Rawlinson, Phœnicia, p

103. Abdera (ab-dē'rä). [Gr. τὰ Ἄβδηρα , or Ἄβδηρον .] In ancient geography, a maritime city of Thrace, founded by the Teians, belonging to the A then i an Confederation. Its inhabitants were notorious among the Greeks for dullne . The exact ancient site has not been identified. Abdera (ab-dē'rä). [Gr. τὰ Ἄβδηρα, Αύδηρα , Ἄβδαρα, " Αβδηρον .] In ancient geography, a town, the modern Adra (or Almeria?), on the southern coast of Spain, about 45 miles south east of Granada. Also Abdara . Abd-er-Rahman (äbd-er-rähʼmän) I. [Ar., 'servant of the merciful one,' i. e. God.] Bornat Damascus, 731: died 788. The founder (756) of the independent Ommiad power in Spain, with Cordova as capital. He survived the ma acre of the Ommiads by the Abbas sides, took refuge in Mauretania, been the editor-in-chief of the "Christian Union" (changed to "The Outlook" in 1893) since 1881, and was pastor of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, from 1888 to 1899. He ori and was invited by a party of the Arabs in Spain to come to them as their sovereign. He quickly established his power, overcame his chief antagonist in battle (755), sup A Becket, Gilbert Abbott pre ed formidable rebellions (758-763), and repelled the invasion of Charlemagne (778). The famous mosque at Cordova was constructed by him. Also Abd - al - Rahman , Ab durrahman , Abdarrahman . Abd-er-Rahman III. Born 891: died 961. Calif of Cordova from 912 to 961. During his reign the Saracen power in Spain rose to its greatest height. Abd-er-Rahman. Died 732. A Saracen chieftain, governor of Narbonne. He invaded France with a large army, and was defeated by Charles Martel, and slain, near Tours in 732. Abd-er-Rahman. Born Nov. 28, 1778: died Aug., 1859. Sultan of Fez and Morocco 18231859. The piratical habits of his subjects involved him in several conflicts with European powers, and in 1844 he supported Abd-el-Kader against France. Abdiel (ab'di-el). [Heb., 'servant of God.'] A seraph in Milton's "Paradise Lost" (v. 896), the only seraph who remained loyal when Satan stirred up the angels to revolt. He is mentioned by the Jewish cabalists. Abdi-Milkut (ab'de-mil-köt'). A king of Sidon, a contemporary of Esarhaddon, king of As syria (680-668 в. с.). He made an alliance with King Sanduarri, and revolted from his allegiance to As syria; was attacked, and, after a prolonged resistance, fled, probably to Cyprus; and was caught and decapitated in 676. Abdol-Motalleb. See Abdul - Muttalib . Abdool-. See Abdul- . Abdul-Aziz (äb'döl-ä-zēz'). Born Feb. 9,1830: a a inated (?) June 4, 1876. Sultan of Turkey 1861-76, second son of Mahmud II. and brother of Abdul-Medjid whom he succeeded. Aided by his grand vizirs, Ali Pasha and Fuad Pasha, he attempted to introduce Western civilization into Turkey. In 1867 he visited the Paris Exhibition, and journeyed through England, Austria, and Germany. Di atisfaction with his reform policy and the depletion of his treasury brought about his deposition, May 30, 1876. Abdul-Hamid (äb'döl-hä-mēd') I. Born May 30, 1725: died April 7, 1789. Sultan of Turkey from Jan. 21, 1774, till April 7, 1789. He inherited a disastrous war with Ru ia, which was ended in July, 1774, by the treaty of Kainardji, and which resulted in the lo of Crimea and adjacent regions. He was also engaged in war with Ru ia and Austria from 1787. Abdul-Hamid II. Born Sept. 22, 1842. Sultan of Turkey since Aug. 31, 1876, second son of Abdul-Medjid and brother of the insane Murad V. whom he succeeded. He carried on a war with Ru ia from April 24, 1877, to 1878. By the treaty of San Stefano, which followed (March 3, 1878), modified by the Berlin Treaty of July 13, 1878, Turkey lost large po e ions in Europe and Asia. See San Stefano , Treaty of , and Berlin, Congre of. Born in northwestern Africa, 1101: died 1163. The founder of the dynasty of the Almohades, calif from 1130 till 1163. Abdul-Muttalib (äb'döl-möt-tä'lib). Died 578. The grandfather of Mohammed and his guardian for two years. Abdurrahman. See Abd - er - Rahman . Abdurrahman Khan (äb-dör-räh'män khän). Born about 1830: died Oct. 3, 1901. The ameer of Afghanistan, proclaimed such in 1880. Abecedarians (a be-se-dā'ri-anz). A German Anabaptist sect of the 16th century, led by Nicholas Stork, a weaver of Zwickau, which rejected all learning (even the learning of "A-B-C") as a hindrance to religion, profe ed a special inspiration superseding the Bible, and predicted (and was disposed to promote) the overthrow of existing governments. A. Becket (a-bek'et), Gilbert Arthur. Born at London, 1837: died at London, Oct. 15, 1891. An English journalist, dramatist, and miscellaneous writer, son of G. A. A Becket. A Becket, Gilbert Abbott. Born at London, Jan. 9. 1811: died at Boulogne, France, Aug. 30, 1856. An English lawyer, journalist, and writer, noted chiefly for his contributions to VIII. of England, unjustly condemned on the charge of concealing the treasonable practices of Elizabeth Barton, the “Nun of Kent." He was an active supporter of the queen in her endeavor to prevent the divorce sought by Henry. Abencerrages (a-ben'se-rāj-ez; Sp.pron.ä-Ben- tha-rä Hes). A Moorish family in Granada, fa- mous in Spanish romance. Their struggle with the family of the Zegris and tragical destruction in the Al- hambra by King Abu Ha an, near the end of the Moorish dominion in Granada, are told in Perez de Hita's (unhis- torical) "Hist or i a de las guerras civiles de Granada" (1595), and of an opera by Cherubin i (1813). the groundwork of a romance by Chateaubriand (1826), Abenezra (ä-ben-ez'rä), or Ibn Ezra ('b'n-ez'- rä). See Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra . Abensberg (ä'bens-berg). A small town in Lower Bavaria, on the Abens 18 miles south- west of Ratisbon, the scene of a victory by Na- pole on center of the Austrian line, which was cut in halves: the left was driven acro the Isar at Land shut, which was captured, and the right was overcome at Eckmühl on April 22. In this series of operations the Austrians lost 60,000 men. Abeokuta (ab-e-ō-kö'tä). The principal town of Yoruba or Yariba, a British protectorate in western Africa. It