Jarchi

See Rashi. Jardine (jär'din), Sir William. Born at Edinburgh, Feb. 23, 1800: died at San down, Isle of Wight, Nov. 21, 1874. A Scottish baronet and naturalist. His chief works are "Illustrations of Ornithology" (1830), "The Naturalist's Library" (1845: which he edited and in part wrote), "The Ichnology of Ann andale" (1853), "Birds of Great Britain and Ireland" (1876), etc. Jarita (jar'i-tä). In the Mahabharata, a certain female birde he the saint Mandapala returned from the had no son, became male bird, her four sons, and then abandoned her. In the burning of the Khandava forest she devotedly protected her chil dren, who were saved by the influence of Mandapala with the god of fire. Jarley (jär'li), Mrs. In Dickens's "Old Curiosity Shop," the merry, kind-hearted owner and exhibitor of Jarley's wax-works, "the delight of the nobility and gentry, and the peculiar pet of the royal family." Jarlsberg (yärls' berg) and Laurvig (lour'vig). A maritime amt in southern Norway. Area, 895 square miles. Population (1891), 100,957. Jarnac (zhär-näk'). A town in the department of Charente, western France, situated on the Charente 17 miles west of Angoulême. It has important trade in brandy and wine. There, March 13, 1569, the Catholics under the Duke of Anjou defeated the Huguenots under Condé and Coligny. Population (1891), commune, 4,180. Jarndyce Jarndyce (järn'dis), John. In Dickens's "Bleak House," the owner of Bleak House, and guardian of Richard Car stone, Ada Clare, and Esther Summers on. It is his habit, when he is disappointed in human nature, to feel a severe east wind. Jarnsida (yärn-sē'dä). [ON. Jarnsidha: Jarn, iron, and sidha , side.] The first law code of Iceland under Norwegian sovereignty, compiled from old Norwegian laws and sent to Iceland by King Magnus in 1271. It is also called Hakonarbok, having been erroneously ascribed to King Hakon Hakon on. It met with strong opposition in Iceland, and was soon superseded by the Jonsbok. Jaromierz (yä'rō-mērts). A town in Bohemia, situated on the Elbe 66 miles east-northeast of Prague. Population (1890), commune, 6,925. Jaroslaff. See Yaroslaff . Jaroslaw (yä'rō-släv). A town in Galicia, Austria-Hungary, situated on the San 57 miles west northwest of Lemberg. Population (1890), commune, 18,065. Jarric (zhä-rek'), Louis Étienne. Born at Les Cayes, 1757: died there, Feb. 21, 1791. A Haitian mulatto who, in 1789, was delegate to the French A embly, and organized there the Society of Amis des Noirs, or Friends of the Blacks. Subsequently he was engaged with Ogé in a revolutionary descent on Santo Domingo, and was captured and put to Jarrow, or Jarrow-on-Tyne (jar'ō-on-tin'). A mining and manufacturing town in Durham, England, situated on the Tyne 6 miles east of Newcastle. It contains the ruins of a monastery, found ed 681, which was the home of Bede. Population (1891), 83,682. Jarvie (järvi), Baillie Nicol. A magistrate of Glasgow, a character in Sir Walter Scott's novel "Rob Roy." Jasher (ja's her), Book of. [Heb., 'upright.'] A lost book of Hebrew national songs, narrating the deeds of the heroes (upright men). Two pa ages in the Old Testament are quoted from it: the famous song which mentions the standing still of the sun (Josh. x. 13), and the lament of David over Saul and Jonathan (2 Sam. i. 18). It is evident that the work cannot have been completed before the time of David, although the nucleus of the collection may have been in existence earlier. There are several Hebrew works of this title extant, and one forgery which appeared in England in 1751. Jasmin (zhäs-man'), Jacques. Born at Agen, France, March 6, 1798: died Oct. 4,1864. A Provençal poet. He was known as the last of the troubadours and the "Barber Poet." His father was a composer of the burlesque couplets used at fétes, charivaris, etc., and he accompanied him on his expeditions. at last in a seminary, he left it abruptly, and was employed in a barber's shop at Agen: later he entered this busine on his own account. His first work was called "Charivari"( i" (1825). He also composed a great number of popular songs, patriotic odes, etc., and "Mons Soubenis" ("My Souvenirs"), Buddhists, a former birth of Shaky a muni, and a narrative regarding it; "Birth-story." The Jatakas are one of the sacred books of the Buddhists, a division of the Khud dak an i kay a, or "collection of short treatises," in the Sutta pit aka, or discourses for the laity. There is evidence of the existence of a collection so named as early as the Council of Vesali (about 380 B. C.). They were put into their present form in the Sutta pit aka in the 5th century A. D. There were current among the Buddhists fables and parables ascribed to Buddha, the sanctity of which they sought to increase by identifying