Ticknor, Span

Lit., I. 235. Celestine (sel'es-tin) I., or Cœlestine (sel'est in), Saint. Died at Rome, 432. Bishop of Rome 422-432. He convoked the Council of Ephesus, which in 431 condemned the heresy of Nestor i us, and is said by some to have sent St. Patrick to Ireland and Palladius to Scotland, although it is not clear that either of these mi ionaries had any connection with Rome. He is commemorated on April 6. Celestine II., or Cœlestine (Guido di Castello). Died at Rome, March, 1144. Pope 11431144. He absolved Louis VII. of France. Celestine III., or Cœlestine (Giacinto Orsini). Born about 1106: died at Rome, Jan. 8, 1198. Pope 1191-98. He crowned Henry VI. of Germany in 1191, and confirmed the Teutonic Order in Celestine IV. (Goffredo Castiglione). Died Oct. 10, 1241. Pope, elected Sept. 22, 1241. He reigned only 18 days. 1192. Celestine V., Saint (Pietro di Murrhone). Born in central Italy about 1215: died at the castle Fumone, in the Campagna, Italy, May 19, 1296. He founded the order of the Celestines about 1254, and was elected pope, at the age of eighty, July, 1294. Being unfitted for this exalted station by his previous life as a hermit and consequent ignorance of the world, he abdicated, Dec., 1294, and was imprisoned at Fumone by Boniface VIII., who feared that, if left at liberty, he might become the occasion of schism. Celia (sē'li-ä). [Fem. of L. Celius .] 1. A character in Spenser's "Faerie Queene," mother of Faith, Hope, and Charity. She lived in the hospice called Holine .-2. In Shakspere's comedy "As you Like it," the cousin and devoted friend of Rosalind, and daughter of the usurping Duke Frederick. She masquerades with Rosalind in the forest of Arden, in the disguise of Aliena, a shepherde . 3. A straightforward, affectionate English girl, with no squeamishne , in Beaumont and squeamishn Fletcher's play "The Humorous Lieutenant," made love to by both An tigon us and his son Demetrius. She disguises as Enanthe. 4. The wife of Corvino in Jonson's "Volpone." - 5. A very young girl in Whitehead's "School for Lovers." The part was written for Mrs. Cibber, then over fifty years old. Célimène (sā-le-man'). 1. An artificial, coquettish, but charming and sparkling fine lady in Molière's comedy "Le Misanthrope." She makes Acaste and Clitandre both believe she loves them, but finally consents to marry the "Misanthrope," Alceste, though declining to seclude herself from the world with him, whereupon he rejects her. Her name is applied proverbially to a coquette. 2. A character in Molière's "Les Précieuses Ridicules," who has nothing to say. mo Cell am are (chel-lä-mä're), Prince of (Antonio Giudice, Duke of Giovenazza). Born at Naples, 1657: died at Seville, Spain, May 16, 1733. A Spanish general and diplomatist, amba ador to France 1715-18. Celle (tsel'le). A city in the province of Hannover, Pru ia, situated on the Aller 22 miles northeast of Hannover. It has an ancient ducal castle. Population (1890), commune, 18,901. Cell in i (chel-lēʻnē), Benvenuto. Born at Florence, Italy, Nov. 10, 1500: died Feb. 13, 1571. A famous Italian sculptor and worker in gold and silver. He studied with Michelangelo Dandinelli, father of the sculptor Band in ell i, and Marcone the goldsmith. From 1516-17 he worked in Pisa. In 1517 he returned to Florence, where he met Torregiano (see Torre giano ), who tried to secure him for his work in England. Benvenuto's loyalty to Michelangelo, however, prevented the engagement. From 1523-40 he was in Rome, occupied entirely with his work as goldsmith. In May, 1527, осcurred the siege and sack of Rome by the troops of the Constable de Bourbon, in which Cell in i a isted in the defense of the Castle of St. Angelo, and claimed to have killed Bourbon and wounded the Prince of Orange. At the in stigatioprio Pedrag, he in the Castle of St. Angelo, Oct., 1538. The account of his escape, Dec., 1539, is the greatest mar vel of his marvelous autobiography. From 1540-44 he sojourned in France at court Francis I. He had his atelier in the Petit Nesle. (See Petit Nesle .) At this time his first attempts at sculpture were made, the chief being the Nymph of Fontainebleau. From 1544 to his counts are probably exaggerated. In 1519 the Cempoalans gave Cortés a friendly reception, and some of their chiefs marched with him to Mexico. The inhabitants were re- moved to a mi ion village near Jalapa about 1600, and the original site of Cempoala is now uncertain, though there is a village with the same name. Also written Cem- poalla , Cempoal , Cempohual , or Zumpual . Cenci (chen'che), Be at rice. Born at Rome, Feb. 12, 1577: executed at Rome, Sept. 11, 1599. The daughter of Francesco Cenci, a Roman nobleman, and Ersilia Santa-Croce. Her father, a di