was founded in 1830 by fugitive slaves, who were subsequently joined by numerous free- men, mostly of the Egba tribe. Excepting a few native Christian churches, the ma of the people is still heathen. Abel (a'bel), Sir Frederick August us. Born at London, July 17, 1827: died there, Sept. 6, 1902. An English chemist, president of the Institute of Chemistry and other learned societies, and author of "Guncotton," "Modern History of Gunpowder," "On Explosive Agents,” etc., and with Bloxam of a "Handbook of Chemistry." Abel (ä'bel), He in rich Fried rich Otto. Born at Reichenbach, Würtemberg, Jan. 22, 1824: died at Leonberg, Würtemberg, Oct. 28, 1854. A German historian, collaborator on the "Monu- menta German iæ historic a," and author of König Phi Philipp der Hohenstaufe" (1852), etc. Abel (a'bel), Joseph. Born at Aschach, in Austria, 1768: died at Vienna, Oct. 4, 1818. An Austrian historical and portrait painter. Aberconway. See Conway . Population (estimated), 150,000. Also Abbeokuta . Aber (ab'er). [Gael. abar = W. aber , a con- fluence of waters, the mouth of a river. Cf. Gael. inbhir , with same senses, = W. ynfer , in- Abel (ä'bel), Karl Fried rich. Born at Köthen, Germany, 1725: died at London, June 20, 1787. A German composer, and noted performer on the viol da gamba. vicinity. Population (1891), 6,281. Aberbrothock. See Arbroath . Abercorn (ab'er-kôrn). A hamlet in Linlith- gowshire, Scotland, about 10 miles west of Edinburgh. It was the seat of a bishopric from Abercrombie (ab'ėr-krum-bi), James. Born at Gla haugh, in Scotland, 1706: died at Stirling, Scotland, April 28, 1781. A British general, commander of an expedition against Canada in 1758. He was defeated by Montcalm at Ticonderoga, July 8, 1758. Abercrombie, John. Born at Aberdeen, Scot- land, Oct. 10, 1780: died at Edinburgh, Nov. 14, 1844. A Scottish physician and philo- sophical writer. He wrote "Pathological and Prac- Cord" (1828), "Pathological and Practical Researches on tical Researches on Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Diseases of the Stomach, the Intestinal Canal, etc." (1828), "Enquiries Concerning the Intellectual Powers and the Investigation of Truth" (1830), “Philosophy of the Moral Feelings" (1833), etc. Abercrombie, John Joseph. Born in Tennes- see in 1802: died at Roslyn, N. Y., Jan. 3, 1877. An American soldier. He was graduated at West Point in 1822, and served in the Florida war (bre- vetted major), in the Mexican war (brevetted lieutenant- colonel), and in the Union army in the Civil War(brevetted brigadier-general). military reputation of the British soldier" (H. M. Ste- phens, in Dict. Nat. Biog.). Abercromby, Sir Robert. Born at Tullibody, Clack mannan, Scotland, 1740: died at Air- threy, near Stirling, Scotland, Nov., 1827. A British general, younger brother of Sir Ralph Abercromby. He served in the French and Indian and Revolutionary wars (at the battles of Brooklyn, Brandy- wine, and German town, and at Charleston and York town), and later commanded in India. Aberdare (ab-er-dar'). A mining and manufac- turing town in Glam organs hire, South Wales, about 5 miles southwest of Merthyr-Tydvil. There are coal and iron-mines in its vicinity. Population (1891), 38,513. Aberdare, Baron. See Bruce Pryce, Henry Austin . Aberdeen (ab-er-dēn'), or New Aberdeen. A seaport, capital of the county of Aberdeen, Scotland, on the North Sea between the mouths of the Don and Dee, in lat. 57° 8′ 33′′ N., long. 2° 4' 6" W. (lighthouse). It is the principal city of northern Scotland, and has an important foreign and coasting commerce and a variety of manufactures. It received a charter from William the Lion in 1178. Popu- lati on (1901), 143,722. Aberdeen, Old. A town at the mouth of the Don, Don, o one mile north of Aberdeen, Scotland. It contains the Cathedral of St. Machar, and King's Col- lege in the University of Aberdeen. The old cathedral is Aberdeen. A city in Brown County, South Dakota, about 120 miles northeast of Pierre: a railroad and trading center. Population (1900), 4,087. Aberdeen. A city, capital of Monroe County, Mi i ippi, on the Tombigbee, in lat. 33° 51′ N., long. 88° 35' W. Population (1900), 3,434. Aberdeen, Earl of. See Gordon. Aberdeen, University of. An institution of learning at Aberdeen, incorporated 1860, by the union of King's College and university (founded by Bishop Elphinstone, 1494) at Old Aberdeen and the Marischal College and uni- versity (founded by the Earl Marischal, 1593) at New Aberdeen. It has about 70 teachers and 800 students. It sends with Glasgow University one Parliament. Aberdeen shire (ab-er-den's hir). A county of Scotland, capital Aberdeen, bounded by the sophical writer. His chief work is entitled “A Discourse of Wit" (London, 1686). "It antedates the (so-called) 'Scottish School of Philosophy' a century nearly for in it Dr. Thomas Reid's philosophy of common sense is distinctly taught." A. B. Grosart, in Dict. Nat. Biog. Abercromby, James. Born Nov. 7, 1776: died at Colinton House, Mid loth i an, April 17, 1858. An English politician, third son of Sir Ralph Johann Ludwig Gottfried (Goth of red us). Died about 1635. A German historian, historian, founder of the "The at rum Europæum," a serial work on contemporaneous history, history, carried forward by Schieder, Oräus, and others into the 18th cen- tury, and author of a history of the West Indies, Abercromby, Sir John. Born 1772: died at Marseilles, Feb. 14, 1817. An English soldier, second son of Sir Ralph Abercromby. He served in Flanders 1793-94, was arrested by Napoleon and imprisoned at Verdun in 1803, was exchanged in 1808, and was appointed commander-in-chief at Bombay in Abercromby, Patrick. Born at Forfar, Scot- land, 1656: died 1716 (various dates are as- signed). A Scottish physician, antiquary, and historian, author of "Martial Achievements of the Scots Nation" (1711–16). Abercromby, Sir Ralph. Born at Menstry, Clack mannan, Scotland, Oct., 1734: died near Alexandria, Egypt, March 28, 1801. A dist in- Abeshr (ä-besh'r). The capital of Wadai, in Sudan, about lat. 14° 5' N., long. 21° 5' Ε. Abe a (a-bes'ä). A female character in Spen- ser's "Faerie Queene," representing the cor- ruption of the abbeys and convents. Abhimanyu (a-bhi-man'yū). In Hindu legend, the son of Arjuna. He killed Lakshmana, son of Duryodhana, on the second day of the great battle of the Mahabharata, but on the thirteenth himself fell fighting that dynasty which would have realised its unity. These Abiezrites were very fine men, heroes, like unto the sons of a king. 2. One of David's chief warriors, an inhabitant of Anathoth, in the tribe of Benjamin. Abigail (ab'i-gal). [Heb., 'father (source) of joy,' or 'my father is joy.'] 1. The mother of Amasa and sister of David. 