the best character in any story with Buddha himself in a former birth. Distinguished by quaint humor and gentle earnestne , they teach the duty of tender sympathy with animals. Many, if not all, of the fables of the Hitopadesha may be identified with them. The stories number 550. They have been edited in the original Pali by Fausböll, and are being Jean de Meun for the natives was introduced in 1830, modified by an agrarian law in 1870. Area, including Madura, 50,848 square miles. Greatest length, 664 miles. Greatest breadth, about 129 miles. Population, with Madura (1892), 24,284,969. Javan (jā'van). According to Genesis, son of Japhet and ancestor of Elisha, Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim. In Ezek. xxvii. 13 he is mentioned as carrying on trade with the Tyrians (compare also Isa. lxvi. 19). In all these pa ages the Ionians of Asia Minor are meant, with whom the Orientals were earliest and best acquainted. In the annals of Sargon (722-705 B. C.) they are mentioned by the name of Iavanu (or, by the frequent interchange of vand m in A yrian, Iamanu), and figure as pirates on the coasts of Phenic i a and Asia Minor. Javary (zhä-vä-re'), Sp. Yavary (yä-vä-re'). the boundary between Brazil and Peru. It rises, presumably, near lat. 7° S. and long. 74° W., and after a Rhys Davids terms them "the most important collection of ancient folk-lore extant." Dash a ratha. ce of the between Peru. Also times for linen manufactures; and was the birthplace of 14,099. east. northeast Alicante. Population Jaworów (yä-võ'rov), or Jawarów (yä-väʼrov). A town in Galicia, Austria-Hungary, 28 miles west by north of Lemberg. Population (1890), in the mountains of the interior of India. Increasing in strength under their chief Suraj Mal in the 18th century, they dictated the policy of the Moguls. Suraj Mal was Delhi, which city he had undertaken to besiege. After a killed when hunting in bravado in the imperial park at contest between the sons of Suraj Mal, their survivor, Ran- jit Singh, secured the chiefship. When British power was Jaxt. See Jagst . established in northern India, Ranjit Singh was allowed to retain his territories, viz. Agra and its district, granted to Suraj Mal by Ahmad Shah as the price of his desertion of the Mahrattas before the battle of Paniput. Disagreements written in the patois of Agen, a dialect of the langued der the title, taken from his profe ion, "Papillotes." His name reached Paris: he was presented to the king, and received the cro of the Legion of Honor and a pension. In 1852 the Academy granted him a "prix extraordinaire" for his Provençal poems. His principal poems are "L'Aveugle de Castel-Cuillé" (1836), translated by Long fellow; "Fiançon net to" (1840); "Mar the la folle" (1814); "Les deux frères jumeaux" (1845); "La semaine d'un fils" (1849); etc. es Jason (jā'son). [Gr. Ιάσων , the healer or atoner.] In Greek legend, the leader of the Argonautic expedition. He was born at Iolcus, was a son of Eson and Polymede, and was brought up under the instruction of Chiron. The legends concerning him are numerous and variedith His greatest exploittelen Fleece. was to Col This he secured by the aid of the sorcere Medea, daughter of Fetes, king of Colchis, who fell in love with him. She protected him from the bulls breathing fire and hoofed with bra which he was obliged, in order to obtain the fleece, to yoke to the plow, and from the armed men who sprang up from the dragon's teeth which he was required to sow in the fields. From other perils, also, she saved him, and fled with him and the fleece. Jason finally Ja y, or Ya y (yas'sē), or Jash (yäsh). A deserted Medea. See Mcdca . city in Moldavia, Rumania, situated on the Bachlui, near the Pruth, in lat. 47° 10' N., long. 27° 36' E. It is the chief city of Moldavia, and was its capital from about 1564 to 1861. It has been frequently occupied by the Ru ians, and was nearly destroyed by janizaries in 1822. It has a university. A treaty was made here between Ru ia and Turkey in 1792, by which the Ru ian frontier was extended to the Dniester. Population (18891890), 72,859. Jastrow (yäs'trō). A town in the province of West Pru ia, Pru ia, situated in lat. 53° 27′ N., long. 16° 47′ E. Population (1890), 5,288. Jász-Apáthi (yäs'o'pä-ti). A town in the county of Szolnok, Hungary, 52 miles east of Budapest. Population (1890), 10,401. Jász-Berény (yäs'be'rany). A town in the county of Szolnok, Hungary, situated on the Zagyva 42 miles east of Budapest. Population (1890), 24,331. Jataka (jä'ta-ka). [ Skt.jātaka , nom. jätak am , nativity, principles of nativity.] Among the Jauja (Hou'na), or Xauxa (Hou'на). A town of the department of Junin, Peru, in a valley 11,150 feet above the sea, and 108 miles east of Lima. It was a large native city at the time of the conquest, and was Pizarro's temporary capital before the founding of Lima. Population, about 3,000. Jaunpur (joun-pör'). 