ipated and pa ionate man, treated his family with such severity that his second wife Lucrezia Petroni, his eldest son Giacomo, Be at rice, and the two younger sons Bernardo and Paolo, procured his murder at the palace of Petrella in the kingdom of Naples, Sept. 9, 1598. For this crime Lucrezia, Giacomo, and Be at rice were hanged at Rome, Sept. 11, 1599, and Bernardo was condemned to the galleys for life, being, however, pardoned March 20, 1606. Paolo died shortly after the murder. At the trial Be at rice's counsel, in order to justify the murder, accused Francesco, apparently without foundation, of having at tempted the commi ion of incest upon his client, which has placed her in the light of a martyr. Her tragic end and her patrician birth have made her a favorite theme in poetry and art. She has been made the subject of a Cento Novelle Antiche (chen'tō nō-vel'le än- tē'ke). [It., 'one hundred old tales.'] A col- lection of tales from ancient and medieval history, the romances of chivalry, and the fabli- aux of the trouvères, made in Italy about the end of the 13th century. Central Africa, British. The British sphere of influence north of the Zambesi. The total area is about 500,000 square miles; the total native population, about 3,000,000. Central America. A name applied collectively to the five republics of Guatemala, Hondu- ras, Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Central India Agency. The official name for a collection of native states in India, under the control of Great Britain, situated between Rajputana and the Northwestern Provinces on the north, and the Central Provinces on the south. Chief states, Gwalior, Indur, Bhopal, Rewa. Area, 77,808 square miles. Population (1891), 10,318,812. by Guido Reni, in the Barber in i palace, Rome. Ceneda. See Vittorio . Cenimagni (sen-i-mag'nī). [L. (Cæsar).] A Celtic people located by Cæsar in the eastern coast region of Britain, north of the Thames. Cenis, Mont. See Mont Cenis . Cenomani (sen-ō-mā'ī). [L. Cæsar) Ceno- mani , Gr. (Polybius) Κενομάνοι .] A Celtic peo- ple, a part of the army of Bel loves us, who with his sanction cro ed the Alps under a legendary leader, Etitovius, and settled north of the Po about Brescia and Verona according to the de- tailed account of Livy. They were a branch of the Aulerci. Their original seat Gaul, where they are called Aulerci Cenomani, was on the Sarthe near Le Mans. The Aulerci were included among the tribes con- stituting the Armorici. Centaur. See Centaur us . Centaur us (sen-tâ'rus). [L., 'the Centaur.'] An ancient southern constellation, situated be- tween Argo and Scorpio, pictured to represent a centaur holding a Bacchic wand. Its brightest star, a Centaur i, is the third brightest in the heavens, being a quarter of a magnitude brighter than Arcturus. It is of a reddish color. Its second star, ẞ , a white star, is about as bright as Betelgeuze, and is reckoned the eleventh in the heavens in order of brightne . The two stars are situated near each other on the parallel of 60° south, a little east of the Southern Cro . Centaur us has, besides, two stars of the second magnitude and seven of Centla (sant'lä). An ancient town situated near the present Fronter a, in Tabasco, south- ern Mexico: scene of the first victory of Cortés, Cent livre (sent-liv'er or sent-lē'ver), Susan- nah. Born in Ireland (?), of English parents, about 1667: died at London, Dec. 1, 1723. An English actre and dramatist. She is said to have been the daughter of a Mr. Freeman, of Lincoln shire, who removed to Ireland shortly before her birth. About 1706 she married Joseph Cent livre, chief cook to Queen Anne and George I. Among her numerous plays are "The Platonic Lady" (acted 1706), "The Busybody" (acted 1709), "A Gotham Election" (published 1715: 2d ed., 1737, entitled "Humours of Elections"), "A Bold Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles (son nö-vel' nö- vel'). [F., 'one hundred new tales.'] An old French collection of tales, first printed in folio, by Vérard, without date, from a manuscript of the year 1456. Dunlop . The Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles are to all intents and purposes prose fabliaux. They have the full licence of that cla of composition, its sparkling fun, its truth to the conditions of ordinary human life. Many of them are taken from the work of the Italian novelists, but all are handled in a thoroughly original manner. The style is perhaps the best of all the late med iæval prose works, being clear, precise, and definite without the least ap- Cento (chen'tō). A town in the province of Ferrara, Italy, situated near the Reno 17 miles north of Bologna. Population, 5,000. Centoatl (then-to-ätl'). In Mexican (Nahuatl) mythology, the