2. The wife of Nabal and, after his death, of David. By has- tening to meet David with a supply of provisions when he was marching to take vengeance upon Nabal she suc- ceeded in arresting his anger. 3. A character in Marlowe's tragedy "The Jew of Malta," the daughter of Barabas the Jew. The pa ages between her and her father strongly resemble those between Shylock and Je ica in the "Mer- 4. A lady's-maid or waiting gentlewoman in Beaumont and Fletcher's "Scornful Lady," and in other plays: presumably from Abigail who called herself the handmaid of David in 1 Sam. xxv. 3. The name is now a popular synonym for a lady's-maid. Abigor (ab'i-gôr). In medieval demonology, a demon of high degree, grand duke in the infernal realms. He has sixty legions at his com- mand, and is an authority on all subjects pertaining to He is represented as a knight carrying a lance, Abihu (a-bi'hu). [Heb., 'father (worshiper) of Him (God) (God).] The second of the sons of Aaron by Elisheba. For neglecting to burn incense with fire taken from the great altar and using strange or common fire, he was slain with his elder brother Nadab by fire from heaven. Abijah (a-bī'jä). [Heb., 'father (worshiper) of Jehovah,' or 'my father is Jehovah.] 1. The name of various persons mentioned in the Old Testament: a son of Becher, one of the sons of Benjamin (1) Chron. vii. 8); the wife of Hezron and mother of Ashur (1 Chron. ii. 24); the second son of Samuel, one of the judges whose injustice led to the establishment of the kingdom (1 Sam. viii. 2, 1 Chron. vi. 28); a priest, a descendant of Eleazar, the chief of the eighth of the twenty-four courses into which the priesthood was divided by David (1) Abner (ab'ner). [Heb., 'father of light.'] The Chron. xxiv. 10); a son of Jeroboam the son of Nebat (1 Ki. xiv. 1); the mother of Hezekiah (2 Chron. xxix. 1); a priest mentioned in Ne- hemiah (x. 7).-2. The second king of Judah, son of Rehoboam and grandson of Solomon. He reigned 932-929 в. с. (Duncker). A victory over Jero- boam in which 400,000 men are said to have fought for Abijah and 800,000 for Jeroboam, leaving 500,000 dead (obviously erroneous numbers), was the notable event of his reign. Also Abijam , Abiah , Abia . Abika. See Creek. Abila (ab'i-lä). In ancient geography, a city northwest of Damascus. of Syria, capital of the tetrarchy of Abilene, Abildgaard (ä-bil'gard), Nikolai Abraham. Born at Copenhagen, Denmark, Sept. 4, 1744: died at Fred ericks dal, June 4, 1809. A Danish painter of Norwegian parentage, profe or (1786) at the academy of Copenhagen, and later its director. Abilene (ab-i-lē'nē). In ancient geography, a district and tetrarchy of Syria, lying east of Anti lib an us. Abilene (ab'i-len). The capital of Dick in son County, Kansas, situated on Smoky Hill River about 85 miles west of Topeka. Population (1900), 3,507. Abiah (a-bī'a). See Abijah . Abiathar (a-bi'a-thär). [Heb., 'father of ex- cellence' or 'abundance' (Gesenius), or 'my father excels' (Olshausen).] A high priest of Israel in the 11th century B. c., a partizan and companion of David during his exile, appointed for his services high priest conjointly with Zadok, the appointee of Saul. Abich (ä'bich), Wilhelm Hermann. Born at Berlin, Dec. 11, 1806: died at Gratz, July 1, 1886. A German mineralogist and geologist, and traveler in Ru ia and elsewhere, appointed profe or of mineralogy in Dorpat in 1842. A bid harm a. See Abhidharmapitaka . Abiezer (a-bi-ē'zér). [Heb., 'father of help.'] 1. A grandson of Mana eh and nephew of Gilead, founder of an important family to which also, collectively, the name was applied. tion (1900), 3,411. Abimelech (a-bim'e-lek). (Heb.; A yrian Abi - milk i , father of counsel.] 1. A name used in the Old Testament apparently as a general title (like the Egyptian Pharaoh') of the Philistine kings. Specifically-(a) A king of Gerar in the time of Abraham (Gen. xx.). Supposing Sarah to be Abraham's sister, as Abraham a erted, he took her into his harem, but dismi ed her when he found she was Abraham's wife. (b) A second king of Gerar, in the time of Isaac (Gen. xxvi.), with whom Isaac found refuge during a famine, and to whom he made the same statement 2. A son of Gideon by a concubine, a native of Shechem, made king of Israel by the She- chemites (Judges ix.). His reign, which lasted three years, is a igned by Duncker to the sec- ond half of the 12th century B. C. Abingdon (ab'ing-don). A town in Berks hire, England, 7 miles south of Oxford. It contains the ruins of a noted abbey. Population (1891), 6,557. A family of Mana eh, consequently of Joseph, that of Abingdon, Earl of. See Bertie , Willoughby . Abiezar, which resided at Ophra, to the west of Sichem, near the lower slopes of Ephraim, a umed in this sad A binger, Baron. See Scarlett , James. state of affairs a great importance, and nearly gave Israel Abington (ab'ing-ton). A town in Plymouth Abnoba (ab'nō-ba). In ancient geography, a mountainous region in Germany, containing the sources of the Danube: the modern Black Forest. Also called Silva Marc i an a and Montes Rauraci . Åbo (ä'bō; Sw. a'bō). A seaport, capital of Abo-Björneborg, Finland, in lat. 60° 26′57′′ Ν., long. 22° 17′ 3′′ E.: the capital of Finland be- fore 1819. It was founded by Eric the Saint in the 12th century, is the see of an archbishop, and was the seat of a university which was removed to Helsingfors in 1827. IMG:content-0014.png:[blocks in formation] shooting a German sentry, but was released. With Sarcey he founded the "XIX me Siècle." In 1884 he was elected an academician. Among his works are "La Grèce contempo raine," a satire on the manners and morals of the Greeks (1855), "La question romaine," an attack on the papacy (1860), "Alsace" (1872), "Les mariages de Paris" (1856), "Le roi des montagnes" (1856), "Germaine" (1857), "Trente et quarante" (1858), "L'homme à l'oreille ca ée" ("The Man with the broken Ear": 1861), "Le nez d'un notaire" ("The Nose of a Notary": 1862), "Le cas de M. Guérin" (1863), "Madelon" (1863), "Le roman d'un brave homme" (1880), etc. Abra (ab'rä). 