1. A district in the Allah a bad division, Northwest Provinces, British India, intersected by lat. 25° 40′ N., long. 82° 40′ E. Area, 1,550 square miles. Population (1891), 1,264,949.-2. The capital of the district of Jaunpur, situated on the Gumti 35 miles north-northwest of Benares: formerly an important Mohammedan capital. Population (1891), 42,819. Jaunthal (youn'täl), or Jaunerthal (you'nertäl), F. Val de Bellegarde (väl do bel-gärd'). An alpine valley in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland, joining the valley of the Saane at Broc. Jauregui y Aldecoa (Hou'ra-gē ēäl-dā-kō'ä), Agustin de. Born in Bazan, Navarre, 1708: died at Lima, Peru, April 27, 1784. A Spanish soldier and administrator. After serving in the West Indies and Portugal, he was captain-general of Chile 1773 to 1779, and viceroy of Peru July 20, 1789, to April 13, 1784. The revolt of Tupac Amaru took place during his term in the latter country. He died from the results of an accident a few days after giving up his office. Java (jävä). One of the Sunda Islands, and the most important island of the Dutch East Indies. Capital, Batavia. It is separated from Sumatra on the northwest by Sunda Strait, from Borneo on the north by the Java Sea, and from Balion the east by Bali Strait, and borders on the Indian Ocean south. It is traversed by mountains throughout its length, and contains many volcanoes. Its soil is noted for its fertility. The chief exports are coffee, tea, sugar, indigo, and tobacco. It is divided into 22 residencies, under Dutch "residents" and the governor general of the Dutch East Indies. The inhabitants are main ly Javanese, Madurese, and Sundanese. Various Hindu states were flourishing here prior to the introduction of Mohammedanism in the 15th century. Dutch rule commenced in 1610. The island was taken by the British in 1811, but restored to Holland in 1816. There was a native insurrection in 1825-30. Colonial system of enforced labor commune, 9,219. Jaxartes (jak-sär'tēz). The ancient name of the Sir-Daria. Jay (jā), John. Born at New York, Dec. 12,1745: died at Bedford, West chester County, N.Y., May 17, 1829. An American statesman and jurist. He was a delegate to Congre from New York 1774-77 and 17781779, and drew up the constitution of New York in 1777. Ho was United States minister to Spain 1780-82; peace commi ioner at Paris 1782-83; secretary for foreign affairs 17841789; contributor to the "Federalist"; first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court 1789-95; unsucce ful candidate for governor of New York 1792; special minister to Great Britain 1794-95; and governor of New York 17951801. Jay, William. Born at Tisbury, Wilts, May, died at Bath, Dec. 27, 1853. English Independent clergyman and religious writer. His best-known work is " "Morning and Evening Exercises" (1829-31). Jayadratha (ja-vad rat- (ja-yad'rat-ha). A prince of the lunar race, and king of Sindhu. He married the daughter of Dhritarashtra, and was an ally of the Kauravas. In the absence of the Pandavas he carried off Draupadi. Seized by them, he was spared, to be slain by Arjuna in the great battle. Jayce, or Jajce (yit'se), or Jaitza (yīt'sä). A town in Bosnia, situated on the Verbas in lat. 44° 16′ N. It is one of the most interesting towns in Bosnia, and contains a number of mosques. It has a noted waterfall. Population (1885), 3,706. Jay's Treaty. A name given to the treaty between Great Britain and the United States concluded by John Jay Nov. 19, 1794, and ratified by the United States Aug. 18, 1795. It contained provisions for the surrender to the United States of the northwestern military posts; for the settlement of the eastern boundary; for the payment of British debts and American claims; for the restriction of American trade in the West Indies; and for neutrality at sea. Jazyges (jaz'i-jēz). A Sarmatian people who settled in Hungary about the beginning of the Christian era, and later were merged in the Magyars. Jeaffreson (jef'er-son), John Cordy. Born at Framlingham, Framlin Suffolk, England, Jan. 14, 1831. An English novelist and miscellaneous writer. Among his works are "Isabel, the Young Wife and the Old Love," "A Book about Doctors" (1860), "Olive Blake's Good Work" (1862), "Live it Down" (1863), "Not Dead Yet" (1864), "Life of Robert Stephen son, etc." (1864), "Journals and Journalists, etc.," "A Book about Lawyers" (1366), "A Book about the Clergy" (1870), "Annals of Oxford" (187C), "The Real Lord Byron, etc." (1883), "The Real Shelley, etc." (1885), "Lady Hamilton and Lord Nelson" (1887), etc. Jealous Wife, The. A comedy by George