick at Almansa, April 25, 1707; the victory of Marl borough and Eugene over Vendôme and the Duke of Burgundy at Oudenarde, July 11, 1708; and the victory Marl borough and Eugene over Villars at Malplaquet, Sept. 11, 1709. The death of the emperor Joseph, the eldest son and succe or of Leopold I., in 1711, placed Charles on the imperial throne, thus removing the chief obstacle to the recognition of Philip of Anjou (the electoral prince of Bavaria having died in 1699). The war was ended by the peace of Utrecht (which see) in 1713, and that of Rastatt and Baden in 1714, Philip of Anjou being recognized as king of Spain under the title of Philip V. Spanish Town, or Santiago de la Vega (sän- tē-ägō dã là va'gä). A town in Jamaica, situ- ated on the river Cobre about 10 miles west of Kingston. Population (1891), 5,019. Spanish Tragedy, The, or Hieronimo (Jeroni- mo) is Mad Again! A play by Thomas Kyd, the continuation of another play usually called "The First Part of Jeronimo." It was licensed in 1592, and in 1602 was altered by Jonson. See Jeronimo . Spanker (spang'kėr), Lady Gay. A brilliant character in Dion Boucicault's comedy "Lon- don A urance." She is devoted to horses and hunt- ing, and keeps the whip-hand of her meek little husband, Dolly Spanker. Sparagus Garden, The, or Tom Hoyden of Taunton Dean. A comedy by Brome, acted in 1635 and printed in 1640. caution. A comedy by George Colman the elder, taken from "Le Barbier de Séville" of Beau march a is, and produced at London in 1777. Spanish Curate, The. A play by Fletcher and Mas singer, licensed in 1622, printed in 1647. Several alterations of it have been acted. The plot is from a Spanish story, called in English "Gerado the Unfortu- nate Spaniard," by Cespedes. Spanish Fury, The. A name given to the sack of Antwerp by Spanish troops in 1576. Spanish Gypsy, The. 1. A play by Middle ton (with Rowley), acted 1623, printed 1653. It is founded on Cervantes's "Fuerza de la Sangre" and "La Gitanilla."- 2. A poem by George Eliot, published in 1868. Spanish Main, The. A name applied, some- what vaguely, to the northern coast of South America, from the mouth of the Orinoco west- ward. Sometimes it included the Isthmus of Panama and Central America, or all the continental lands border- ing on the Caribbean Sea, as distinguished from the islands. The term was probably derived from the Spanish Tierra Firme , Costa Firme , used in the 16th century for the continental coast from Paria to Costa Rica, and in a more restricted sense for the Isthmus. Many modern writers appear to suppose that the Spanish Main was the Carib- bean Sea (a popular use of the name). Spanish Mark, The. A Frankish po e ion, conquered by Charles the Great, situated in the northeastern extremity of Spain. It was ruled by counts of Barcelona, and became merged in Catalonia, and finally in Aragon. Spanish Molière, The. Morat in. Spanish Moor's Tragedy, The. A play by Thomas Dekker, Day, and Haught on, licensed in 1600 and printed in 1657. Spanish Peaks. Two isolated mountains of conical shape, in southern Colorado, near the boundary of New Mexico, which rise to an ele- vation of nearly 14,000 feet. They are very prominent landmarks. Their aboriginal name is Huajatoyas . The character of Sparkish is quite new, and admirably He is exquisite suffocating Sparks (spärks), Jared. Born at Willing ton, Conn., May 10, 1789: died at Cambridge, Ma ., March 14, 1866. An American historian. Spart i an us Spart i an us (spär-ti-ā'nus), Ælius. Lived at the end of the 3d century A. D. A Roman historian, one of the authors of the "August an History." He composed the lives of Verus, Severus, Niger, etc. Spartivento (spär-te-ven'tō), Cape. 1. A cape at the southern extremity of Italy, in lat. 37° 55′ 29" N., long. 16° 3′31′′ E.: the ancient Herculis promontorium. - 2. A cape at the southern extremity of the island of Sardinia, in lat. 38° 52′ 34" N., long. 8° 51′ 8′′ E. Spasmodic School, The. A name given collectively to various 19th-century writers, on account of their alleged unnatural style: among them were Gerald Ma ey, Sydney Dobell, Bailey, Gilfillan, Alexander Smith, and others. Its adherents, lacking perception and synthesis, and mis taking the materials of poetry for poetry itself, aimed at the production of quotable pa ages, and crammed their verse with mixed and conceited imagery, gushing diction, interjections, and that mockery of pa ion which is but surface-deep. Stedman , Victorian Poets, p. 262. Specie Circular, The. In United States history, an order by the secretary of the treasury, July 11, 1836, which directed that payment for public lands should be made to government agents in gold and silver only (except in certain cases in Virginia). It was designed to check speculative purchases of public lands. Spectator (spek-tā'tor), The. An English periodical, published daily from March 1, 1711, to Dec. 6, 1712. It comprised 555 numbers, of which 274 were by Add is on ("Sir Roger de Coverley" papers, critiques on "Paradise Lost," etc.), 236 