1. A character in the romance of "Amadis of Greece," the sister of Zario, the sultan of Babylon. She succeeds to the throne of Babylon, after her brother has been killed by Lisuarte whom she loves and finally marries. 2. The favorite concubine of Solomon, a character (of remarkable docility) in Prior's poem "Solomon on the Vanity of the World." Abra was ready ere I called her name; And, though I called another, Abra came. ii. 364. Abrabanel (ä-brä-bä-nel'), Isaac. Born at Lisbon, 1437: died at Venice, 1508. A Jewish scholar and statesman. His family claimed descent from the royal house of David. He was treasurer of Alfonso V., king of Portugal. On the death of this king he was deprived of his fortune, and being obliged to quit Portugal (1481), went to Madrid, where he remained eight years in the service of Queen Isabella. Forced to quit Spain after the expulsion of the Jews (1492), he proceeded to Naples and entered the service of King Ferdinand, and thence to Sicily and Corfu. He was a writer of distinction in the fields of philosophy and biblical exegesis. Also Abarbanel , Abravenel , Barbanella . A brad at as (ab-ra-dā'tas). A king of Susa, first an enemy, then an ally, of the Persians under Cyrus. In the "Cyropædia" of Xenophon is told as an episode (our earliest sentimental romance) the story of the loves of A brad at as and his wife Pan the i a, which ends with the death of A brad at as in battle and the suicide of Pan the i a and her eunuchs. ham - men . Many, however, a umed the badge with out right, and begged, feigning lunacy. Hence the more common meaning came to be an impostor who wandered about the country seeking alms, under pretense of lunacy. From this came the phrase to sham Abraham , to feign sickne . Abraham New land. See New land . Abraham's Oak. An ancient oak or terebinth which long stood on the plain of Mamre, near Hebron in Syria, and was believed to be that under which the patriarch pitched his tent. Wheeler , Familiar Allusions. Abraham the Jew and the Merchant Theodore. A medieval story, invented in support of the worship of images. "Theodore, ruined by a shipwreck and repulsed by his friends, borrows money from Abraham, invoking, as his only security, the great Christ set up by Const an tine in the copper-market before the palace at Byzantium. Again Theodore loses all, and again the Jew trusts him. Theodore sails westward, and this time prospers. Wishing to repay Abraham, but finding no me enger, he puts the money in a box, and commits it, in the name of Christ, to the waves. It is washed But, when Theodore returns, Abraham, to try him, feigns to the feet of the Jew on the shore of the Sea of Marmora. that he has not received it. Theodore requires him to make oath before the Christ. And as Theodore, standing before the image, pa ionately prays, the heart of his benefactor is turned to faith in the surety of the friendle ." Jebb , Greek Lit., p. 155. Abrahen (ab'ra-hen). A character in Chapman's tragedy "Revenge for Honour": the second son of the calif. Abram (a'bram). 1. See Abraham .-2. In Shakspere's "Romeo and Juliet," a servant to Montague. Abrantes (ä-brän'tes). A town in the district of Santarem, province of Estremadura, Portugal, situated on the Tagus at the head of navigation, about 75 miles northeast of Lisbon. It was the starting-point of Junot in his march on Lisbon. Population, about 6,000. Abraham (abra-ham) Ge [Biblical etymology Abrantès (ä-bron-tās'), Duc d'. See Junot, multitudes' (Gen. xvii. 5): also called And oche. Abram , exalted father; po ibly abu - rám , my Abrantès, Duche e d'. See Junot , Madame . father is the Exalted One. According to some Abrantes, Viscount and Marquis of. Abraham is an ancient Aramaic dialectic form Calmon du Pin e Almeida , Miguel . for Abram .] Flourished 2000 в. C. The first Abravanel. See Abrabanel . of the patriarchs and the founder of the Hebrew race. Many critical scholars do not consider Abraham a historical figure. The narrative in the 14th chapter of Genesis is especially considered historical and ancient. The date of the events there narrated is fixed by Hommel at 2150 B. c.; according to the usual chronology, 1918 в. с. Abraham is equally revered by Jews, Christians, and Mohammedans. He was buried in the cave of Machpelah (the double cave) at Hebron, now said to be inclosed by the Great Mosque (Haram) of that place. Abu - ramu or Abram , Abraham's original name, occurs on early Babylonian contract-tablets. Sayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 53. Abraham, Plains of, or Heights of. An elevated plain just beyond Quebec to the southwest, along the river, the scene of the battle of Quebec. See under Quebec . Abraham a Sancta-Clara (ä'brä-hämä sänk'tä kläʼrä). Born at Krähenheimstetten, near Me kirch, Baden, July 2, 1644: died at Vienna, Dec. 1, 1709. Hans Ulrich Megerle (or Meger lin), an August in i an monk, court preacher at Vienna and satirical writer. He wrote "Judas the Arch-rascal" ("Judas der Erzschelm"), a satirico-religious romance (1686); "Gack, Gack, Gack a Ga of a marvellous hen in the duchy of Bavaria, or a detailed account of the famous pilgrimage of Maria Stern in Taxa" (1687), etc. His collected works fill 21 volumes. Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra (a'bra-ham ben ma-er' 'b'n ez'rä). Born at Toledo, 1092: died 1167. A celebrated scholar of the Jewish Arabic period in Spain, a philologist, poet, mathematician, astronomer, and Bible commentator. He had a good knowledge of Hebrew and Arabic grammar, and wrote a treatise on Hebrew grammar, "Sefer moznaïm" (book of weights); also 150 poems, See Abreu (a-brā'ō), João Capistrano de. Born in Ceará, Brazil, 1852. A Brazilian historian. For many years he has resided at Rio de Janeiro, where he has been a istant in the National Library, and profe or in the Pedro Segundo College, and has been connected with various journals. Abreu, José de. Born at Porto Novo, Rio Grande do Sul, about 1775: killed at the battle of Ituzaingó, Feb. 20, 1827. A Brazilian general. He was of obscure parentage and enlisted as a common soldier, but rapidly rose in rank and was one of the most distinguished Brazilian leaders in the campaigns against Artigas, 1816 to 1820. In the latter year he became field marshal, and in 1826 was created Baron of Serro Largo, taking part in the Uruguay an campaign under the Marquis of Barbacena. Abrocomas, or Habrocomas, and Anthia (a- (or ha-) brok'ō-mas and an'thi-ä). An old Greek romance by Xenophon of Ephesus. It recounts the adventures of the two lovers so named before and subsequent to their marriage. Abrolhos (ä-brol'yōs). A group of islets off the coast of West Australia, about lat. 28°-29° S. Abrolhos Rocks. A group of islets and reefs off the coast of Brazil, about lat. 18° S. Abrudbánya (ob'rüd-bän "yo). A town in the county of Unterwei enburg, Transylvania, Austria-Hungary, about 28 miles northwest of Karlsburg: the chief point in the Transylvanian gold region. Population, about Abrutum. Abricium in Mœsia. See Decius . Abruzzi and Molise (ä-bröt'sē and mō-lē'ze). A compart i men to in the modern kingdom of Italy, containing the provinces Chieti, Teramo, 4,000. Abt Aquila, and Campo ba o. Area, 6,380 square miles. Population (1891), 1,365,171. Abruzzo (ä-bröt'sō). A former division of Italy, comprising the provinces of Chieti, Teramo, and Aquila: a part of the former kingdom of Naples. Within it are the highest and wildest portions of the A pennines. Abruzzo Citeriore (ä-bröt'sō chē-tā-ri-ōʻre), The old name of the province of Chieti, Italy. Abruzzo Ulteriore (a-bröt'sō öl-tā-ri-ō're) I. An old name of the province of Teramo, Italy. Abruzzo Ulteriore II. An old name of the province of Aquila, Italy. Absalom (ab'sa-lom). [Heb., 'father of peace.] 1. The third son of David, king of Israel. He rebelled against his father, and was defeated and slain in the forest of Ephraim. 2. A character in Dryden's satire "Absalom and Achitophel”: an undutiful son, intended to represent the Duke of Mon mouth. Absalom, Tomb of. A tomb so named, in Jerusalem. It consists of a rock-cut basement 19 feet square and 20 high, surmounted by a Phenic i an concave cornice of Egyptian type, above which is an attic of masonry supporting a cylinder capped by a tall concave cone. At the corners of the basement are cut pilasters with Ionic columns as antæ, and there are two Ionic semi-columns on every face. Above the architrave is a Doric triglyph frieze of late type. Absalom and Achitophel (ab'sa-lom and akit'ō-fel). A poetical satire by John Dryden (published 1681), directed against the political faction led by the Earl of Shaftesbury. The second part was written by Tate and revised by Dryden, and was intended to show up the minor characters of the con tending factions. The succe of this attack upon Shaftesbury was unprecedented, and the satire has been said to be "the first in the language for masculine insight and for vigour of expre ion." Absalon (äb'sä-lon). Born 1128: died at Soröe, Zealand, Denmark, 1201. A Danish prelate, statesman, and warrior, archbishop of Lund and primate. Also Axel . Absaroka (äb-särō-kä). [Named from a species of hawk, but commonly styled 'the Crow.'] A tribe of the Hidatsa division of North American Indians. They number 2,287, and are on the Crow reservation in Montana. See Hidatsa . Abschatz (äpʻshäts), Hans A mann, Baron von. Born at Würbitz, Silesia, Feb. 4, 1646: died April 22, 1699. A German poet, transla tor of "Pastor Fido" from the Italian of Guarini, and author of sacred hymns still in use in Protestant churches. A selection of his poems was given by W. Müller in "Bibliothek deutscher Dichter des 17. Jahrh." (1824). Absecon (ab-se'kon). The name of a bay and an inlet on the coast of New Jersey, northeast of Atlantic City. Also written Absecum . Absentee (ab-sen-te'), The. One of the tales in the series "Tales from Fashionable Life," by Mi Edge worth, published in 1812. Absolon (absolon Puin Chaucer's Miller's Tale," Tale,' an amorous parish clerk who comes to grief i grief in his wooing of the carpenter's wife. Absolon, John. Born at London, May May 6, 1815: died there, June 26, 1895. An English painter, best known from his water-colors. Absolute (ab'sō-lut), Sir Anthony. A famous character in Sheridan's comedy "The Rivals," an obstinate, pa ionate, self-willed, but generous old man. The following pa age exhibits his temper: " Sir Anth . So you will fly out! Can't you be cool like me? What the devil good can pa ion do? Pa ion is of no service, you impudent, insolent, over-bearing reprobate! There you sneer again! don't provoke me! but you rely upon the mildne of my temper you do, you dog! you play upon the meekne of my disposition! Yet take care, the patience of a saint may be overcome at last! but mark! I give you six hours and a half to consider of this; if you then agree, without any condition, to do everything on earth that I choose, why, confound you! I may in time forgive you." Sheridan, Rivals, ii. 1. Absolute, Captain. In Sheridan's "Rivals," the son of Sir Anthony, a spirited soldier and persistent lover who appears as the impecunious Ensign Beverley (and is thus his own rival) to win the affections of the romantic Lydia Languish who scorns a match with one so suit able as the son of Sir Anthony Absolute. Absyrtus (ab-ser'tus). [Gr. Ἄψυρτος .] In Greek legend, the brother of Medea, who cut him in pieces and threw the fragments one by one into the sea to delay her father (who stopped to pick them up) in his pursuit of her and Jason. According to another legend he was slain by Jason. See Jason. Abt (äpt), Franz. Born at Eilenburg, Pru ian Saxony, Dec. 22, 1819: died at Wiesbaden, March 31, 1885. A German composer, noted chiefly for his popular songs ("When the Swallows homeward fly," etc.). Abu