Jarchi

See Rashi. Sp. Japon , G. and D. Japan, Pg. Japão .] An empire of Asia, lying in the Pacific east of China, Korea, and Siberia. Capital, Tokio. It comprises four principal islands-the main island (Hondu), Yezo, Shikoku, and Kiushiu, with about 4,000 small islands, including the Loochoo and Kurile groups. The surface is mountainous and hilly, culminating in Fuji-san (12,365 feet). The leading occupation is agriculture. The chief exports are silk, tea, rice, coal, copper, fish, lacquer, etc. The administrative divisions are 3 fu and 43 ken (or prefectures). There is also a subdivision politically into 85 provinces. The government is a limited monarchy, with an emperor, cabinet and privy council, and an Imperial Parliament composed of a House of Peers and a House of Representatives. The prevailing religions are Shintoism and Buddhism. Authentic history begins about 500 A. D. Korean influence began at an early date, and Buddhism was introduced from Korea about 550. The shogun Yoritomo usurped the authority in 1192. Marco Polo visited the islands in the 13th century. A system of feudal baronage grew up: the Mikados were the emperors, but the real power belonged to the shoguns. The Portuguese traded with Japan from 1543 till their exclusion in 1638, and the female bird. The saint Mandapala returned from the shades because he had no son, became a male bird, had by her four sons, and then abandoned her. In the burning of the Khandava forest she devotedly protected her children, who were saved by the influence of Mandapala with the god of fire. Jarley (jär'li), Mrs. In Dickens's "Old Curiosity Shop," the merry, kind-hearted owner and exhibitor of Jarley's wax-works, “the delight of the nobility and gentry, and the peculiar pet of the royal family." Jarlsberg (yärls'berg) and Laurvig (lour'vig). A maritime amt in southern Norway. Area, 895 square miles. Population (1891), 100,957. Jarnac (zhär-näk'). A town in the department of Charente, western France, situated on the Charente 17 miles west of Angoulême. It has important trade in brandy and wine. There, March 13, 1569, the Catholics under the Duke of Anjou defeated the Huguenots under Condé and Coligny. Population (1891), commune, 4.880. iron, and sidha , side.] The first law code of Ice- land under Norwegian sovereignty, compiled from old Norwegian laws and sent to Iceland by King Magnus in 1271. It is also called Hakon- arb ok, having been erroneously ascribed to King Hakon Hakon on. It met with strong opposition in Iceland, and was soon superseded by the Jonsbok. Jaromierz (yä'rō-mērts). A town in Bohemia, situated on the Elbe 66 miles east-northeast of Prague. Population (1890), commune, 6,925. Jaroslaff. See Yaroslaff . Jaroslaw (yäʻrō-släv). A town in Galicia, Aus- tri a-Hungary, situated on the San 57 miles west- northwest of Lemberg. Population (1890), com- mune, 18,065. Jarric (zhä-rēk'), Louis Étienne. Born at Les Cayes, 1757: died there, Feb. 21, 1791. A Hai- IMG:content-0634.png:[blocks in formation] Buddhists, a former birth of Shaky a muni, and a narrative regarding it; "Birth-story." The Jatakas are one of the sacred books of the Buddhists, a division of the Khud dak an i kay a, or "collection of short treatises," in the Sutta pit aka, or discourses for the laity. (1892), 24,284,969. There is evidence of the existence of a collection so named Javan (jā'van). According to Genesis, son of as early as the Council of Vesali (about They were Japhet and ancestor of Elisha, Tarshish, Kittim, Jatayu (ja-tä yö). In the Ramayana, a bird, the son of Vishnu's bird Garuda, and king of the vultures. As ally of Rama he fought, to prevent the carrying away of Sita, against Ravana who mortally wounded him. In the Puranas Jatayu is the friend of Dash a ratha. The Century Cyclopedia of Names Javary (zhä-vä-rē'), Sp. Yavary (yä-vä-re'). A southern affluent of the Amazon, forming the boundary between Brazil and Peru. It rises, presumably, near lat. 7° S. and long. 74° W., and after a very crooked course joins the Amazon in lat. 4° 15' S., long. 69° 56' W. (nearly). Most of the course is nav i- gable. By existing treaties, the extreme source of the Javary (unknown) is the western terminus of the boun- dary between Brazil and Bolivia, and the northwestern terminus of that between Bolivia and Peru. Also written Jativa, or Xátiva (Hä'tē-vä), or