by Steele, 1 by Pope ("The Me iah," No. 378), and 19 by Hughes. Eustace Budgell also contributed to it. Add is on killed Sir Rogerde Coverley in No. 517, "that nobody else might murder him." It was revived in 1714. Specter of the Brocken. See Brocken . Speculum Salutis (spek'ū-lum sa-lūtis), or Speculum Humanæ Salvation is (spek'ū-lum hū-mānē sal-va-ti-ō'nis). [L., 'mirror of safety,' or 'of man's salvation.'] An early book in Latin rime, in 45 chapters. It tells the incidents of the Bible story from the fall of Lucifer to the redemption. There are manuscript copies as old as the 12th century. It is of great interest in relation to the invention of printing. The earliest date which can be a igned to the printed book is 1467. The "Speculum" was printed at different times and places during the fifteenth century, but the copies of great est value are those which belong to four correlated editions-two in Latin and two in Dutch-all without date, name, or place of printer. In these four editions the illustrations are obviously impre ions from the same blocks; but each edition exhibits some new peculiarity in the shape or disposition of the letters. Those who favor the theory of an invention of typography in Holland maintain that these letters are the impre ions of the first movable types, and that the curious workmanship of the book marks the development of printing at the great turning-point in its progre when it was pa ing from xylography to typography. De Vinne , Invention of Printing, p. 269. Spedding (sped'ing), James. Born at Mire house, near Bas sen thwaite, June, 1808: died, from an injury, at St. George's Hospital, London, March 9, 1881. An English editor of Bacon. He entered Cambridge (Trinity College) in 1827; from 1837 to 1841 was a clerk in the Colonial Office; and in 1843 was private secretary of Lord Ash burton in America. From 1857 to 1874 he published "Works, Life, and Letters of Bacon." In 1878 he published an "Account of the Life and Times of Bacon," and in 1881 "Studies in English History," etc. Speed (sped). Servant of Valentine, in Shakspere's "Two Gentlemen of Verona." دو Speed (sped), John. Born at Farring ton, Cheshire, 1542: died at London, July 28, 1629. An English antiquary. He wrote a "History of Great Britain under the Conquests of the Romans, Saxons, Danes, and Normans" (1611) and "Theater of the Empire of Great Britain" (1611). Speed the Plough. A comedy by Thomas Morton, produced in 1798. Speedwell (spēd'wel). A ship of about 60 tons burden, bought and fitted out in Holland, which sailed from Southampton with the Mayflower in 1615 for New England. She was sent back from Plymouth, England, owing to a series of mishaps, and those of the "pilgrims" who were disheartened turned back with her. Speicher (spi'cher). A manufacturing town in the canton of Appenzell Outer Rhodes, Switzerland, 21 miles southeast of Con stance. Here, in 1403, the inhabitants of Appenzell defeated the troops of the Abbot of St. Gall. Speichern. See Spicheren . Speier. See Speyer . Speke (spek), John Hanning. Born at Jordans, Somersets hire, May 4, 1827: died at Bath, England, Sept. 15, 1864. An African explorer. 1863). He discovered the Victoria Nyanza and its affluent, the Kagera, or Alexandra Nile, the main source of the Nile. He published a "Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile" (1863). Spelman (spel'man), Sir Henry. Born at Congham, England, 1562: died at London, 1641. An English antiquary. Spence (spens), Joseph. Born at King sclere, Hampshire, April 25, 1699: drowned at By fleet, Surrey, Aug. 20, 1768. An English critic. His chief works are an "E ay on Pope's Translation of Homer" (1727), "Poly met is, etc." (a work on Roman art and poetry, 1747), and a volume of anecdotes, observations, and characters of books and men (an edition by Malone and one by Samuel Weller Singer were published in 1820, on the same day). Spence, William. Born 1783: died at London, Jan. 6, 1860. An English entomologist. He collaborated with Kirby in his "Introduction to Entomology." Spencer, Cape. A cape at the southern extremity of Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. Spencer, Charles, third Earl of Sunder land. Born about 1674: died April 19, 1722. An English politician, son of the second Earl of Sunder land. He was envoy to Vienna in 1705; secretary of state 1707-10; lord lieutenant of Ireland 1714-15; lord privy the treasury and prime minister 1718-21. He was involved seal 1715-17; secretary of state 1717-18; and first in the South Sea scheme. Spencer, George John, second Earl Spencer. Born Sept. 1, 1758: died Nov. 10, 1834. An Eng- lish bibliophile and politician. He collected a very valuable library, described in "Bibliotheca Spencer i an a (1814) by Dibdin. Spencer, Herbert. Born at Derby, April 27, 1820: died at Brighton, Dec. 8, 1903. A cele- brated English philosopher, founder of the system named by himself the synthetic philos- ophy. He was educated by his father, a schoolmaster at Derby, and by his uncle, the