Ticknor, Span

Lit., I. 41. Alfonso XI., or Alphonso. Died March 26, 1350. King of Leon and Castile 1312-50, surnamed "The Avenger" from his severity in repre ing internal disorder: son of Ferdinand IV. He defeated the Moors of Morocco and Granada at Rio Salado, Oct. 29, 1340. Alfonso XII., or Alphonso. Born at Madrid, Nov. 28, 1857: died at El Pardo, near Madrid, claimed king of Spain Dec., 1874. He landed in Spain Jan., 1875, and suppre ed the Car list rebellion in Nov. 25, 1885. The son of Isabella II., pro1876. In 1883 he visited Germany, and was insulted by a mob in Paris on his return. Alfonso XIII., or Alphonso. Born at Madrid, May 17, 1886. The son of Alfonso XII., proclaimed king under the regency of his mother (Maria Christina, daughter of the archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria) on the day of his birth. IMG:content-0055.png:[blocks in formation] 1652. An English Jesuit, author of various works on ecclesiastical history. Alfort (al-fôr'). A town in the department of Seine, France, on the Marne southeast of Paris, the seat of a national veterinary school estab- lished 1766. Population (1891), commune, 7,984. Alfred (al'fred), or Ælfred (alf'rād), surnamed "The Great." "Born at Wantage, Berks hire, 849: died Oct. 28, 901. King of the West Saxons 871-901, fifth and youngest son of Æthelwulf, king of the West Saxons, and his wife Osburh (daughter of Oslac his cup-bearer), and brother of Æthelred whom he succeeded. He fought against the Danes in the defensive campaign of 871, serv- ing under his brother Æthelred at Ashdown, Basing, and Merton, and commanded as king at Will on. In 878 he re- ceded before the Danes to Athelney, but later obtained a decisive victory over them at Ethandun. By the treaty of Wed more, which followed, Guthrum consented to receive baptism and to retire north of Watling Street. Alfred fort i- fied London in 886, and carried on a defensive war with the Danes 894-897, which ended in the withdrawal of the in- vaders, and in which, by the aid of ships of improved model, the English for the first time gained a decided naval advantage over the vikings. His succe against the Danes was due largely to his reform of the national fyrd or militia, by which half the force of each shire was always ready for military service. tration was also marked by judicial and educational re- forms. He compiled a code of laws, rebuilt the schools and monasteries, and invited scholars to his court. He was himself learning, and into the "Epitome of Universal History" of Paulus Orosius, and the "Consolations of Philosophy" by Boethius, and corrected a translation of the "Dialogues" of Gregory the Great. The popular accounts of his life abound in legends which are devoid of historical foundation. It is not surprising that the great services of Alfred to his people in peace and in war should have led poster- ity to ascribe every institution, of which the beginning was obscure [such as the law of frank-pledge, the distri- bution of hundreds and tythings, and trial by jury), to his contrivance, till his fame has become almost as fabulous in legislation as that of Arthur in arms. Alfred the Great. A historical play by J. Sheridan Knowles, produced in 1831. Alfred, or Alredus (al-re'dus), or A lured us (al-ö-re'dus), of Beverley. Lived about 1143. An English chronicler, author of "Annales sive Hist or i a de gest is regum Britanniæ libris ix. ad annum 1129," a work occupied chiefly with the fabulous history of the country, and for the most part a compilation from earlier authorities. Alfred, Prince (Duke of Edinburgh). Born Aug. 6, 1844. The second son of Queen Victoria: duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1893). He was elected king of Greece in 1862, but declined the offer. Alfred Club. A club instituted in 1808 in Al- bemarle street, London. Alfreton (al'fer-ton). A town in Derby shire, England, 13 miles northeast of Derby. Popu- lati on (1891), 15,355. Alfric. See Ælfric . Alfures (al-fö'res), or Alfuros (al-fö'ros), or Alfura (al-fö'rä). A descriptive name, sign i- fying 'wild,' 'uncivilized, given to certain native tribes of the north of Celebes, the Mo- luccas, Mindanao, and adjacent islands. They are generally cla ed with the Malays. Also Haraforas . Algardi (äl-gär'dē), A le andro. Born at Bo- logna, Italy, 1602 (15989): died at Rome, June 10, 1654. A noted Italian sculptor. His chief works are the monument of Leo XI. and a marble relief of Leo I. and Attila, both in St. Peter's, Rome. Algarotti (äl-gä-rot'tē), Count Francesco. Born at Venice, Dec. 11, 1712: died at Pisa, Italy, May 23, 1764. A noted Italian litter a- teur and art connoi eur. Algarve (äl-gär'vā). The southernmost prov- ince of Portugal, bounded by Alemtejo on the north, by Spain (from which it is separated by the Guadiana) on the east, and by the Atlantic on the south and west. It forms the district Faro, with the town of Faro as capital. It was partly conquered from the Moors by Sancho I., and was united with Portu- gal as a kingdom by Alfonso III. about 1250. Area, 1,873 square miles. Population (1890), 205,901. Algau, or Allgau (äl'gou). A popular name for the southwestern part of Bavaria with the neighboring portions of Würtemberg and Tyrol; in an extended sense, the region between the Danube on the north, the Lech on the east, the Inn on the south, and the Ill and Lake Con stance on the south. Algauer Alps. A mountain group in Algau (northern Tyrol and southwestern Bavaria). Its highest point is the Parseyer Spitz, which is about 9,960 feet high. Among other points is the Grünten. Al-Gazali (al-gä-zä'lē), or Algazel (äl-gä'zel), Abu Hamid Mohammed. Born at Tus, Per- sia, 1058 (1059?): died 1111. An Arabian phi- Alghero (al-ga'ro), or Algheri (-re). A sea- port in the province of Sa ari, Sardinia, in lat. 40° 34′ N., long. 8° 19′ E. It has a cathedral. Population, about 9,000. Algiers (al-jērz'). [F. Alger , Sp. Pg. Argel , It. Algieri , G. Algier . See Algeria .] A seaport, the capital of Algeria, situated on the Bay of Algiers. in lat. 36° 47' N., long. 3° 3′ E., founded by the Arabs about 935. It consists of a lower or European sulphur springs, in the province of Granada, Spain, 26 miles southwest of Granada. It was taken from the Moors in 1482. Population (1887), 7,899. Alhama de Murcia (ä-lämä da mör'the-ä). A town in the province of Murcia, Spain, 17 miles southwest of Murcia, noted for its sulphur springs. Population (1887), 7,203. Alhamarides (ä-lä-mär'idz). The last Moor- ish dynasty in Spain. It ruled in Granada from the middle of the 13th century until 1492. Alhambra (al-ham'brä). [Ar.al- hamra'u , red.] A great citadel and palace founded in the 13th century above the city of Granada, Spain, by the Moorish kings. The hill inclosed by this once formidable fortre is 2,600 feet long and 700 wide; the towers, and there is a strong inner citadel. The palace, a large part of which was destroyed by Charles V. to make room for a Renai ance structure, is the finest example style. It consists of galleries and rather small rooms sur- of Moorish art, and gives its name to the Alhambraic rounding arcaded courts beautiful with fountains, flowers, and subtropical vegetation. The key-note of the style is the delicacy and elaboration of detail of its interior dec- oration, which is formed especially of endle ly varied arabesque patterns and Moslem inscriptions impre ed on plaster or executed in wood, and delicately yet bril- liantly colored. All is on a rather small scale; but the little marble columns are very finely cut, the coupled Ajimez windows are lovely in proportions and ornament, and the research of artistic effects of perspective is