Colman the elder, produced in 1761. It is founded on the episode in Fielding's "Tom Jones" where Sophia takes refuge with Lady Bel last on. Jeames (jēmz). [ Jeames , formerly pron. jāmz, is a var. of James .] A conventional name for a footman or flunkey. Thackeray's "Jeames's Diary," which appeared in "Punch," is the diary of a footman, and he occasionally used the name as a pseudonym. Jean de Meun (zhon de mun') (Jean Clopinel) (klo-pe-nel'). Born at Meun-sur-Loire, Orléan Jean Jacques I. I. See Des salines . Jeanne d'Albret. See Albret . IMG:content-0549.png:[blocks in formation] 1809). He was a member of the Virginia House of Bur. Worship and worshipers of Baal. In his war with Hazael ge es 1769-75 and 1776-78, and of the Continental Conof Syria he lost the East Jordan region. He is mentioned on the black obelisk of Shalmaneser II.(860-824 B. C.) among gre 1775-76, and drafted the Declaration of Indepenthe kings paying tribute. dence 1776. He was governor of Virginia 1779-81; member of Congre 1783-84; United States minister to France Jehu. A common name for a coachman, espe- 1785-89; secretary of state 1790-93; founder of the Democially a reckle one. See 2 Ki. ix. 20. cratic Republican party: Vice-President 1797-1801; and Jeisk. See Yeisk . President (elected as candidate of the Democratic Republi- of Cole County, situated on the Mi ouri in lat. 38°35′ N., long. 92° 11' W. Population (1890), 6,742. a-lä-bäd'). A town in Afghanistan, 77 miles east of Kabul. It was succe fully defended by the Brit- the British 1878-80. ish under Sale against the Afghans in 1842, and was held by Jeffersonville (jef'er-son-vil). A city and the Jeletz. See Yelets. capital of Clarke County, Indiana, situated on Jelf (jelf), William Edward. Born 1811: died the Ohio at its falls, opposite Louisville, Ken- Oct. 18, 1875. An English scholar. He was tucky. Population (1890), 10,666. the author of a Greek grammar (1842-45). at Edinburgh, Oct. 23, 1773: died Jan. 26, 1850. A Scottish critic, e ayist, and jurist. He was the son of George Jeffrey, depute clerk in the Court of bar Dec. 16, 1794. The "Edinburgh Review" was started by a coterie of which Jeffrey, Sydney Smith, Brougham, finally completely defeated in July, 1849. and Horner were the chiefs, at the suggestion of Smith, who Jellalabad. See Jelalabad . ber was published Oct. 10, 1802. Its succe was imme- House," a strong-minded woman, completely diate. As Brougham was the principal political contribuoccupied with mi ionary and charitable work, tor, the politics of the "Review" were those of the Whigs. particularly with emigration to Borrioboola- Jeffrey's legal practice continued to increase until July 2, Gha, and having no time to attend to her house- 1829, when he was unanimously chosen dean of the Faculty hold duties. of Advocates, and resigned his editorship of the "Review" to Macvey Napier. In 1830 he appointed lord advo- Jemez (hā'māz), or Emmes, or Hemes. A divi- advancement from the popular party, with which he had hitherto been a ociated, he ingratiated himself with the Duke of York, with the result that he was appointed solicitor-general to the duke, and was knighted in 1677. In 1678 he was made recorder of London, a position which he was compelled by Parliament to resign in 1080. He became chief justice of Chester in 1680, and of England in 1683; was created Baron Jeffreys of Wem in 1685; and was elevated to the post of lord chancellor of England in 1685. He used his position as chief justice and as chan- cell or to transform the judiciary from a stronghold of the opposition to the chief agent in furthering the attempt of James II. to make himself an absolute monarch, and rendered himself notorious by the flagrant injustice and brutality which he displayed on the bench. (See Bloody A izes .) He was imprisoned on the overthrow of James II., and died in the Tower of London. Jehoahaz (jō-hoa-haz). King of Israel 815-798 B. c. (Duncker), son of Jehu. He was held in sub- jection by Hazael, king of Damascus, who compelled him infantry. 2 Li. xiii. 1-9. Jehoiachin (jo-hoi'a-kin). King of Judah 597 B. C. (Duncker), son of Jehoiakim. He was, after a reign of three months and ten days, carried into the Babylonian captivity, with 10,000 of his subjects, by Nebu- Jehoiada (jē-hoi'a-da). High priest of Judah. When the usurper Queen Athaliah slew the members of the royal house of Judah in 843 B. C., he saved the prince headed a rebellion by which Athaliah was overthrown and Joash, whom he brought up in the temple. In 837 he tant, Davout defeated another Pru ian army. See Auer- städt . Population (1890), 13,449. Jenghiz Khan, or Genghis Khan (jen'gis khän), or Jinghis Khan (jin gis khän), etc. (originally Temuchin). Born near the river Onon, Mongo- lia, 1162: died in Mongolia, 1227. A Mongol conqueror, son of Yesukai, a petty tribal chief- tain. He proclaimed himself khan of the Mongol nation in 1206; completed the conquest of northern China with the capture Peking in 1215; and conquered central Asia Joash placed on the throne. Jehoiakim (jē-hoi'a-kim). King of Judah 609- 597 в. с. (Duncker), son of Josiah. He succeeded his brother Jehoahaz, who was deposed by Pharaoh-Necho. After the defeat of Pharaoh-Necho at Carchemish by Nebu- chadnezzar in 605, he remained virtually independent until 1218-21. 