Rev. Thomas Spencer, rec- tor of Hinton. He was articled to a civil engineer in 1837, but in 1845 abandoned engineering and devoted himself to literature. He was a istant editor of the "Economist" 1848-53, and in 1882 visited the United States, where he gave a number of 'lectures. His first effort in the field of general literature (he had prev i- ously published a number of profe ional papers in the "Civil Engineers' and Architects' Journal") was a series of letters to the "Nonconformist" on "The Proper Sphere of Government," which appeared in 1842 and was reprinted in pamphlet form in the following year. In 1855 (four years before the appearance of Darwin's "Origin of Species") he published his "Principles of Psychology," which is based on the principle of evolution. In 1860 he i ued a prospectus of his "System of Synthetic Philosophy," in which, beginning with the first principles of knowledge, he proposed to trace the progre of evolution in life, mind, so- ciety, and morality. His works include "Social Statics, or the Conditions E ential to Human Happine Specified, etc." (1850), "Over-Legislation" (1854), "The Principles of Psychology" (1855), "Part I.: The Data of Psychology" (1869: an enlarged edition of these two was published later (1870-72): see below), "E ays" (1857-63-64-74), "Edu- cation: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical" (1861), "Cla i- fication of the Sciences" (1864), "Illustrations of Universal Progre " (1864), "The Study of Sociology" (1873), "De- scriptive Sociology" (1874-82: compiled under his direc- tion by James Collier, D. Duncan, and Richard Sheppig), "Progre : its Law and Course" (1881), "The Philosophy of Style" (1882), "The Man versus the State" (1884), "The Factors of Organic Evolution" (reprinted in 1887 from the "Nineteenth Century "), etc. The series announced in 1860 under the general title "A System of Synthetic Philoso- phy" was published as follows: Vol. I, "First Principles" (1862); Vols. II, III, "The Principles of Biology" (1863- and 1867); Vols. IV, V, "The Principles of Psychology" (1870-72); Vols. VI, VII, VIII, "The Principles of Sociol- ogy" (1877: vol. i of these includes "The Data of Soci- ology," "The Inductions of Sociology," and "The Domestic Relations"; vol. ii includes "Ceremonial Institutions" (1879), "Political Institutions" (1882), and "Ecclesiastical Institutions" (1885); vol. iii was published in 1897); Vols. IX, X, "The Principles of Morality or of Ethics (vol. i of these includes “The Data of Ethics" (1879), "Induction of Ethics" (1892), and "Ethics of Individual Life" (1892), and vol. ii contains Justice (1891) 3) "Nega tive Beneficence and Positive Beneficence" (1893)). Spencer, Robert, second Earl of Sunder land. Born 1640: died at Althorp, North amp tons hire, Sept. 28, 1702. An English politician. He succeeded to the earldom in 1643; served as amba ador at several courts under Charles II.; was secretary of state 1679-81; became secretary again about 1682; and in office under James II. He was made lord chamber lain and lord justice by William III., whom he was said to have rendered important services before his acce ion. He retired to private life in 1697. Spencer, John Charles, third Earl Spencer: known as Viscount Althorp previous to his ac- ce ion to the earldom. Born at London, May 20, 1782: died at Wiseton Hall, Nottingham- shire, Oct. 1, 1845. An English statesman, son of the second Earl Spencer: leader of the Whig opposition in the House of Commons under George IV. He was chancellor of the exchequer and leader of the House of Commons 1830-34, and was largely instrumental in procuring the pa age of the Reform Bill. He became Earl Spencer in 1834. Spencer, John Poyntz, fifth Earl Spencer. Born Oct. 27, 1835. An English statesman, nephew of the third Earl Spencer. He was lord lieutenant of Ireland 1868-74, 1882-85; president of the council 1880-82, After military and scientific service in India, he accom- panied Sir R. F. Burton to the great central African lakes (1858), and cro ed the continent with Grant from Zanzibar over Victoria Nyanza and down the Nile to Egypt (1860-1886; and first lord of the admiralty 1892-95. Speyer Spencer, William Robert. Born about 1769: died at Paris, 1834. An English poet. He was educated at Harrow and Oxford. He spent the last ten years of his life in Paris. His principal poems are vers de soc iété and ballads, among the latter that of "Beth Gelert, or the Grave of the Grey-Hound." Spencer Gulf. [Named from the second Earl Spencer.] A gulf on the coast of South Australia, about lat. 32° 30′-35° S. Length, inland, about 200 miles. Spener (spā'ner), Philipp Jakob. Born at Rappoltsweiler, Alsace, Jan. 13, 1635: died at Berlin, Feb. 5, 1705. A German theologian: called "the Father of Pietism." He was pastor at Frankfort 1666-68, and court chaplain in Dresden 1668-91, and later (1691) in Berlin. He wrote "Theolog is che Bedenken," etc. Spenlow (spen'lō), 'lō), Dora. The "child-wife" of David Copper field, in Dickens's "David Copper