note- worthy. Alhazen (äl-hä'zen). Born at Ba ora: died at Cairo, 1038. An Arabian mathematician, author of commentaries on the "Almagest" of Ptolemy, a treatise "On Twilight," a "Thesau- rus Opticæ," etc. Alhena (al-hen'ä). [Ar. al - hen'ah , a ring or circlet.] The third-magnitude star y Gemi- norum, in the foot or ankle of Pollux. It is sometimes called Almeisam . Ali (ä'lē). Born at Mecca about 600: killed at Kufa, 661. A cousin german and adopted son of Mohammed, and the fourth calif, 656-661: sur- named "The Lion of God." He was the son of Abu Talib, uncle of Mohammed, and he married Fatima, daugh- ter of the Prophet. He was defeated by Moavya, the founder of the Ommiad dynasty, and a a inated. His sons Ha an and Hu ein, who tried to regain the cal- ifate, were killed in 669 and 680 respectively. Their fol- lowers brought about the great schism which divides the Moslem world into two sects, the Sunnites and the Shiites. The latter, which include Persians and most of the Mohammedans of India, regard Ali as the first right- ful calif, and venerate his sons as martyrs. He wrote lyric poems ("Diwan"), and a collection of proverbs is at- tributed to him. chuset, Menominee, Miami, Mica, Misisai, Moneasa, Montagnais, Montauk, Munsee, Nanticoke, Narraganset, "Prince Ahmed and the Fairy Pari-Banou," Nauset, Nipmuc, Ojibwa, Ottawa, Pamlico, Pequot, Pian in "The Arabian Nights' Entertainments." kishaw, Pottawotomi, Sac, Shawano, Wampanoag, and He marries the Prince Nourounnihar. Algorab (al-go-räb'), or Algores (al'gō-res). [Ar. al - ghurab , the raven.] The third-magni- tude star & Corvi. See Alchiba . In this constel- lati on the lettering of the stars does not at all correspond to their present brightne . Algrind (al'grind). An anagram of Grindal , in Spenser's "Shepherd's Calendar." Al-Hakim ibn Otta (äl-hä'kēm ib'n ot'tä). Died about 780. An impostor who appeared as a prophet in Mero, the capital of Khorasan, in 774, surnamed Al-Mokenna (Mocanna, or Mukanna), "The Veiled One." himself about 780 to avoid capture by an army which had been sent against him by the calif Mahdi. He has been made the subject of a poem by Moore, "Mokanna, or the Veiled Prophet of Khor as san." library (said to have contained 600,000 volumes), which formed the nucleus of the celebrated academy of Cordova, and founded colleges, mosques, and hospitals. Alhama de los Baños (ä-lämä dã lōs bän'yōs). A town and watering-place, containing hot Ali Bey. Born in Abkhasia about 1728: died 1773. A Mameluke bey, ruler of Egypt, who declared himself independent of the Porte in 1768. He made many conquests in Arabia, Syria, etc., and was taken prisoner in battle in 1773. Ali Bey. See Badia y Leblich . Ali Pasha. Born at Tepeleni, Albania, 1741: beheaded at Janina, Feb. 5, 1822. An Alba- nian who became pasha of Janina in 1788. Не subdued the Suliotes in 1803 and was made governor of Rumelia. He intrigued with France, Ru ia, and Great Britain against Turkey, and was compelled by the Turks to surrender at Janina, and a a inated. Ali Pasha. Born at Constantinople, 1815: died Sept. 6, 1871. A Turkish statesman and diplo- matist, several times grand vizir since 1855. He was especially distinguished as the promoter of var i- ous reforms in the Turkish government. Aliata. See Comanche . Ali Baba (ä'lē bä bä). A character in "The Arabian Nights' Entertainments," in the story "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves": a poor wood-cutter who, concealed in a tree, sees a band of robbers enter a secret cavern, and overhears the magic words "open sesame" which open its door. After their departure he repeats the spell and the door opens, disclosing a room full of treasures with which he loads his a es and returns home. His brother Ca im, who discovers his secret, enters the cave alone, forgets the word "sesame," and is found