600, when Nebuchadnezzar invaded his kingdom and com- Jeniguich. See Chemehuevi . pelled his submi ion. Jehol (ya'hol), or Ching-te-fu (ching'te-fö'). A town in Mongolia, about lat. 41° N., long. 118° E. It contains a summer residence of the Chinese emperor. Jehoram. See Joram . Jehoshaphat (je-hosh'a-fat). King of Judah about 873-848 в. с. (Duncker), son of Asa. He married his son Jehoram to Athaliah, daughter of Ahab, king of Israel, and Jezebel; and was defeated with Ahab at Ramoth-Gilead by the king of Syria. 1 Ki. xxii. 41-50, 2 Chron. xvii.-xx. Jehoshaphat, Valley of. The name now given to the valley between Jerusalem and the Mount Jefferson, Mount. One of the summits of the Presidential Range, White Mountains, New of Olives. Hampshire, near Mount Washington. Height, Jehovah. See Yahveh . Jehu (jē'hū), son of Hanani. A prophet of Jehu, son of Jehoshaphat, son of Nimshi. King IMG:content-0550.png:[blocks in formation] of Israel 843-815 B. c., and the founder of a new dynasty. He was captain of the army under Jehoram, son and succe or of Ahab, and at the order of the prophet Elisha was anointed king, and commi ioned with the execution of judgment on the house of Ahab. He then ruthle ly exterminated the old dynasty, and with it the County, Va., Dec. 11, 1811: died at Washington, Jenkins, Thornton Alexander D. C., Aug. 9, 1893. An American naval officer. He was chief of staff of Farragut's squadron in the Mi i ippi River during the Civil War, and was promoted rear admiral in 1870. Jenkinson (jeng'kin-son), Anthony. Died at Tighe, Rutland, Feb., 1611. An English sailor, merchant, and explorer. He began his career in the Levant (1546), visiting most of the Mediterranean countries. In 1553 he met Soliman the Great at Aleppo, from whom he obtained privileges for trade in Turkish ports. In 1557 he was ras appointed captain-general of the Muscovy Company's fleet, and their agent for three years. Their fleet reached the Dwina by way of the North Cape July 12, 1557, where he left it proceeded overland to Moscow (Dec. 6). He was cordially received by the Car on der whose protection he was enabled to proceed by way of Nijni Novgorod, Astrakhan, the Caspian Sea, and Khiva to Bokhara, where he arrived Dec. 23, 1558. After two months he returned to Moscow and London by the same route. In 1561 the journey was repeated as far as Astrakhan (June, 1562), whence he made a somewhat unsucce ful detour our into Persia. He returned to Moscow Aug. 20, 1563, and to London, Sept. 28, 1564. He was the first English man to penetrate central Asia. Jenkinson, Charles, first Earl of Liverpool. Born at Winchester, April 26, 1727: died at London, Dec. 17, 1808. An English politician, secretary at war under Lord North 1778-82, and president of the Board of Trade 1784-1801. IIo wrote "A Treatise on the Coins of the Realm" (1805), etc. Jenkinson, Ephraim. A venerable-looking swindler in Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wake field." He swindles the vicar out of his horse. Jenkinson, Robert Banks, second Earl of Liverpool. Born June 7, 1770: died at London, Dec. 4, 1828. An English politician, eldest son of Charles Jenkinson, first Earl of Liverpool. He was educated at Charter house and at Oxford (1786-89). In 1789 he went to Paris, where he was present at the capture of the Bastille. He entered Parliament in 1790. In 1796 he became by courtesy Lord Hawkesbury (Baron Hawkesbury 1803), and in 1799 was made master of the mint. In 1801 he entered the Foreign Office with a seat in the cabinet. In 1803 he was responsible for the failure to evacuate Malta according to the treaty of Amiens. On May 12, 1804, he was transferred to the Home Office, and became leader of the House of Lords. During the Whig ministry 1806-07 he led the opposition. Returning to the Home Office March 25, 1807, he opposed the Catholic emancipation movement; he became earl of Liverpool upon the death of his father (Dec., 1808). From June, 1812, to April, 1827, he was premier in a Tory ministry. He was a prime mover in sending Napoleon to St. Helena, and in the readjustment of French affairs in 1815 and 1818. During the reform struggle he uniformly followed the policy of forcible repre ion until 1823. when he