San Felipe de Java Sea. That portion of the ocean partly in- Játiva (sän fa-lē pā dā Hä'te-vä). A town in closed by Borneo on the north, Sumatra on the the province of Valencia, Spain, situated on the west, Java on the south, and Flores Sea on the Albaida 31 miles south by west of Valencia: the east. ancient Sætab is. It has a castle; was noted in Roman Javea (Hä-vä'ä). A seaport in the province of Pope Alexander VI. and of Ribera. Population (1887), Jason (ja's on). [Gr. Ιάσων , the healer or atoner.] In Greek legend, the leader of the Argonautic expedition. He was born at Iolcus, was a son of Eson and Polymede, and was brought up under the instruction of Chiron. The legends concerning him are numerous and varied. greatest exploit was the to city in Moldavia, Rumania, situated on the Bach- lui, near the Pruth, in lat. 47° 10′ N., long. 27° 36′ E. It is the chief city of Moldavia, and was its capi- tal from about 1564 to 1861. It has been frequently occu- pied by the Ru ians, and was nearly destroyed by janiza- ries in 1822. It has a university. A treaty was made here between Ru ia and Turkey in 1792, by which the Ru ian frontier was extended to the Dniester. Population (1889- 1890), 72,859. Jastrow (yäs'trō). A town in the province of West Pru ia, Pru ia, situated in lat. 53° 27′ N., long. 16° 47′ E. Population (1890), 5,288. Jász-Apáthi (yäs'o'pä-ti). A town in the county of Szolnok, Hungary, 52 miles east of Budapest. Population (1890), 10,401. Jász-Berény (yäs'be'rany). A town in the county of Szolnok, Hungary, situated on the Zagyva 42 miles east of Budapest. Population (1890), 24,331. Jats, or Jauts (jâts). A mysterious race, per- haps Hinduized Scythians, us, first mentioned in the beginning of the 11th century. They opposed the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni, by whom they were defeated, though they are said to have gathered 8,000 on the Indus. In Aurung-Zeb's reign they were banditti in the mountains of the interior of India. Increasing in strength under their chief Suraj Mal in the 18th century, they dictated the policy of the Moguls. Suraj Mal was Delhi, which city he had undertaken to besiege. After a killed when hunting in bravado in the imperial park at contest between the sons of Suraj Mal; their survivor, Ran- jit Singh, secured the chiefship. When British power was established in northern India, Ranjit Singh was allowed to retain his territories, viz. Agra and its district, granted to Suraj Mal by Ahmad Shah as the price of his desertion of the Mahrattas before the battle of Paniput. Disagreements arising between the English and the raja, Lord Comber- mere stormed and captured the Jat fortre of Dig Jan. 18, 1826, and ended finally their power. Jaubert (zhō-bar'), Amédée Émilien Probe. Born at Aix, France, June 3, 1779: died at Pa- ris, Jan. 20, 1847. A French Orientalist, author of "Eléments de la grammaire turque" (1823), translator of Idrisi's geography (1836-40), etc. Jauer (you'er). A town in the province of Si- lesia, Pru ia, situated on the Wütende Nei e 37 miles west of Breslau. It was formerly the capi- tal of the ancient principality of Jauer. Population (1890), commune, 11,576. Jauja (Hou Hä), or Xauxa (Hou'на). A town of the department of Junin, Peru, in a valley 11,150 feet above the sea, and 108 miles east of Lima. It was a large native city at the time of the con- quest, and was Pizarro's temporary capital before the founding of Lima. Population, about 3,000. Jaunpur (joun-pör'). 1. A district in the Alla- habad division, Northwest Provinces, British India, intersected by lat. 25° 40′ N., long. 82° 40′ E. Area, 1,550 square miles. Population (1891), 1,264,949.-2. The capital of the dis- trict of Jaunpur, situated on the Gumti 35 miles north-northwest of Benares: formerly an (1891), 42,819. Jaunthal (youn'täl), or Jaunerthal (you'ner- täl), F. Val de Bellegarde (väl dė bel-gärd'). Switzerland, joining the valley of the Saane at Broc. Jauregui y Aldecoa (Hou'rā-gē ēäl-dā-kō'ä), Agustin de. Born in Bazan, Navarre, 1708: died at Lima, Peru, April 27, 1784. A Spanish soldier and administrator. After serving in the West Indies and Portugal, he was captain-general of Chile 1773 to 1779, and viceroy of Peru July 20, 1780, to April 13, 1784. The revolt of Tupac Amaru took place during his term in the latter country. He died from the