Saragossa

Population (1887), 13,041. Huéscar (wes'kär). A town in the province of Granada, Spain, situated on the Guardal in lat. 37° 47′ N., long. 2° 33′ W. Population (1887), 7,528. Huet (ü-et'), Pierre Daniel. Born at Caen, France, Feb. 8, 1630: died at Paris, Jan. 26, 1721. A French prelate, bishop of Avranches, and a noted scholar. He wrote "Dem onst ratio evangelic a" (1679), "Censura philosophiæ cartes i anæ" ("Critique of the Philosophy of Des cartes," 1689), etc. Huexotzinco (wā-Hot-thēn'kō). [A Nahuatl name.] A town on the eastern base of the Iztac-cihuatl, in the state of Puebla, Mexico. At the time of the conquest the tribe of Huexotzinco was in dependent, and almost always at war with the Mexicans and their confederates. In 1524 a convent was established there, parts of which are still occupied. Hufeland (hö'fe-länt), Chris toph Wilhelm. Born at Langensalza, Pru ia, Aug. 12, 1762: Hugo, Victor Marie 1135: died at London, Nov., 1200. An English prelate, made bishop of Lincoln in 1186. Hugh of Lincoln. An English boy alleged to have been put to death by Jews at Lincoln, England, 1255. He is the subject of the "Priore 's Tale" in Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales," and of "Alphonsus of Lincoln." Hugh, or Hugo, of Saint Cher. Born at St. Cher, near Vienne, France, about 1200: died at Orvieto, Italy, 1263. A French cardinal and theological compiler. Hugh, or Hugo, of Saint Victor. Born about 1097: died Feb. 11, 1141. A French mystical theologian. His works were edited in 1648. Hugh Capet (hū kā'pet; F. pron. üg kä-pā'). Died Oct. 24, 996. King of France 987-996, son of Hugh the Great whom he succeeded in the duchy of France and in the countship of Paris in 956. He was elected king on the extinction of the direct line of Charles the Great by the death of Louis le Fainéant without i ue in 987. He found the royal do- main restricted to the region bounded by the Somme, the Loire, form and Anjou, and champagne and was or erle to resist the great feudatories dukes of Normandy, Britt any, Burgundy, and Aquitaine, and the counts of Flanders, Champagne, and Ver man do is - each of whom surpa ed the king in military power and in extent of ter ritory. He became the founder of the Capetian dynasty. Hughenden (hu'en-den). A village in Bucking hams hire, England, 31 miles west-northwest of London. Hughenden Manor was the seat of the Earl of Beacons field. Hughes (huz), John. Born in County Tyrone, Ireland, June 24, 1797: died at New York, Jan. 3, 1864. A Roman Catholic prelate. He became bishop of New York in 1842, and archbishop in 1850. He founded. St. John's College, Fordham, in 1839. Hughes, Thomas. Born near Newbury, Oct. 20, 1823: died at Brighton, March 22, 1896. An English author, reformer, and politician. He was educated at Rugby under Dr. Arnold, and was later as sociated with Canon Kingsley and F. D. Maurice in the movement for improving the condition of the poor known as Christian Socialism. He lectured in the United States in 1870, and in 1880 he founded the "Rugby Colony" in Tenne ee. He was made queen's counsel in 1869, and county court judge in 1882. (See Rugby .) He wrote "Tom Brown's School-Days” (1856), “The Scouring of the White Horse" (1858), Tom Brown at Oxford (1861), she Manline of Christ" (1879), "Rugby, Tenne ee" (1881), etc. Hugli, or Hooghly (hög'le). The westernmost channel of the Ganges, at its delta. Calcutta is situated on it. Length, 145 miles. Hugli, or Hooghly. A city of Bengal, on the died at Berlin, Aug. 25, 1836. A noted German Hugli about 25 miles north of Calcutta. Pop physician and medical writer. He wrote "Makro biotik, oder die Kunst das menschliche Leben zu ver längern" (1796), and numerous other works. Hufeland, Gottlieb. Born at Dantzic, Pru ia, Oct. 19, 1760: died at Halle, Pru ia, Feb. 18, 1817. A German jurist and political economist. Hug (hög), Johann Leon hard. Born at Con stance, Baden, June 1, 1765: died at Freiburg, Catholic