seems to have recognized the nece ity of modifying the Corn Laws. Jenkins's Ear, War of. The name popularly given to the war between Great Britain and Spain which broke out in 1739, and became merged in the War of the Austrian Succe ion. Its immediate cause was the grievance of an English mariner, Robert Jenkins, who alleged that he had been tortured by the Spaniards, with the lo of his ear. Jenne (jen'ne), or Jinne (jin'ne). A town in Sudan, western Africa, situated near the Niger about 250 miles southwest of Timbuktu. Jenner (jen'èr), Edward. Born at Berkeley, esters hire, May 17, 1749: died there, Jan. 26, 1823. An English physician, famous as the discoverer of vaccination. In 1770 he became a pupil of John Hunter in London, and also studied at the same time in St. George's Hospital. In 1773 he began to practise in Berkeley. His investigation of cowpox began very early, and was suggested by the local rustic tradition that the dairymaids who contracted the disease were exempt from smallpox. On May 14, 1796, he vaccinated a boy of eight with lymph from the hand of a dairymaid, and on July 1 inoculated the same boy with smallpox. The experiment was succe ful: an account of it was published June, 1798. The practice of vaccination gradually gained ground until in 1800 a great part of his time was taken up by the distribution of lymph, much of it in America. Honors came to him from every quarter, and on June 2, 1802, a grant of £10,000 was made to him by Parliament. Jenner, Thomas. Flourished 1631-56. An author, engraver, and publisher. In the reigns of Charles I. and Charles II. he kept a print-shop at the Royal Exchange which was frequented by Pepys and Evelyn. Among his works are the "Soul's Solace" with thirty curious copperplate engravings (1631), "Directions for the English Traveller" (1643). "A Further Narrative of the Pa ages of these Times" (1648), "London's Blame if not its Shame" (1651). Dict . Nat . Biog. Jennings, Sarah. See Marl borough, Duche of . Jenyns (jen'inz), Soame. Born at London, Jan. 1, 1704: died there, Dec. 18, 1787. An English miscellaneous writer. In 1722 he entered St. John's College, Cambridge, leaving without a degree in 1725. Не published anonymously "The Art of Dancing: a poem" (1727) and a collection of poems (1752). He was returned to Parliament in 1742. In 1757 he published a "Free Enquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil," and in 1765 "The Objections to the Taxation of our American Colonies by the Legislature of Great Britain briefly considered." His "View of the Internal Evidences of the Christian Religion" was published in 1776. "Jenyns' prose style was regarded by his contemporaries as a model of ease and elegance." Dict Nat. Biog . Jephthah (jef'thä). [Heb., '(God) opens' or 'makes free.'] A chieftain and judge of Israel whose history is given in Judges xi.-xii. When he went to battle against the Ammonites, he vowed that whatsoever should come forth from his home to meet him on his return "in peace from the children Ammon" should be offered up as a burnt-offering. The Ammonites were routed, and as Jephthah returned the first to come out to meet him was his daughter and only child. She consented to the fulfilment of his vow after a respite of two months. Jephthah. An oratorio by Handel, finished in 1751. It was produced in 1752, and was the last he composed, as he became blind at this time. Jephthes (jef'thez), or Jephtha. A play by George Buchanan, written between 1539 and 1542. Jequitinhonha (zhā-ke-ten-yōn'yä), or Rio Grande do Belmonte (rē'ō grän'da dō bālmon'tā). A river in Brazil which flows into the Atlantic about lat. 16° S., long. 38° 50′ W. Length, about 500 miles; navigable for 84 miles. The Salto Grande, about 100 miles from the mouth, is one of the finest cataracts in South America. Jerace (ya-rä'che), Francesco. Born at Polestina, Calabria, 1853. An Italian sculptor. Jerba (jer bä). An island in the Gulf of Cabes, belonging to Tunis: the ancient Meninx. It is known as the island of the lotus-eaters, and was the scene of the ma acre of 18,000 Christians by the Turks, May 11, 1560. Poole . Jeremiah (jer-o-mi'ä). [Heb., prob. 