Abu (ä'bö). A mountain, 5,600 feet high, in Rajputana, India, about lat. 24° 45′ N., long. 72° 40′ E., the chief seat of the Jain worship. Its slopes are covered with temples and tombs. Also Aboo . Abu-Arish (ä'bö-ä'rish or -ä'rēsh). A town in southwestern Arabia, 24 miles from the Red Sea, about lat. 16° 55′ N., long. 42° 40′ E. Population, about 8,000. Abu-Bekr (ä'bö-bek'r). [Ar.; said to mean 'father of the virgin, i. e. Ayesha, Mohammed's wife.] Born at Mecca, 573: died at Medina, Arabia, Aug. 22 (?), 634. The father-inlaw and one of the first followers and chief supporters of Mohammed, and the first calif or succe or of the prophet (632-634). His original name was Abd - el - Kaaba . Also Aboo - Bekr , Abou Bekr , Abu - Bakr . Abul Kasim Mansur (ä'böl kä-sēm' män-sör'). Born at Shadab, near Tus, in Khorasan, about 940: died 1020 at Tus. The great epic poet of Persia, called Firdusi (more correctly Fir dausī the Paradisiac, from Firdaus , Paradise). He was the author of the "Shahnamah," an epic of about 60,000 distichs, that sings the deeds of Iranian and Persian sovereigns and heroes from the oldest time to the fall of the Sa anide (641 A. D.), and contains many of the ancient epic traditions of the Iranians. He lived long at the court of Mahmud of Ghazni. Abu-Nuvas (ä'bö-nöʻvas). Died 815. An Arabic lyric poet who lived at the court of the califs of Bagdad. His songs of love and wine are among the most notable in Arabian poetry. Aburi (ä-böʻrē). A town 15 miles back of Akrá, West Africa. Owing to its altitude, it is used as a sanatorium by British officials and residents, as also by the Basel Mi ion, which has there an excellent industrial school. Population, 5,000. Abu Shahrein. See Eridu . Abu-Habba (ä'bö-häb'ä). An Arab village about 16 miles southeast of Bagdad. Excavations Abushehr. See Bushire. were made there in 1881, and the site of an ancient Babylonian city discovered, probably Sippar, the biblical pharvaim (which see). Abudah (ä-bö'da). A character in the Rev. James Ridley's "Tales of the Genii": a rich merchant who in seeking, in a dream, the talisman of Oromanes, which insures perfect happine , finds it in love of God and submi ion to his will. Abu-Hanifah (ä'bö-hä-ne'fä). Born at AlKufah, 700: died at Bagdad, 770. A noted Mohammedan imam and jurisconsult, the founder of the Hanifi sect. Abu-Ha an (ä'bö-has'an). In the story of "The Sleeper Awakened" in "The Arabian Nights' Entertainments," a citizen of Bagdad who while entertaining the disguised calif expre es a wish to "be calif for one day." The wish is granted in such a way that Abu-Ha an is entirely deceived, to the great amusement of the calif, who in the end makes him his companion and favorite. Shakspere has adopted this idea, from an older play, in the deception practised on Sly the tinker, in the induction to the "Taming of the Shrew." Abukir (ä-bö-kēr'). A small village in northern Egypt, on the bay of Abukir 13 miles northeast of Alexandria. It is near the site of the ancient Canopus, probably a little to the west. Here, July 25, March & 1801, the English under Sir Ralph Abercromby Napoleon with French defeated 15,000 Turks, captured the town from the French. Also Aboukir . Abukir, Bay of. A bay north of Egypt, be tween Abukir and the Rosetta mouth of the Nile, the scene of the battle of the Nile, Aug. 1 and 2, 1798, in which Nelson defeated the French fleet under Brueys, who lost 13 out of 17 ve els and 9,000 men. Abu-Klea (ä'bö-klā'ä). Wells in the Nubian desert in the bend of the Nile on the route between Korti and Shendy, where, Jan. 17, 1885, the Mahdists attacked the British under Stewart, and were repulsed with severe lo on both sides. Also Abou - Klea . Abul Casim. See Abul Kasim . Abulfaraj (ä'böl-fä-räj'), or Abulfaragius (ab'ul-fa-ra'ji-us), surnamed Bar-Hebræus ('Son of the Hebrew'). Born at Malatia (Malatiya), Armenia, 1226: died at Maragha, Persia, 1286. Gregory Abulfaraj ibn al Harun, a Syriac and Arabic author, the son of a baptized Jew. At twenty he was made bishop of Gula and afterward of Aleppo, and became maphrian, the dignity among the Jacobite Christians next to that of patriarch. Of his many Syriac and Arabic writings the best-known are an autobiography and a chronicle in Syriac, a universal history from Adam down to his own time. Abulfazl (ä'böl-fäʻzl). A a inated 1602. Vizir and historiographer of the Mogul emperor Akbar, author of the "Akbar Nameh," or "Book of Akbar," comprising a history of Akbar's reign, and an account of the religious and political constitution and the admin i str as tion of the empire. Abu-Simbel (ä'bö-sim'bel), or Ipsambul (ipsäm'böl). The ancient Abuncis or A boccis, a place in Upper Egypt situated on the Nile about lat. 22° 25′ N., famous for its two rock temples, one large and the other smaller, built in the steep face of a cliff by Rameses II. For the great temple the rock has been cut away to form a smooth façade about 100 feet wide and high, with a cornice of seated cynocephali. Before the façade are four enthroned colo i of Rameses, about 66 feet high, and comparatively perfect except for the splitting away of the head and arms of one. Over the central portal, in a rectangular niche, is a figure of Ra the sun-god. The first chamber of the interior is a large hall with 8 Osiride piers, and mural sculptures portraying the military deeds of Rameses. Beyond is a smaller pillared hall, then a vestibule before the sanctuary, which contains seated figures of Amen, Ptah, Horus, and Rameses himself. From the outer hall 8 lateral chambers, irregularly placed, are reached. The total depth in the rock of this temple is over 200 feet. The façade of the smaller temple displays six rectangular niches containing colo al figures in high relief. Between the two central niches is the portal, which leads to a hall supported by 6 square piers with Has or capitals. From the hall extends a corridor with two small chambers and a sanctuary. The whole interior is sculptured. On the left leg of the injured colo us of the great temple is a Greek inscription, one of the most ancient specimens of Greek writing, recording that when Psammetichus