field.” Spennymoor (spen'i-mör). A town in Durham, England, England, 5 miles south of Durham. Population (1891), 6,041. Spens (spens), Sir Patrick. The subject of a Scottish ballad: said to have been wrecked in the Orkneys. Spenser (spen'sėr), (spen'sėr), Edmund. Born at London about 1552: died at London, Jan. 13, 1599. A celebrated English poet. He was educated at the Merchant Taylors School, London, and at Pembroke College, Cambridge, 1560-76, where he a ociated with Gabriel ward he became intimate with Sir Philip Sidney and Leicester, who did much for him. He was sent abroad by Leicester in 1579, and went in 1580 as secretary with Lord Grey de Will on to Ireland, to a ist in suppre ing Desmond's rebellion, and became extremely unpopular. In the redistri bution of Munster he became an undertaker for the settlement of about 3,000 acres of land, with Kilcolman Castle, County Cork, attached (forfeited by the Desmonds), the gov ernment undertaking his security. In 1581 he was made a clerk of the Irish court of chancery, and in 1588 clerk to the council of Munster. In his "View of the State of Ireland" (written about 1596, but not published till 1633) Spenser advocates the most oppre ive measures, little short of wholesale depopulation. At the suggestion of Sir Walter Raleigh, whom he met at the Fort del Ore in 1580, he returned to London in 1589 with the first three books of the "Faerie Queene," which were entered at Stationers' Hall, Dec., 1589, and published in 1590. In 1591 he returned, already famous, to Kilcolman Castle, and wrote "Colin Clout 's Come Home Again" (published in 1595). His house was burned by the Irish rebels in 1598, and he fled with his family to Cork, and then went to London, where about four weeks later he died. His first poems were published in a small volume entitled "The Theatre for Worldlings" (1569), said to have been translations from Bellay and Petrarch, but this has been disputed. He also wrote "The Shepherd's Calendar" (1579), "The Faerie Queene" (1590-96) (see these entries), "Daphnaida" (1591), "Complaints" (1591: including "Tears of the Muses," "Mother Hubberd's Tale," etc.), "Epithalamion" and "Amoretti" (1595), "Astrophel," "Prothalamion," "Four Hymns" (1596), etc. Speransky, or Speranski (spā-rän'skē), Count Mikhail. Born in the government of Vladimir, Jan. 1, 1772: died at St. Petersburg, Feb. 11, 1839. A Ru ian statesman. He became state secretary in 1801, colleague of the minister of justice in 1808, and secretary of the empire in 1809. He was in banishment 1812-16. From 1819 to 1821 he was governor-general of Siberia. He directed the compilation of the Ru ian laws. Sperchius (spèr-ki'us). [Gr. Σπερχειός .] Ariver in Greece which flows (now) into the Gulf of Lamia (Maliacus Sinus) near Thermopyle: the modern Hellada. Length, about 50 miles. Spe art (spes'särt), or Spe hart (spesʼhärt). A mountain group or range in Lower Franc on i a, and in the neighboring part of He e-Na au, situated north of the Main, between the Kinzig and Sinn: noted for its forests. Highest point, the Geiersberg, 1,920 feet. Speusippus (spu-sip'us). [Gr. Σπεύσιππος.] Born about 407 в. с.: died 339 в. C. An A then i an philosopher, nephew and disciple of Plato: head of the Academy after Plato's death. He left a fragment of a work on "Pythagorean Numbers." Spey (spa). A river in Scotland which rises in Inverne , forms part of the boundary between Elgin and Banff, and flows into the North Sea 8 miles east-northeast of Elgin. It has valuable salmon-fisheries. Length, about 100 miles. Speyer, or Speier (spi'er or spir), E. Spires (spirz), F. Spire (sper). [L. Spira .] The capital of the Rhine Palatinate, Bavaria, situated at the junction of the Speyerbach and Rhine, in lat. 49° 19′ N., long. 8° 26′ E. Its cathedral is a Ro manesque structure, founded in 1030 and completed in 1061, and still, despite fires and restorations, retaining in great part its original form. The three portals of the west end open into a narthex called the Kaiser-Halle, from which one great rece ed and sculptured door leads into the nave. Over the west end rise two bold square towers. The transepts are at the east end, immediately in front of the semicircular apse, and the cro ing is covered with a fine dome. The church is surrounded with open arcading beneath the roof. The interior produces a striking effect of great size; it is adorned with excellent IMG:content-1062.png:[blocks in formation] Spezia, the province of Genoa, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Spezia, in lat. (of lighthouse) 44° 4' N., long. 9° 51′ E.: the ancient Pityu a or Haliu a (?). It is one of the chief Italian naval sta tions, has the largest and best harbor in Italy, and has a tion, 19,864. marine arsenal, docks, and extensive ship-building works. It is near the site of the ancient Roman Luna. PopulaSpezia, Gulf of. A small arm of the Mediterranean, near Spezia. Spezzia, or Spetzia (spet'sē-ä). 1. An island belonging to Argolis, Greece, situated at the entrance to the Gulf of Nauplia, 28 miles southeast of Nauplia. Length, 5 miles.