biblical critic. He wrote "" "Einleitung in die Schriften des Neuen Testaments” (1808), etc. Baden, March 11, 1846. A German Roman Hügel (hü'gel), Baron Karl Alexander Anselm von. Born at Ratisbon, Bavaria, April 25, 1796: died at Bru els, June 2, 1870. A German traveler in Asia, the East Indies, and elsewhere. He published "Kaschmir und das Reich der Sikhs" (1840-42), "Das Becken von Kabul" (1851-52), etc. Huger (u-jē'), Benjamin. Born at Santee, S.C., 1805: died at Charleston, Dec. 7, 1877. A Confederate general in the Civil War. He commanded a division under General Johnston at Fair Oaks, and under General Lee at Malvern Hill. Huger, Francis Kinloch. Born at Charleston, S. C., Sept., 1773: died there, Feb. 14, 1855. An American officer, nephew of Isaac Huger. He joined Dr. Eric Bollman in the unsucce ful attempt to liberate La Fayette from the fortre of Olmütz in 1797, with the result that he was imprisoned by the Austrian government nearly eight months. Huger, Isaac. Born on Limerick Plantation, S. C., March 19, 1742: died Oct. 17, 1797. An American general in the Revolution. He com manded the left wing at the battle of Stono, June 20, 1779; was defeated by Tarleton and Webster at Monk's Corner, South Carolina; and commanded the Virgin i ans at Guilford Court House. Huggins (hug'inz), Sir William. Born at London, Feb. 7, 1824. An English astronomer, noted for his researches in spectrum analysis. Hugh (hu), F. Hugues (üg), "the Great," or "the White." Died June 16, 956. Count of Paris and Duke of France. He married Hedwig, sister of the emperor Otto I., by whom he became the father of Hugh Capet. Hugh, or Hugo (hūgō), of Lincoln, or of Ava ulation, about 31,000. Hugo. See Hugh . Hugo (högō), Gustav. Born at Lorrach, Baden, Nov. 23, 1764: died at Göttingen, Pru ia, Sept. 15, 1844. A German jurist, author of "Lehrbuch des civilist is chen Kursus" (1807-22). Hugo (hugo; F. pron. ü-gō'), Victor Marie. Born at Besançon, Feb. 26, 1802: died at Paris, May 22, 1885. A celebrated French poet, the recognized leader of the romantic school of the 19th century in France. His childhood was spent partly with his mother in Paris, and partly in Corsica, Elba, Italy, and Spain - wherever his father, an officer in the French army, could gather his family about him. He received his early education from his mother, and also at the hands of an old priest, Larivière. In 1815 he went to school, and thence to the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris. In 1816 he wrote his first tragedy, "Irtamène." While still at school he began another tragedy, "Athélie," and composed a melodrama, "Inez de Castro," and several poems. He also competed for a prize of the French Academy with a poem, "Sur les a vantages de l'étude" (1817). Again, in 1818, he competed with his poems "Sur l'institution du jury" and "Sur les a vantages de l'ens eigne ment mutuel." His succe encouraged him to send to the Academy of Floral Games at Toulouse "Les derniers bardes," " Les vierges de Verdun," and "Le rétabli ement de la statue de Henri IV." (1819), for which he was awarded the principal prize. In 1820 he took another prize with his poem "Moïse sur le Nil," and was made maitre ès jeux-floraux. In 1819 he had founded a fortnightly review, "Le Con ser vat eur Littéraire": he wrote also for "La Muse Française" His poetical compositions include "Odes et poésies diverses" (1822), "Nouvelles odes" (1824), "Odes et ballades" (1826: of which a revised and enlarged edition appeared in 1828), "Les orient a les" (1829), "Les feuilles d'automne" (1831), "Les chants du crépuscule" (1835), "Les voix intérieures (1837), "Les rayons et les ombres" (1840), "Les chat i ments" (1853), "Les contemplations" (1856-57), first series of "La légende des siècles" (1859), "Les chansons des rues et des bois" (1865), "L'Année terrible" (1872), "L'Art d'être grand-père" (1877), second series of "La légende des siècles" (1877), "Le pape" (1878), " La pit ié