came to Elephantine, the writers, whose names are given, came to the spot by way of Kerkis. It dates from 592 B. C. of Egypt, south-southwest of Cairo, the ancient Abusir (ä-bö-ser'). A small town in the Delta Busiris, containing pyramids erected by kings of the 5th dynasty. Abu-Teman (ä'bö-te-män'). Born in Syria about 807: died about 845. An Arabian court poet at Bagdad, and collector of Oriental poetry. Abydos (a-bi'dos). [Gr. ἡ Ἄβυδος.] In ancient geography, a town in Upper Egypt on the west bank of the Nile, near the modern Arâbat-elMadfûneh, about lat. 26° 13' N., long. 31° 52′ E., famous for a temple of Osiris built by Seti I., and also for a temple built by Rameses II. The former is described by Strabo as the "Mem non i on." The plan is a square facing the northeast, with a large rectangular projection from the back of the southeast side. From the outer court is entered the long first hall, with two ranges of columns, and from it the second hall, with three ranges. Both these great halls are ornamented with reliefs. From the second hall there is acce to an extensive series of chambers, corridors, and smaller halls, all decorated with colored reliefs. In one of the corridors is the chronologically important Tablet of Abydos. (See below.) A number of the chambers are covered with false vaults, cut to shape from flat lintels. The temple of Rameses is also dedicated to Osiris. It was a rectangle, preceded by a great inclosed court surrounded by Osiride figures. From the court two spacious central hypostyle halls are entered in succe ion, and from these open a number of chambers. The gateways were of red and black granite, and one chamber was wholly lined with alabaster. This temple, which was considerably smaller than that of Seti, is in a very ruinous state. See Abydos , Tablet of. Abydos, or Abydus. In ancient geography, a town in Mysia, Asia Minor, on the Hellespont about lat. 40° 11' N., long. 26° 25′ E., noted in the legend of Hero and Leander, and as the Abulfeda (ä-böl-fa'da or ä-böl'fa-da), Ismael location of the Bridge of Xerxes. ben-Ali Emadeddin amal Abydos, Bride of. A poem by Lord Byron, 1273: died in Syria, Oct. 26, 1331. A noted Arapublished in 1813. bian geographer and historian, prince of Hamah Abydos, Tablet of. An inscription in a corri in Syria: author of a geography and an "Abridgment of the History of the Human Race." Abulghazi Bahadur (ä-böl-ghä'zē bä-hä-dör'). Born 1605: died about 1665. A khan of Khiva, author (after his abdication) of a history of the Mongols and Tatars, translated into various European languages. Abul-Ha an Ali ebn Bekar (ä'böl-has'an ä'lē eb'n be'kär). A character in "The Arabian Nights' Entertainments," the lover of the calif's favorite, Schemselnihar. Fleeing from Bagdad for fear of the calif's anger, he dies at the same hour as Schemselnihar. dor of the temple of Seti I. at Abydos, giving a succe ion of 65 kings beginning with Menes, covering a period of about 2,200 years. A simi lar tablet containing 18 names, found in the temple of Rameses in 1818, was removed by the French consul-general, sent to Paris, and finally purchased for the British Museum. Abyla (ab'i-la). [Gr. Ἀβύλη or Ἀβίλη .] In ancient geography, a promontory in Africa, the modern Jebel Musa or Apes' Hill, opposite Calpe (Gibraltar): the two constitute the fa mous "Pillars of Hercules." Also Abyla Mons ('mountain') and Abyla Column a ('pillar'). Aby in i a (ab-i-sin'i-ä). [Arabic Habash , Academy of France at Rome 'mixed': referring to the character of the population.] A country of Africa, part of the ancient Ethiopia, bounded by Nubia and Sudan on the west and north, by the Italian po e ions, Danakil country, and Adal on the east, and by the Galla country on the south: area (estimated), 462,000 square miles; population (estimated), 5,000,000. Its inhabitants are Ethiopians, Falasha (the Aby in i an Jews), Gallas, etc.; the prevailing language is Amharic; the prevailing religion that of the Ethiopian (Coptic) Church (founded in the 4th century by Frumentius, bishop of Axum); and the government a feudal monarchy under a Negus or emperor (Negus Negust, 'king of kings'). The present (1902) sovereign is Menelek II., who succeeded to the throne in 1889. The surface of the country consists mainly of table-lands with mountain-ranges reaching an elevation of about 15,000 feet. The climate is temperate and salubrious. The principal exports (through Ma owah) are skins, ivory, butter, gums, and mules. The empire is divided into the kingdoms of Tigré in the north, Amhara, Gojam in the west and center, and Shoa in the south and there are many outlying territories and dependencies. The chief cities are Ankober, Gondar, and Adowa. Aby in i a visited the Portuguese in the 15th and 16th centuries in the search for the kingdom of Prester John. It was broken up into small monarchies down to the time of the adventurer Theodore who consolidated the kingdom, but was overthrown by the British expedition under Napier in 1868. Difficulties with Italy in 1887 and 1888 were followed by a treaty of "mutual protection" in 1889. This protectorate was abrogated by Menelek in 1893. Among the explorers of Aby in i a are Bruce, Gobat, Beke, Parkyns, Stern, and Markham. Acacians (a-kā'shianz). A branch of the Arians, named from Acacius, surnamed "Mono pht halm us” (‘the one-eyed'), bishop of Cxsarea (died 363), which occupied a position between that of the Semi-Arians and the extreme Arians (Anomœans). Academic Legion. An armed corps of students, especially in the revolutionary troubles of 1848; specifically, an insurrectionary corps of the kind which was conspicuous at Vienna in 1848. Academy (a-kad'e-mi), The. [Gr. Ἀκαδήμεια .] A public pleasure-ground on the Cephi us, about one mile northwest of ancient Athens, on land said to have belonged, in the time of the Trojan war, to the hero Academus. It was surrounded with a wall by Hipparch us and further adorned by Cimon, the son of Miltiades, who bequeathed it to the citizens of Athens. It was the resort of Plato, who taught in its for nearly fifty till his death in 348 в. с. Academy, The. The Platonic school of philos