-2. A seaport on the island of Spezzia. Sphacteria (sfak-tē'ri-ä). [Gr. Σφακτηρία .] A small island near Navarino, off the coast of Me enia, Greece: the modern Sphagia. Here, 425 B. c., the Spartans were blockaded by the A then i ans, and were compelled by Cleon to surrender. Spheres of Influence. Large areas of land in Africa recognized as under the control of European powers. The phrase came into use about 1885. It designates the region which may be occupied and de veloped by the power for which it is named. The European spheres of influence in Africa comprise a large part of the continent. See East Africa ( British , German , Portu guese ), German Southwest Africa , and Kongo , French. Sphinx, Temple of the. A structure (incorrectly called a temple) lying a short distance southeast of the Sphinx Gizeh. It is in fact a family mausoleum of Khafra or Chephren, the builder of the Second Pyramid, and is connected with the Temple of the the colo al statue of Khafra now in the Gizeh Museum. The temple is built of splendid blocks of red granite and alabaster. It consists of a pa age descending to an open three-aisled area with square piers and lintels, and two Spofford, Mrs. nigsberg. Its outlet is by the Pi ek into the Spicheren (spē'cher-en), or Speichern (spī'- Vistula. Length (not including arms), about chern). A village in German Lorraine, 3 miles 12 miles. south of Saarbrücken. There, Aug. 6, 1870, the Ger- Spires. See Speyer . mans defeated the French under Fro ard. Lo of each Spiridion (spi-rid'i-on). A novel by George army, about 4,000. Also called the battle of For bach. Sand, published in 1839. gen, near Würzburg, Bavaria, July 11, 1820. A German Orientalist, noted for researches in the Iranian and Indian languages: profe or at Erlangen from 1849. Among his works are an edition and translation of the "Avesta" (1853-68), "Die alt per sis chen Keilinschriften" (1862), "Eran" (1863), "Eranische Altertumskunde" (1871–78), Iranian grammars, etc. Spiekeroog (spēʻker-ōg). A small island of the East Friesian Islands, in the North Sea, belonging to the province of Hannover, Pru ia. Population, 243. Spielberg (spēl'berg). A former fortre and state prison near Brünn, Moravia. Spielhagen (spēlʼhä"gen), Fried rich. Born at Magdeburg, Feb. 27, 1829. A German novelist. He studied at Berlin, Bonn, and Greifswald, first jurisprudence and subsequently philology and literature. In 1854 he went to Leipsic and became a teacher in the gymna sium, but at the death of his father decided upon a liter ary career. From 1860 to 1862 he was literary editor of the "Zeitung für Norddeutschland" in Hannover. In the latter year he removed to Berlin, where he has since lived. Among his novels are particularly to be mentioned "Problem at is che Naturen" ("Problematic Natures," 1861) and its continuation "Durch Nacht zum Licht" ("Through Night to Light," 1862), "Die von Hohenstein" (1864), "In Reih' und Glied" ("In Rank and File," 1866), "Hammer und Ambo " ("Hammer and Anvil," 1869), "Allzeit vor an!" ("Always Ahead!" 1872), "Was die Schwalbe sang" ("What the Swallow Sang," 1873), "Sturmflut"(") ("Flood Tide," 1878), "Platt Land" ("Flat Land," 1879), and " Quisisana" (1880). He has also written, besides a number of minor novels and stories, the two dramas "Liebe für Liebe" ("Love for Love," 1875) and "Hans und Grethe" (1876). Spiers (spērz), Alexander. Born at Gosport, England, 1807: died at Pa y, near Paris, Aug. 26, 1869. An Anglo-French grammarian and lexicographer. He published a French-English and English-French dictionary (1849). Spies (spēs), August. Born in Germany, 1855: hanged at Chicago, Nov. 11, 1887. A German American anarchist, condemned for his in provoking the Hay market Square (Chicago) ma acre. See Hay market Square Riot . Spindler (spind'ler), Karl. Born at Breslau, Pru ia, Oct. 16, 1796: died at Freiersbach, of the first transept there is a burial-chamber with 6 niches for mummies, in two tiers, and similar chambers open from the entrance pa age. Sphinx (sfingks), The. A celebrated figure at Gizeh, Egypt, about a quarter of a mile south east of the Great Pyramid. According to present archæological opinion, it is older than the Gizeh pyrгаmids. It consists of an enormous figure of a crouching sphinx of the usual Egyptian type, hewn from the natural rock, with the flaws and cavities filled in with masonry. The body is 140 feet long; the head measures about 30 feet from the top of the forehead to the chin, and is 14 wide. Except the head and shoulders, the figure has for ages generally been buried in the desert sand. The face, despite the mutilation of eyes and nose due to Mohammedan fanaticism, impre es by its calm dignity. The low headdre extends broadly outward each side. A cut pa age composed of inclined plane and steps leads down in front to the extended fore paws of the Sphinx, which are 50 feet long and cased with masonry. Between the paws were found an altar, a crouching lion with