suprême" (1879), "L'Ane" (1880), “Religion et religions" (1880), "Les quatre vents de l'esprit" (1881), third series of "La légende des siècles" (1883), "La fin de Satan" (1886), "Dieu” (1891), "Toute la lyre" (1888-93). As a dramatist Victor Hugo adapted "Amy Robsart" (1828) from Scott's "Kenilworth," and also wrote "Cromwell" (1827), "Marion Delorme" (1829), "Hernani” (1830), "Le roi s'amuse" (1832), "Lucrèce Borgia" (1833), "Marie Tudor" (1833), "Angelo" (1835), "Esmeralda” (1836), "Ruy Blas" (1838), "Les Burgraves" (1843), "Torque mad a" (1882), "Le théâtre en liberté" (1886), and "Les jumeaux (1889). Victor Hugo's prose writings are "Han d'Islande" (1823), "Bug-Jargal" (1826) "Le dernier jour d'an condamné" (1829), "Notre Hugo, Victor Marie Dame de Paris" (1831), "Littérature et philosophie mê lées" and "Claude Gueux" (1834), "Le Rhin" (1842), "Napoléon le petit" (1852), "Les misérables" (1862), "Victor Hugo raconté par un témoin de sa vie" (1863), "William Shakespeare" (1864), “Les travailleurs de la mer" (1866), "L'Homme qui rit" (1869), "Actes et paroles" (1872-76), "Quatrevingt-treize" (1874), "His to ire d'un crime" (18771878), Choses vues" (1887), "En voyage: Alpes et nées" (1890). He was elected to the French Academy Jan. 7, 1841. His interest in politics and journalism led him to found a newspaper, "L'Événement," in 1848. After the revolution of this year he was exiled (in 1851) from France, not to return till the fall of the empire in 1870. He went first to Belgium, in 1852 to Jersey, and in 1855 to Guernsey. Victor Hugo was elected a life member of the French senate in 1876, and the last years of his life were devoted to literary work. Huguenots (hū'ge-nots). [The name as applied to the Protestants of France was first used about 1560, being apparently imported from Geneva, where it appears to have been for some time in use as a political nickname. Its particular origin is unknown: 1: no contemporary information has been found.] The Reformed or Calvin is tic communion of France in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Huguenots were the Puritans of France, noted in general for their austere virtues and the singular purity of their lives. They were persecuted in the reign of Francis I. and his immediate succe ors, and after 1562 were frequently at war with the Catholics, under the lead of such men as Admiral Coligny and the King of Navarre (afterward Henry IV. of France). In spite of these wars and the ma acre of St. Bartholomew (Aug. 24, 1572), they continued numerous and powerful, and the Edict of Nantes, i ued by Henry IV. (1598), secured to them full political and civil rights. Their political power was broken with the surrender of La Rochelle in 1628, and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. (1685), and the subsequent persecutions, forced hundreds of you sands into exile to Pru ia, the Netherlands, Switzerland, England, etc. Many settled in the colonies of New York, Virginia, etc., but especially in South Carolina. The name is sometimes applied at the present day to the descendants of the original Huguenots. Huguenots, Les. An opera by Meyer beer, first produced at Paris in 1836. Hugues (üg), Victor. Born at Marseilles, 1761: died near Bordeaux, Nov., 1826. A French administrator. He went to Santo Domingo in 1778, was engaged in the revolution of 1789, and was deported to France. The Convention made him commi ioner to the French West Indies (1794), where he reconquered Guadeloupe and took St. Lucia and other islands from the English. In his government of Guadeloupe he showed extreme cruelty to those opposed to revolutionary ideas. He fitted out several privateers which preyed not only on the English but on North American commerce, nearly provoking a war between the United States and France (1798). Recalled in Dec., 1798, he was made governor of Cayenne in 1799, finally surrendering to the English Jan. 12, 1809. He was again governor of Cayenne 1817-19. Huilliches (wēl-ye-chās'). [Araucanian: huilli , southern, and ché , people.] The name given to various hordes of Indians of the Araucanian stock who inhabit that portion of Chile near the Gulf of Ancud. See Araucanians . Huitzilihuitl (wēt-zē-lēʼwētl). [Nahuatl, 'humming-bird.'] Died in 1414. An Aztec sovereign of Tenochtitlan (Mexico) from 1403. He was a son of Acampichtli, and married a daughter of the Tecpanec chieftain, thus strengthening the alliance between the two tribes. It is said that a regular system of laws was first established during his reign. Huitzilopochtli (wēt-zēl-ō-poch'tle). The wargod and principal deity of the ancient Mexicans: "the mythic leader and chief deity of the Aztecs, dominant tribe of the Nahua nation" ( Ban croft). He was represented by a hideous stone idol, believed by Bandelier and others to be the one now preserved in the museum at Mexico. As he was supposed to be of a very sanguinary disposition, immense numbers of human sacrifices were made before the idol. When his great tem ple was dedicated, in 1486, it is stated that 70,000 victims (evidently an exaggeration) were slain. It appears that he was also called Mextli (whence the name Mexico, given to Tenochtitlan). Hulin, or Hullin (ü-lan'), Comte Pierre August in. Born at Paris, Sept. 6, 1758: died at Paris, Jan. 9, 1841. A French general in the Napoleonic wars. He became adjutant-general to Bonaparte in 1796, and general of division in 1802. He presided at the court martial which condemned the Duc d'En ghien in 1804, and in 1812, when governor of Paris, put down the conspiracy of Malet to subvert the empire. Hull (hul), or Kingston-upon-Huli (kingz'tonu-pon-hul'). A seaport in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, situated at the entrance of the Hull into the Humber, in lat. 53° 45′ N., long. 0° 19′ W. After London and Liverpool, Hull is the principal port in England. It is an important terminus of steam-packet lines to domestic, continental, and American ports, and a center for extensive fisheries. Trinity Church is one of the greatest of English parish churches, in the Decorated and Perpendicular styles: it exhibits highly interesting tracery. Hull became an important port under Edward I. It was the birthplace of William Wilberforce. Population (1901), 240,618. Hull. A town in Ottawa County, Quebec, on the Ottawa River opposite Ottawa. Population (1901), 13,993. Hull, Isaac. Born at Derby, Conn., March 9, 1773 (1775?): died at Philadelphia, Feb. 13, 1843. An American commodore. He commanded the Constitution, which defeated and captured the Guerrière Aug. 19, 1812. Hull, William. Born at Derby, Conn., June 24, 1753: died at Newton, Ma ., Nov. 29, 1825. An American general. He served through the Revo- lutionary War; was governor of Michigan Territory 18051814; and surrendered Detroit to the British in 1812. Hullin. See Hulin . Hulse (huls), John. Born at Middle wich, Cheshire, March 15, 1708: died Dec. 14, 1790. An English clergyman. He bequeathed estates to the University of Cambridge, which form an endowment for the Hulsean profe orship of divinity, for the Hulsean lectures (on the Christian evidences, or in explanation of difficult or obscure parts of Scripture), and for certain Hulsean prizes. Hulst (hulst). A town in the Netherlands, 16 miles west by north of Antwerp. Huma, or Wahuma (wä-höʻmä). A pastoral tribe of Galla origin which has given to Karagwe, In Unyoro, and Uganda their royal families. these 3 kingdoms they are found as herdsmen, giving wives to their Bantu neighbors, but keeping otherwise separate. In Unyoro and Karagwe they are honored; in Uganda they are rather despised. Like the Galla, they are a fine looking race. Everywhere they speak the Bantu languages of their neighbors in addition to their own, which must be of Hamitic structure. Humahuacas (ö-mä-wäʼkäs). A tribe of Indians who inhabited the valleys and plateaus of the eastern Andes, in what is now the Argentine