ophy down to the time of Cicero: so called from the pleasure-ground above described. It is com monly divided into the Old, the Middle, and the New Academy. The chief representatives of the first were Speusippus, Xenocrates of Chalcedon, Polemo, Crates, and Crantor. The Middle Academy was founded by Arcesilaus about 244 B. C., and the New Academy by Carneades about 160 B. C. Sometimes the academies of Philo and Antiochus are spoken of as the fourth Academy and the fifth Academy, respectively. Academy, French. [F. Académie française .] An a ociation originating about 1629 in the informal weekly meetings of a few (8) men of letters in Paris, and formally established Jan. 2, 1635, by Cardinal Richelieu, for the purpose of controlling the French language and regulating literary taste. It consisted of forty mem bers, the "forty immortals," the officers being a director and a chancellor, both chosen by lot, and a permanent secretary, chosen by votes. Among the objects provided for in the constitution was the preparation of a dictionary, a grammar, a treatise on rhetoric and one on poetry. In 1694 the first edition of the celebrated "Dictionnaire de l'Académie" appeared, while the seventh appeared in 1878. The Academy was suppre ed by the Convention in 1793, but was reconstructed in 1795, under the name of the "Cla of French Language and Literature," as part of the National Institute. Its original organization was restored by Louis XVIII. in 1816. Academy, Royal Spanish. [Sp. Real Aca demia Española .] An academy founded at Madrid in 1713 by the Duke of Escalona, and established by royal confirmation in 1714. Its object is to cultivate and improve the national language. Academy of Arts and Sciences, American. A society for the encouragement of art and science, founded in Boston in 1780. It has pub lished "Memoirs” from 1785, and "Proceedings" from 1846. Academy of Fine Arts, The. [F. l'Académie des beaux arts .) An institution originating in a private a ociation of painters in the 14th century, recognized by royal authority in 1648 under the name of Academy of Painting and Sculpture, and definitively constructed in 1655 by Cardinal Mazarin. At the creation of the National Institute in 1795 it was united with the Academy of Architecture, founded by Colbert in 1671, to form the fourth cla of the institute; and since 1819 this cla has borne the name of Academy of Fine Arts orary 10 foreign a ociates, and 40 correspondents. It publishes its memoirs and transactions as well as the "Dictionnaire général des beaux arts." Academy of France at Rome. [F. Académie the Gulf and River of St. Lawrence, and west- ward by a line running north from the mouth of the Penobscot. It was colonized by France in 1604, on the Bay of Fundy, and ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of Utrecht, 1713 (except Cape Breton). The French settlers in Nova Scotia were deported by the Brit- ish in 1755. Acadian Mountains (a-kā'di-an moun tanz). An occasional name of the elevated region in- cluded between the Hudson, the lower St. Law- rence, and the Atlantic, and comprising the mountains of Canada, Maine, and the White and Green Mountains. Acajutla (ä-kä-Hötʻlä). A small seaport in Salvador, Central America, about 40 miles west Acampichtli, or Acampixtli (ä-käm-pēsh'tlē). [Aztec, 'handful of reeds.'] A chief, or so- called king, of the Aztecs of Mexico, who, ac- cording to the most probable chronology, was elected in 1375 and died in 1403. He led the In- dians of Tenochtitlan in their wars with Tecpan, and ca- hals and stone houses were first made in his time. His power was very limited. [Gr. Ἀκαρνανία.] In ancient geography, sion of Greece, bounded by the Ambracian Gulf on the north, by A mph i lochia on the northeast, by Ætolia on the east (partly separated by the Achelous), and by the Ionian sea on the west. A carn an i a and Ætolia (e-to'li-ä). A nomarchy of modern Greece, having an area of 2,036 square miles. Its capital is Mis so long hi. Population IMG:content-0015.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-0016.png:[blocks in formation] hunters of the Calydonian boar. He was the father of Laodameia. Acawais. See Accawais . Acaxees (a-kaks'ēz). A native tribe (now ex- tinct as such) in the state of Durango in north- ern Mexico. Traces of their language may yet be detected. They were described, in the last years of the 16th century and in the 17th, when first met with, as rather peaceably inclined, of sedentary habits, and as sorely pre ed by their ferocious neighbors the Tepehuanes. Acca. See Acre . Accad. See Akkad . Accademia dell a Crusca (äk-kä-dāʼmē-ädel'lä krös'kä). [It., 'academy of the bran,' a fanci- ful name alluding to its profe ed object of sift- ing or purifying the Italian language.] An academy founded at Florence in 1582 by the poet Grazzini, with the object of purifying the Italian language and literature. It published in 1612 the first edition of the "Vocabolario degli Accade- mic i dell a Crusca," long the standard dictionary of the Italian language. Accadians. See under Akkad . Acca Larentia (äk ́ä la-ren's hi-ä). A mythical female personage in the early history of Rome, sometimes represented as a public woman who bequeathed her wealth to the citizens of Rome, sometimes as the wife of Faustulus and the nurse of Romulus and Remus. She seems to be of Etruscan origin and connected with the worship of the Lares. Also, improperly, Acca Laurentia . Accawais (ä-kä-wä-ēz'). An Indian tribe of British Guiana, the small remnants of which in- habit the river-banks near the coast. They are allied in language to the Caribs, but are more savage and wandering in their habits, and are very treacherous. They often attack villages of the more civilized Indians. Also written Accaways , Accowaios , Akavais . IMG:content-0017.png:[blocks in formation] served for many years as the chief adviser of Joanna, Accorso, Francesco sor of law at Bologna. He entered the service of Edward I. of England and lectured on law at Oxford about 1275. Accorso, Latinized Accursius, Mariangelo. Lived in the first half of the 16th century. An Italian literary critic, author of "Diatribæ in