results of an accident a few days after giving up his office. Java (jävä). One of the Sunda Islands, and the most important island of the Dutch East Indies. Capital, Batavia. It is separated from Sumatra on the northwest by Sunda Strait, from Borneo on the north by the Java Sea, and from Bali on the east by Bali Strait, and bor- ders on the Indian Ocean south. It is traversed by moun- tains throughout its length, and contains many volcanoes. Its soil is noted for its fertility. The chief exports are coffee, tea, sugar, indigo, and tobacco. It is divided into 22 residencies, under Dutch "residents" and the governor- general of the Dutch East Indies. The inhabitants are main ly Javanese, Madurese, and Sundanese. Various Hindu states were flourishing here prior to the introduction of Mohammedanism in the 15th century. Dutch rule com- menced in 1610. The was taken the British in 181l, but restored to Holland in 1816. There was a native insurrection in 1825-30. Colonial system of enforced labor Javert (zhä-vär'). An officer of the police force in "Les Misérables," by Victor Hugo. go. He is the incarnation of inexorable law. Jaworów (yä-võ'rov), or Jawarów (yä-väʻrov). A town in Galicia, Austria-Hungary, 28 miles west by north of Lemberg. Population (1890), commune, 9,219. Jaxartes (jak-sär'tēz). The ancient name of the Jaxt. See Jagst . Jay (ja), John. Born at New York, Dec. 12,1745: died at Bedford, West chester County, N.Y., May 17,1829. An American statesman and jurist. He was a delegate to Congre from New York 1774-77 and 1778- 1779, and drew up the constitution of New York in 1777. He was United States minister to Spain 1780-82; peace com- mi ioner at Paris 1782-83; secretary for foreign affairs 1784- 1789; contributor to the "Federalist"; first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court 1789-95; unsucce ful candidate for governor of New York 1792; special minister to Great Britain 1794-95; and governor of New York 1795- 1801. Jay, William. Born at Tisbury, Wilts, May, 1769: died at Bath, Dec. 27, 1853. An English En Independent clergyman and religious writer. His best-known work is "Morning and Evening Exercises" (1829–31). Jayadratha (ja-yad'rat-ha). A prince of the lunar race, and king of Sindhu. He married the daughter of Dhritarashtra, and was an ally of the Kauravas. settled in Hungary about the beginning of the Christian era, and later were merged in the Jeaffer Jeaffreson (jef'er-son), John Cordy. Born at Framlingham, Suffolk, England, Jan. 14, 1831: died Feb. 2, 1901. An English novelist and miscellaneous writer. Among his works are "Isabel, the Young Wife and the Old Love," "A Book about Doc- tors" (1860), "Olive Blake's Good Work" (1862), "Live it Down" (1863), "Not Dead Yet" (1864), "Life of Robert Stephen son, etc." (1864), "Journals and Journalists, etc.," Jean de Meun ais, about 1250: died at Paris before Nov., 1305. One of the leading French poets of the 13th century. He is known chiefly as having continued, after a lapse of 40 years, "Leroman de la rose," a poem undertaken about 1237 by a young poet, Guillaume de Lorris, and left incomplete at the time of his death. In 1277 Jean de Meun was still a student in Paris. His translations into French include the "De re militar i" of Vegetius (1284), the correspondence of Héloïse and Abélard, and Gerald Barri's "Topograph i a Hibernie." "L'Amitié spirituelle," translated from the English of the monk Ælred, and the French translation of Boethius's "De consol at i one philoso phica" have both been lost. Between 1291 and 1296 Jean de Meun wrote his "Testament," a curious piece of work replete with sarcasm and criticism, especially of the women and of the mendicant orders of his day. Also Jean de Meung . - Jeanette, The. See De Long , G. W. IMG:content-0636.png:[ocr errors] Jean Jacques. See Rou eau , Jean Jacques . Jean Jacques I. See Des salines . Jeanne d'Albret. See Albret . Jeanne d'Arc. See Joan of Arc . IMG:content-0637.png:[blocks in formation] 1809). He was a member of the Virginia House of Bur ge es 1769-75 and 1776-78, and of the Continental Con gre 1775-76, and drafted the Declaration of Indepen- dence 1776. He was governor of Virginia 1779-81; member of Congre 1783-84; United States minister to France Jehu. A common name for a coachman, espe- 1785-89; secretary of state 1790-93; founder of the Demo