province of Jujuy and southern Bolivia. They made a brave resistance to the Spaniards from 1592 to about 1650, when the remnants were taken to Rioja, farther south; there they soon became extinct as a tribe. Humahwi. See Humawhi . Humaita (ö-mä-e-tä'). A town of southwestern Paraguay, on the river Paraguay 15 miles above its confluence with the Paraná. The river is here greatly narrowed. Humaita and an advanced post to the south, called Curupaiti, were strongly fortified by the elder and younger Lopez, and they are memorable for the long siege which they sustained from the Brazilian and Argentine forces during the war of the Triple Alliance. The works were abandoned July 25, 1868, and were dismantled by the Brazil i ans. Humawhi (hö-mâʼhwē). An almost extinct tribe of North American Indians. See Palaihnihan , Humbaba. See Khumbaba . Humbe (höm'be). A Portuguese fort and county capital on the Kunene River, West Africa. Several wars have been fought here between the Portuguese, the Boers, and the natives. The native name is Unkumbi . Humber (humʼbėr). [ME. Humber , Humbre , AS. Humber , Humbre .] An estuary formed by the junction of the Trent and the Ouse, England. It lies between Yorkshire on the north and Lincoln shire on the south. Length, about 40 miles. The chief ports are Hull and Grimsby. It was the boundary of ancient Nor thumb ria (Deira) and Mercia. Humbert (hum'bert), It. Umber to (öm-ber'tö), I., Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio. Born at Turin, March 14, 1844: a a inated at Monza, near Milan, July 29, 1900. King of Italy, son of Victor Emmanuel, whom he succeeded in 1878. He commanded, while Prince of Piedmont, a division of General Cialdini's army at Custozza June 24, 1866. The most notable event of his reign was the formation of the Triple Alliance (in 1882). Humboldt (hum'bōlt; G. pron. höm'bolt), Baron Fried rich He in rich Alexander von. Born at Berlin, Sept. 14, 1769: died there, May 6, 1859. A celebrated German scientist and author. He studied at the universities of Frankfort-on-the-Oder and Göttingen, and after traveling in Holland, Belgium, and England continued his studies at the Mining School in Freiberg. From 1792 he was for several years mining en gineer at Steben, near Bayreuth, but resigned the position 1797 to travel in Switzerland, Italy, and France. Paris he became acquainted with Aimé Bonpland, with whom he undertook from 1799 to 1804 a scientific journey to South America and Mexico. From 1809 to 1827 he lived for the most part in Paris, engaged in scientific work. After 1827 he took up his permanent residence in Berlin. In 1829, at the instance of the Emperor of Ru ia, he undertook another scientific expedition, to Siberia and the Caspian Sea. Subsequently, until his death, he lived in Berlin. The results of the American journey were published in a large series of works with the general title "Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du nouveau continent." They include "Relation hist or i que” (1814-25, covering only the first part of the trip), "E ai politique sur la Nouvelle Espagne" (1811), "E ai politique sur l'isle de Cuba" scientific monographs, atlases, etc. The "Asie Centrale" and other works describe the Asiatic journey. The "Examen critique de l'his to ire de la géographie du nouveau continent, etc.," a work showing great research, was published 1814-34, and "Kosmos" 1845-58. The latter, perhaps the greatest of Humboldt's books, was first published in German. Commonly known as Alexander von Humboldt. Humboldt, Baron Fried rich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand von, commonly known as Wilhelm von Humboldt. Born at Potsdam, Pru ia, June 22, 1767: died at Tegel, near Berlin, April 8, 1835. A German philologist and author. He studied jurisprudence at Frankfort-on-theOder and Göttingen. He afterward traveled extensively through Europe, and acquired a mastery of the principal modern languages. From 1801 to 1808 he