'the Lord's appointed (or exalted) one.'] The second of the greater prophets of Israel. He lived and prophesied during the reigns of the kings of Judah from Josiah to Zedekiah (from 629 to about 580 B. C.). The book of his prophecy gives numerous details of his personal history. It is largely occupied with denunciations of the sins of the nation warnings of evils to come on account of them. Some of his prophetic utterances were accompanied and illustrated by symbolical actions. Jeremy. A witty valet in Congreve's “Love for Love." Jeremy Diddler. See Diddler . Jerez, Francisco. See Xeres , Jerez (or Xerez) de la Fronter a (Ha-reth' da lä fron-taʼrä). A city in the province of Cadiz, Spain, situated near the Guadalete 14 miles northeast of Cadiz: probably the ancient Asta Regia. It is celebrated for the production and export of sherry wine. It was the scene of a victory of the Sara cens under Tarik over the West Goths under Roderic in 711. Alfonso X. recovered it in the middle of the 13th century. Population (1887), 61,708. Jerez de los Caballeros (Ha-reth' da lös kä-Bälyā'ros). A town in the province of Badajoz, Spain, 39 miles south of Badajoz. Population (1887), 8,953. Jericho (jer'i-kō). In Bible geography, a city of Palestine, situated west of the Jordan and 14 miles east-northeast of Jerusalem. It was destroyed by Joshua and rebuilt by Ahab; was the residence of Herod the Great; was destroyed by Vespas i an, rebuilt by Hadrian, and again destroyed by the Crusaders. Jermyn (jer'min), Henry, Earl of St. Albans. Born in England about 1600: died at London, Jan., 1684. An English statesman. In 1624 he was attached to the British emba y in Paris, and was returned to Parliament for Liverpool in 1628. On July 2, 1628, he be came vice-chamberlain to the queen. He represented St. Edmundsbury in the Long Parliament, and was involved in the "first army plot" to overawe Parliament, March, 1641. In the hostilities which followed he was engaged mainly in procuring war material on the Continent. He returned to England in 1643, was wounded at Auburn Chase Sept. 18, 1643, and was raised to the peerage as Baron Jermyn of St. Edmondsbury, Sept. 8. He returned to France with the queen in 1644 and directed her correspondence, the interception of which exposed the king's attempt to procure foreign aid. After the death of Charles I. he remained in France with Charles II. On April 27, 1660, he was created earl of St. Albans. At the Restoration Jermyn received many favors, his succe being largely due to his influence with the queen mother. He was made amba ador to Paris, and employed himself in strengthening the influence of Louis XIV. Jeroboam (jer-o-bo'am) I. King of Israel 953927 в. с. (Duncker), son of Nebat of the tribe of Ephraim. He organized a revolt of the ten northern tribes against Rehoboam, and founded the kingdom of Is rael (1 Ki. xi.-xiv., 2 Chron, ix.-xiii.). Jeroboam II. King of Israel 790-749 в. с. (Duncker), son of Joash whom he succeeded. He was the most prosperous of the kings of Israel (2 Ki. xiv.). Jerome (je-rom' or jer'om), Saint (Eusebius Hieronymus). [Gr. Ἱερώνυμος , sacred name; L. Hieronymus , It. Geronimo, Girolamo , Sp. Jero nimo , Jeromo , Pg. Jeronimo , F. Jérôme , G. Hie ronymus.] Born at Stridon, Pannonia, about 340: died at Bethlehem, Sept. 30, 420. A father of the Latin Church. He studied at Rome under Donatus the grammarian and Victor in us the rhetorician. In 373, during a journey through the Orient, he was attacked with a severe illne , on recovering from which he devoted himself to an ecclesiastical life. He became a presbyter at Antioch in 379, and in 382 removed to Rome, where he became secretary to Pope Damasus. After the death of this pontiff he entered a monastery at Bethlehem. He published a Latin version of the Bible, known as the Vulgate Jerusalem (which see), and by his knowledge of Greek and Hebrew introduced the treasures of the Eastern Church into the West. The best edition of his works is that by Vallarsi (1734-42). Jérôme, King of Westphalia. See Bonaparte . Jerome in the Wilderne . A painting by Titian, in the Brera at Milan. The solitary figure of the saint is broadly and vigorously treated. The background brings to mind a wild scene in Friuli, with its rocks, pines, and gnarled oaks. Jerome of Prague. Born at Prague, Bohemia, about 1365: burned at Con stance, Baden, May 30, 1416. A Bohemian religious reformer, an a ociate and follower of Hu . He was condemned for heresy by the Council of Con stance, 1415-16. Jeronimo (je-ron'i-mō), or Hieronimo (hi-eron'i-mo), The first part of. A play by Thomas Kyd. It was acted in 1588 or 1592. The only version extant was printed in 1605. The second part was called "The Spanish Tragedy" (which see). Jeronimo, the hero of both, is an old man, the marshal of Spain, who goes mad with grief over the murder of his son. His ravings were ridiculed by contemporary and later dramatists, and became regular expletives in the slang of the period. Shakspere alludes to this in his "Go by Jeronymy" in his "Taming of the Shrew." The two "Jeronimo" or "Hieronimo" plays were, as has been said, extremely popular, and it is positively known that Jouson himself, and probably others, were employed from time to time to freshen them up, with the consequence that the exact authorship of particular pa ages is somewhat problematical. Both