frag ments of others, and 3 large inscribed tablets, one, 14 feet high, against the Sphinx's breast, and the two others extending from it on each side, thus forming a sort of shrine. The Sphinx was a local personification of the sun-god. No interior chamber has been discovered. To this day, the most ancient statue known is a colo us -namely, the Great Sphinx of Gizeh. It was already in existence in the time of Khoofoo (Cheops), and perhaps we should not be far wrong we ventured to ascribe it to the generations before Mena, called in the priestly chronicles "the Servants of Horus." Hewn in the living rock at the extreme verge of the Libyan plateau, it seems, as the representative of Horus, to uprear its head in order to be the first to catch sight of his father, Ra, the rising sun, acro the valley. For centuries the sands have buried it to the chin, yet without protecting it from ruin. Its battered body preserves but the general form of a lion's body. The paws and breast, restored by the Ptolemies and the Cæsars, retain but a part of the stone facing with which they were then clothed in order to mask the ravages of time. The lower part of the head-dre has fallen, and the diminished neck looks too slender to sustain the enormous weight of the head. The nose and beard have been broken off by fanatics, and the red hue which formerly enlivened the features is almost wholly effaced. And yet, notwithstanding its fallen fortunes, the monster preserves an expre ion of sovereign strength and greatne . The eyes gaze out afar with a look of intense and profound thought fulne ; the mouth still wears a smile; the whole counte nance is informed with power and repose. Maspero , Egypt. Archæol., p. 201. Spica (spī'kä). Avery white star of magnitude 1.2, the sixteenth in order of brightne in the heavens, a Virgin is, situated in the left hand of the Virgin. works are "Der Jude" ("The Jew," 1827), "Der Jesuit" (1829), "Der Invalide" (1831), etc. Spinello, to'no). Born or Spinello at Arezzo, Aretino Italy, about (spe-nello 1330: ä-radied about 1410. An Italian painter. His works include frescos in Siena and in the Campo Santo of Pisa. Spinner (spin'er), Francis Elias. Born at German Flats (Mohawk), N. Y., Jan. 21, 1802: died at Jacksonville, Fla., Dec. 31, 1890. An American financier, politician, and general of militia. He was Democratic member of Congre from New York 1855-57; Republican member of Congre 1857-61; and United States treasurer 1861-75. Spinola (spē'no-lä), Marquis Ambrogio di. Born at Genoa about 1570: died at Castel-Nuovo di Scrivia, Italy, Sept. 25, 1630. An Italian general in the Spanish service. He captured Ostend in 1604; commanded in the Netherlands against Maurice of Na au until the peace of 1609; conquered the Palatinate in 1620; besieged and took Breda in 1625; and later commanded in Italy. Spinoza (spi-nō'zä), Baruch (or Benedict). Born at Amsterdam, Nov. 24, 1632: died at The Hague, Feb. 21, 1677. A famous philosopher, the greatest modern expounder of pantheism. His parents were members of a community of Jews who had emigrated from Portugal and Spain. In 1656 he was condemned by the Jewish congregation of Amsterdam as a heretic, and excommunicated. From this time on he supported himself by grinding lenses, an art in which he was very proficient. He lived with a friend (a Remonstrant) just outside of Amsterdam until about the beginning of 1661, when they removed to the village of Rhynsburg, near Leyden. In 1664 he went to Voorburg, a suburb of The Hague, and in 1670 took up his residence in The Hague itself. An attempt upon his life was made at Amsterdam in 1656. He was a student of the philosophy of Des cartes, and his metaphysical speculations have the Cartes i an philosophy as their point of departure. He wrote "Tract at us theologico-politic us" (1670), a practical political treatise designed to demonstrate the nece ity in a free commonwealth of freedom of thought and speech; "Ethica ordine geometric ode mon strata" (completed in 1674, but published posthumously: "Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometri cal Order"), his most famous work, and the one containing his metaphysical system; "De intellect us emend at i one"; and a small treatise on the rainbow (published in 1687: supposed to be lost, but discovered by Van Vloten and reprinted 1882-83). Spirdingsee (spir'ding-sa). One of the largest lakes of Pru ia, situated in the province of East Pru ia 80 miles south-southeast of Kö ern Norway, about 40 miles northwest of Christiania. Length, 15 miles. Spirit Lake (spir'it lāk). A lake in Dick in son County, northwestern Iowa, situated on the frontier of Minnesota. Length, 11 miles. Spirit of Hebrew Poetry. [G. Geist der ebrä ischen Poesie .] A critical work by J. G. von Herder, published in 1782–83. Her Spirit of the Cape, The. See Adamastor. Spirit of the Laws. See Esprit des Lois . Spiritual Quixote, The. A novel by the Rev. Richard Graves, published in 1772. It was intended to ridicule the illiterate and fanatical