was Pru ian Humphrey minister resident in Rome. The latter year he returned to Berlin, where, as minister of public instruction, he was active in the foundation of the new University of Berlin. Afterward he was minister resident in Vienna and a member of the Vienna Congre . Later he was minister res i. dent in London, and, finally, minister of the interior in Berlin. After 1819 he lived for the most part at Tegel. His principal work, "Ueber die Kawisprache auf der Insel Jawa" ("On the Kawi Language of the Island of Java"), appeared posthumously at Berlin 1836-40, in 3 vols. The introduction to this work, "Ueber die Vers chi eden he it des mensch lichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einflu auf die geistige Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts" ("On the Dif ference in the Construction of Language, and its Influence upon the Intellectual Development of the Human Race"), has been published several times separately. "Briefe an eine Freundin" ("Letters to a Friend," Charlotte Diede) appeared first in 1847. His collected works were published at Berlin, 1841-52, in 7 vols. Brother of the preceding. Humboldt (hum'bolt) Lake, or Humboldt Sink. A lake in the west of Nevada, with no outlet to the sea. Humboldt Mountains. A range of mountains in the eastern part of Nevada. Humboldt River. A river in Nevada, flowing into Lake Humboldt. Length, about 350 miles. Its valley is traversed by the Central Pacific Railroad. Hume (hum), David. [The name Hume is the same as Home .] Born at Edinburgh, April 26 (O. S.), 1711: died there, Aug. 25, 1776. A famous Scottish philosopher and historian. He studied at Edinburgh; went to France in 1734, where he remained until 1737, chiefly at La Flèche in Anjou; retired to Nine wells, Berwickshire, in 1740; became a companion to the Marquis of Ann andale in 1745, and was dismi ed in 1746; became secretary to General St. Clair, by whom he was appointed judge-advocate, and whom he accompanied on an emba y to Vienna and Turin; was appointed keeper of the Library of the Faculty of Advocates at Edinburgh in 1752; visited France 1763-66; and was under-secretary of state 1767-68. He is chiefly celebrated as the expounder of skeptical views in philosophy, which have produced an extraordinary effect upon all metaphysical thinking since his day. He wrote "A Treatise of Human Nature, etc." (1739-40), "E ays, Moral and Political" (1741-42), "Philosophical E ays concerning Human Understanding" (1748: afterward called "An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding"), "Political Discourses" (1751), "An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals" (1751), "Four Di ertations" (1757), "History of England" (1754-61), “Natural History of Religion" (1757), "Two E ays" (1777), "Dialogues concerning Natural Religion" (1779). Collected works ed. ited by Green and Grose (4 vols., 1874); life by J. H. Burton (1846). Hummel (höm'mel), Johann Nepomuk. Born at Presburg, Hungary, Nov. 14, 1778: died at Weimar, Germany, Oct. 17, 1837. A noted German pianist and composer for the pianoforte, author of concertos, sonatas, operas (3), etc. He was a pupil of Mozart, kapellmeister to Prince Esterházy 1804-11, conductor at Stuttgart 1816, and later (1820) conductor at Weimar. Hummums, The. See the extract. In the southeast corner of the market-place (Covent Garden), and occupying that portion which was destroyed by fire, are two hotels, known by the strange names of the "Old Hummums" and the "New Hummums." The name is a corruption of "Humoun." Mr. Wright, in his "History of Domestic Manners of England," says: "Among the customs introduced from Italy was the hot sweating bath which, under the name of the hothouse, became widely known in England.. These "Hummums," however, when established in London, seem to have been mostly frequented by women of doubtful repute. They soon came to be used for the purpose of intrigue, which gradually led to their suppre ion.