plays, however, display, nearly in perfection, the rant, not always quite ridiculous but always extravagant, from which Shakes pere rescued the stage. Saints bury , Hist. of Elizabeth an Lit., p. 74. Jerrold (jer'old), Douglas William. Born at London, Jan. 3, 1803: died there, June 8, 1857. An English dramatist, satirist, and humorist. He was the eldest son of Samuel Jerrold, an actor, and was brought on the stage when a child. In later life he oсса sionally acted, but was never inclined to the profe ion. His education was very slight: his knowledge of Latin, French, Italian, and English dramatic literature having been acquired entirely by his own efforts. From 1813 to 1815 he served as midshipman in the royal navy, which was engaged in operations against Napoleon in Belgium. Returning to London in 1816, he maintained himself as apprentice to a printer, and by contributions to periodical literature. A play, "More Frightened than Hurt," was produced in London April 30, 1821, and later in Paris. "Black eyed Susan, or All in the Downs," produced June 8, 1829, at the Surrey Theatre, was his first important succe . It was brought out also at Drury Lane in 1835. In 1886 he undertook the management of the Strand Theatre without succe . He now turned his attention to the reviews and magazines, contributing to the "Athenæum," "Black wood's," etc. He attached himself to "Punch" at its appearance in 1841, and was a constant contributor until his death. His articles were signed Q. His greatest succe was "Mrs. Caudle's Curtain Lectures." From 1852 until his death he edited "Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper." He wrote about 40 plays. Jerrold, William Blanchard. Born at London, Dec. 23, 1826: died at Westminster, March 10, 1884. An English journalist and author, eldest son of Douglas Jerrold. On the death of his father he succeeded to the editorship of "Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper." He was a Liberal in politics, and defended the North in the Civil War. His chief work is a "Life of Napoleon III." (1875-82). He wrote a number of plays, "Cool as a Cucumber" (1851), etc. Jersey (jer'zi). The largest, most important, and southernmost of the Channel Islands, capital St. Helier's, situated in lat. 49° 10' N., long 2°7′ W. It exports potatoes, cattle, fruit, oysters, granite, etc. The government is vested in a lieutenant-governor appointed by the British crown, and the "states" (a local legislature). It is the ML. Cæsarea. Length, 10 miles. Breadth, 5 to 6 miles. Area, 45 square miles. Population (1891), 54,518. Jersey City. The capital of Hudson County, New Jersey, situated on the Hudson opposite New York. It is the terminus of many railway and steamer lines, and has important manufactures of tobacco, etc. It was formerly called Paulus Hook, and was incorporated as the City of Jersey in 1820, and as Jersey City in 1838. Population (1890), 163,003. Jerseys (jer'ziz), The. A collective name for East Jersey and West Jersey, into which New Jersey was temporarily divided in 1676. Jerusalem (je-röʻsa-lem). [Heb. Yerúshálóm or Yerushalayim , probably 'city of peace'; in the A yrian inscriptions Ursalimmu ; in the tablets of Tel-el-Amarna Uru - Salim , Gr. Ιερου σαλήμ , L. Hierosolyma .] The ancient capital of Palestine, regarded by the Jews still as their sacred city, and as a holy city by both Christians and Mohammedans. Its identity with Salem (Gen. xiv. 18) is disputed. It first appears as Jebus, or the city of the Jebusites, from whom David captured it or its site, establishing himself in the "stronghold of Zion," and making it his capital. Its situation was suitable for a national metropolis: it lay in the territory of the mighty tribe of Judah, and virtually in the center of the country, 33 miles from the sea and about 19 from the Jordan, while it was the more secure from being some distance off the great highroad of the nations. It was also a mountain city, situated in the heart of the "hill country," surrounded by limestone hills, and itself on the edge of the chain, its highest point being 2,582 feet above sea-level. Solomon beautified it by erecting the temple as a stable national sanctuary, and otherwise, and surrounded the city with a The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names Jerusalem real wall. The sece ion of the ten tribes under Solomon's son Rehoboam left Jerusalem the capital of the southern kingdom only. Under Rehoboam it was invaded by the Egyptian king Shishak, and the temple and palace were in part despoiled (about 970 в. с.). Under Joram (848 as delegates from the community at Antioch; and what is called the Council of Jerusalem, a full a embly of all the apostles then present in the metropolis, solemnly debated this great question.