among the Methodists. The hero is Geoffrey Wild goose, a young man of a respectable family and small estate, who, having picked up some old volumes of Puritan divinity, such as "Crumbs of Comfort," "Honeycombs for the Elect," the "Marrow Divinity," the "Spiritual Eye Salve and Cordials for the Saints," and a book of Baxter with an unmentionable name, resolves to sally forth and convert his benighted fellow-countrymen in the highways and by-ways of England. He is accompanied by Jeremiah Tugwell, a cobbler, who acts as a sort of Sancho Panza; and they visit Gloucester, Bath, and Bristol, where they are involved in various adventures more creditable to the zeal of Wild goose than to his discretion. Forsyth, Novels and Novelists of the 18th Cent., p. 297. Spital fields (spit'al-feldz). A quarter of London, north of the Tower, noted as a seat of silk-manufacture, which was introduced by French refugees expelled in 1685, on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. It once be longed to the Priory of St. Mary Spital, founded in 1197. Spithead (spit'hed). A roadstead off the southern coast of England, between Portsmouth and Ryde in the Isle of Wight. It communicates with the Solent and Southampton Water on the west. Spithead Mutiny. A mutiny of the British sailors in ships ips stationed at Spithead in 1797. It was settled amicably, and the sailors' grievances were remedied by Parliament. Spitz bergen (spits-bėr'gen). [Named from its sharp-pointed mountains.] in the Arctic Ocean, north of Norway and northeast of Green land, in lat. 76° 30′-80° 48′ Ν., long. 10°-30° (32° १) E.: called also East Green land. It comprises West Spitz bergen, North East Land, Barents Land, Stans Foreland, Prince Charles Foreland, and King Charles Land, and many smaller islands. The islands are partly mountainous, abound in glaciers, and are cut by many flords and bays. They are not permanently inhabited. They were discovered in 1596 by the Dutch sailors Jakob van Heemskerck, Jan Cornel is zoon Ripp, and Willem Barents, who took them to be part of Green land and named them "New Land." They have been much visited by whalers and walrus-hunters. Recently they have been made the base of arctic expeditions, especially by the Swedes (Nordenskjöld and others). Area, about 28,000 square miles. Spitzkop (spits'kop). A mountain in the Compa Berg, in Cape Colony. Spix (spiks), Johann Baptist von. Born at Höchstadt-an-der-Aisch, Feb. 9, 1781: died at Munich, March 13, 1826. A Bavarian naturalist, the companion of Martius in Brazil 18171820. He wrote part of the "Reise in Brasilien," and published important papers on South American vertebrates, etc. See Martius . Spleen (splen), The. A poem by Matthew Green, published in 1796. Splitter (split'er). A village in East Pru ia, situated on the Memel near Tilsit. Here, Jan. 30, 1679, the forces of Brandenburg defeated the Swedes. Splügen (splü'gen), It. Spluga (splö'gä). An Alpine pa leading from the village of Splügen, canton of Grisons, Switzerland, to Chiavenna in Italy. It connects the valleys of the Hint err he in and the Maira, a sub tributary of the Po. of highest point, 6,945 feet. The road was constructed 1819 1821. Height Spofford (spof'ord), Ains worth R. Born at Gilmanton, N. H., Sept. 12, 1825. Librarian of the Congre ional Library 1865-1897. He edited the "American Almanac" (from 1878), catalogues of the library, etc. Spofford, Mrs. (Harriet Pre scott). Born at Calais, Maine, April 3, 1835. An American novelist and poet. Among her works are "Sir Rohan's Ghost" (1859), "The Amber Gods, and Other Stories" (1863), "Azarian" (1864), "New England Legends" (1871), Thief in the Night" (1872), "Poems" (1881), quis of Carabas" (1882), "Ballads about Authors" (1887), etc. Spohr Spohr (spor), Louis. Born at Brunswick, Germany, April 5, 1784: died at Ca el, Oct. 22, 1859. A German violinist and composer. He became court concert-master at Gotha in 1805; went to Vienna in 1812 as second kapellmeister at the Theater an der Wien; employed the years 1815-17 in concert tours; was kapellmeister at Frankfort 1817-19; went to London in 1820; and became established as court kapellmeister at Ca el in 1822. Among his works are the operas "Faust" (1818), "Zemire und Azor" (1819), "Je onda" (1823), "Der Berggeist" (1825), "Pietro von Albano" (1827), "Der Alchemist" (18:30), and "Die Kreuzfahrer" (1845); the oratorios "Die letzten Dinge" ("The Last Judgment," 1826), "Des He i lands letzte Stunden" (1835: known in English as "Calvary"), and "The Fall of Babylon"; and compositions for the violin, songs, etc. Spokane (spō-kān′), or Spokan (spō-kan'). A river in Idaho and Washington which joins the Columbia about lat. 47° 51′ N. Length from Cœur d'Alène Lake, over 100 miles. Spokane Falls (spō-kān' falz). A city in Spokane County, Washington, situated on Spokane River in lat. 47° 20′ N., long. 117° 25′ W. It is the chief commercial and railroad center in eastern Washington. It was devastated by fire 1889. Population (1900), 36,848. Spoleto (spo-la'tō). [L. Spoletium .] A city in the province of Perugia, Italy, 60 miles north by east of Rome. It is the seat of an archbishopric. It contains a castle and a cathedral, and has various antiquities, including a triumphal arch. Its aqueduct was built by the Lombards 604 A. D. Spoleto was an ancient Etruscan city; was colonized by Rome about 240 B. c.; and was defended succe fully against Hannibal in 217 в. с. The Marians were defeated there by Cra us and Pompey in 82 B. C. It was an important fortre in Gothic times; became about 570 the capital of an important Lombard (1887), 7,696. duchy; and afterward belonged to the Papal States. PopS pont in i (spon-tē'nē), Gasparo Luigi Pacifico. Born at Majolati, near Ancona, Italy, Nov. 14, 1774: died there, Jan. 14, 1851. An Italian ope ratic composer, director of Italian opera in Paris 1810-12, and musical director in Berlin 1820-42. His chief operas are "La Vestale" (1807), "Ferdinand Cor tez" (1809, 1817), "Olympia" (1819, 1821), and "Agnes von Hohenstaufen" (1829, 1837). Spooner (spön'er), Shearjashup. Born at Brandon, Vt., 1809: died at Plain field, N. J., March, 1859. An American author. He published a "Biographical and Critical Dictionary of Painters, Engravers, Sculptors, and Architects" (1853). Spoon (spön) River. A river in western Illinois which joins the Illinois River opposite Havana. Length, about 150 miles. Sporades (spor'a-dēz). [Gr. Σποράδες (sc. νῆσοι), scattered isles.) A group of islands in the Ægean and neighboring seas. The list is differently given by ancient writers. It includes Melos, Thera, Cos, etc., and sometimes Samos, Chios, Lesbos, and others The modern Sporades are divided between Turkey and Greece. Sporus (spo'rus). A favorite of the emperor Nero. He was a beautiful youth of servile origin, and po e ed a striking resemblance to Nero's wife Poppӕa Sabina. After the death of Sabina, which occurred in 65 A.D., Nero had him castrated and dre ed as a woman, and gave him the name of Sabina, publicly going through the ceremony of marriage with him in Greece in 67. Sporus fled with Nero from Rome on the insurrection of Galba in the following year, and was present at his suicide. He was afterward intimate with the emperor Otho, a former companion in debauchery of Nero, and ultimately committed suicide under Vitelli us to avoid the indignity of appearing under degrading circumstances as a girl on the stage. Sporus. A name given by Pope to Lord Hervey. Spots wood (spots'wud), or Spot is wood, or Spot tis wood (spot'is-wud), John. Born 1565: died at London, Nov. 26, 1639. A Scottish prel ate, made archbishop of Glasgow in 1603 (not consecrated till 1610), and archbishop of St. Andrews and primate of Scotland in 1615. He was chancellor of Scotland 1635-38: in the latter year he was deposed and excommunicated. He wrote a "History of the Church and State of Scotland" (1655), etc. Spottiswoode, William. Born at London, Jan. 11, 1825: died June 27, 1883. An English mat he matician and physicist, son of Andrew Spottiswoode, a printer and member of Parliament. He was educated at Eton, Harrow, and Oxford (Balliol College). In 1846 he entered his father's busine . In 1847 he published "Med it at i ones Analytic a." In 1856 he traveled in Ru ia, and in 1857 published "A Tar an ta e Journey through Eastern Ru ia," etc. In 1878 he was president of the Royal Society. His mathematical work was especially in the field of higher algebra. Spottsylvania (spot-sil-vā'ni-ä) Court House. The capital of Spottsylvania County, Virginia, situated on the Po 49 miles north by west of Richmond. A series of battles occurred here between the Federals under Grant and the Confederates under Lee, May 8-21, 1864. The Confederates withdrew to the North Anna. Sprague (sprāg), Charles. Born at Boston, Oct. 26, 1791: died there, Jan., 1875. An American poet. Among his poems are "Curiosity" (1829), "Ode to Shakspere," prologues, etc. His collected works were published in 1841 and 1876. Sprague, Peleg. Born at Duxbury, Ma ., April, 1793: died at Boston, Oct. 13, 1880. An Ameri can politician and jurist. He was member of Congre from Maine 1825-29, and United States senator from Maine 1829-35. He published "Speeches and Addre es" (1858). Sprague, William. Born at Cranston, R. I., Nov. 3, 1799: died at Providence, R. I., Oct. 19, 1856. An American politician. He was a Democratic member of Congre from Rhode Island 1835-37; governor of Rhode Island 1838-39; and United States senator 1842-44. Sprague, Sprague, William. Born at Cranston, R. I., Sept. Sept. 12, 12, 1830. An American politician and manufacturer, nephew of William Sprague. He was Republican governor of Rhode Island 1860-63; served as a colonel in the Civil War; and was United States senator from Rhode Island 1863-75. Sprat (sprat), Thomas. Born in Devons hire, 1636: died at Bromley, May 30, 1713. An English prelate, bishop of Rochester. He was a member of James II.'s ecclesiastical commi ion. He wrote a history of the Royal Society, an account of the Rye House