and cut in pieces by the robbers. The thieves, discovering that Ali Baba knows their secret, resolve to kill him, but are outwitted by Morgiana, a slave. Ali Baba. An opera by Cherubin i, founded on his "Koukourgi," produced at Paris 1833. Alibamah, or Alibami, or Alibamo. See Alibamu. Alibamu (ä-le-bä'mö). [In the form Alabama , as the name of one of the United States, com- monly but incorrectly translated 'here we rest': the name is first mentioned as that of a chief met by De Soto.] A tribe of the Creek Con- federacy of North American Indians. The French came into conflict with them in 1702. There is now an Alibamu town on Deep Creek, Indian Territory, and some of the tribe live near Alexandria, Louisiana; over 100 are in Polk County, Texas. (See Creek and Muskhogean.) Also Alibamo , Alibamah , Alibami . Alibaud (ä-le-bō'), Louis. Born at Nimes France, May 2, 1810: guillotined at Paris, July 11, 1836. A French man who attempted to as- sa inate Louis Philippe, June 25, 1836. Alibert (ä-le-bar'), Jean Louis, Baron. Born at Villefranche, Aveyron, France, May 12, 1766: died at Paris, Nov. 6. 1837. A French medical writer, author of "Traité complet des maladies de la peau" (1806-27), etc. Alibunar Marsh. A large mora in the neigh- borhood of Alibunar in Croatia. Alicante (ä-le-kän'tā). A province in the titu- lar kingdom of Valencia, Spain, bounded by Valencia on the north, the Mediterranean on the east, Murcia on the south, and Albacete and Murcia on the west. Area, 2,098 square miles. Population (1887), 432,355. Alicante. A seaport and the capital of the province of Alicante, situated on the Mediter- ranean in lat. 38° 21′ N., long. 0° 29′ W.: the ancient Lucentum. It is one of the best harbors in the Mediterranean, and has an important export trade in wine and other products of eastern Spain. It was re- covered from the Moors by Ferdinand III. of Castile, ceded to Aragon in 1304, besieged and taken by the French 1709, besieged by the French 1812, and bombarded by the insurgents of Cart a gena 1873. Population (1887), 39,638. Alicata. See Licata . Alice (al'is). 1. The wife of Bath in Chaucer's tale of that name. Her "go ib," to whom she alludes, has the same name. 2. A lady in at- tendance on the Prince Katharine, daughter of the King of France, in Shakspere's "Henry V."-3. The principal female character in "Arden of Fever sham."-4. A little girl through whose dream pa the scenes of "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" and "Behind the Looking-gla ," two popular stories for children by Lewis Carroll (Charles Dodgson). Alice, or The Mysteries. A novel by Bulwer, published in 1838: a sequel to "Ernest Mal- travers." Alicia (a-lish'ia). 1. One of the principal female characters in Rowe's tragedy "Jane Shore," a woman of strong pa ions who by her jealousy ruins her former friend Jane Shore.- 2. The name given by Lillo in his "Arden of Fever sham" to the Alice of the earlier version. Alicudi (ä-le-kö'dē), or Alicuri (ä-le-köʻrē). The westernmost of the Lipari Islands, north of Sicily, in lat. 38° 35' N., long. 14° 15′ E. It is 4 miles long. Alides (al'idz). The descendants of Ali the fourth calif. Aligarh, Fort. A fort in the district of Aligarh, defended by the Mahrattas and stormed by the British under Lake 1803. Alighieri. See Dante. Alijos (ä-lē'Hōs). A group of small islands in the Pacific, west of Lower California. Alikhanoff (ä-le-chä'nof), originally Ali Khan (ä lệ chân). Born in the Caucasus, 1846. A Ru ian officer, governor of the Merv oasis, noted for his share in gaining Merv for the Ru ians in 1884. Alioth Alioth (al'i-oth). [Ar., but of disputed derivation.] The name in the Alphonsine tables, and still in ordinary use, of the bright second magnitude star & Ursæ Major is. The name is also sometimes (rarely) given to a Serpent is, and even to e Serpent is.