godde (according to some au- thorities a god) of maize, and consequently of agriculture. Her principal feast was in the fourth Mexican month (April-May), and she was also honored in the eleventh month (Sept.). She was one of the patrons of childbirth. The offerings made to her were generally grain and fruits. Some authorities identify this godde with Cihuatcoatl, Tiazoltcotl, etc. Also written Cintcotl , Centeutl , Tzinteutl . tributed to the Empre Eudocia, and thought worthy of being printed by Aldus (1501), and Stephens (1568), but apparently as Christian literature. Centu ripe (chen-tö're-pe), or Centorbi (chen- tor'be). A town in the province of Catania, Sicily, 20 miles northwest of Catania: the an- cient Centuripæ. It has Roman antiquities. It was destroyed by the emperor Frederick II. in 1233. Popu- lati on, 8,000. Century White. A nickname given to John White (1590-1645), from his work "First Century of Scandalous Malignant Priests, etc." Cenú (sā-nö ́). The name given about 1515 to a region on the northern coast of South Amer- ica, about midway between Darien and Carta- gena. Enciso, sent from Darien to conquer it (1515), tried to treat with the Indians, but afterward ravaged their country. A second expedition, sent soon after, under Becerra, was entirely destroyed by the natives. Ceos (sē'os), or Kea (kā'ä). [Gr. Κέως or Κία.] An island of the Cyclades, situated in the Ægean Sea 13 miles southeast of Attica: the modern Zea, or Tzia. It formerly contained four cities, and was the birthplace of Simon- sent to be tried in Spain, and, it is said, poisoned himself in prison. Cephalonia (sef-a-lō'ni-ä), ancient Cephalle- nia (sef-a-lē'ni-ä), modern Gr. Kephallenia. [Gr. Κεφαλληνία or Κεφαληνία .] One of the Ionian Islands, west of Greece, forming a nomarchy of Greece. Its surface is mountainous. Its capital is Ar- gostoli. The island was called by Homer Same or Samos . It became subject to Rome in 189 B. C., and later came under Byzantine, Venetian, and Turkish ruie, and a Brit- ish protectorate. Area, 265 square miles. Length, 30 miles. Population (1896), 70,077. Cephalus (sef'a-lus). [Gr. Κέφαλος.] In Greek mythology, the son of Deion and Diomede, and the husband of Procris or Procne whom he ac- cidentally slew while hunting. IMG:content-0327.png:[blocks in formation] Cerdo (ser'do). Born in Syria: lived about 137 A. D. A Gnostic teacher, founder of a sect named from him Cerdonians (which see). Cerdonians (sėr-dō'ni-anz). A Gnostic sect of the 2d century, named from its founder Cerdo. They held that there were two first causes, one good (the unknown father of Jesus Christ) and one evil (the Creator revealed in the law and the prophets), and that one was not subject or inferior to the other. Ceres (sērēz). 1. In old Italian mythology, the godde of grain and harvest, later ident i- fied by the Romans with the Greek Demeter. See Demeter .-2. An asteroid (No. 1) discov- ered by Piazzi at Palermo Jan. 1, 1801. Ceres. An antique statue in black and white marble, in the Glyptothek at Munich. The head, arms, and feet are white; the very thin draperies are in polished black marble. Céret (sā-rā'). A town in the department of Pyrénées-Orient a les, France, situated on the Tech 17 miles southwest of Perpignan. It was the scene of a Spanish victory over the French April 20, 1793, and of a French victory over the Spanish April 30, 1794. Population (1891), commune, 3,828. Ceridwen. In Welsh fairy lore, a deity, de- graded into a sorcere , who presides over a to Mexico by Jalapa. The pa was carried by the American forces, after a severe battle, April 17-18, 1847. Cerro Largo (ther'rō lär'gō). [Sp., 'wide moun- tain.'] A department in northeastern Uruguay. Capital, Melo. Area, 5,840 square miles. Pop- ulation (1891), about 28,000. Certaldo (cher-täl'do). A town in the prov- ince of Florence, Italy, 17 miles southwest Florence. It is the place of the birth and death of Boccaccio. pleasure. Cerignola (chā-rēn-yōʻlä). Atown in the prov- ince of Foggia, Italy, in lat. 41° 16′ N., long. 15° 53′ E. Here, April 28, 1503, the Spanish army (about 6,300) under Gonsalvo de Cordova defeated the French (6,000) under the Duc de Nemours. Lo of French, 3,000- Cerigo (cher-ē'gō), modern Gr. Kytherion. One of the Ionian islands, situated 8-10 miles south of Laconia, Greece: the ancient Cythera. It contained a shrine of Aphrodite. Area, 107 Cerimon (ser'i-mon). A physician of Ephesus who saves the life of Thaisa, in Shakspere's "Pericles." heretics, followers of Cerinthus. Cerinthus (se-rin'thus). Born in Egypt: lived probably in the latter part of the 1st century A. D. A Gnostic teacher, founder of the hereti- cal sect of the Cerinthians or Merinthians. Cerinthus was the first, of whose tenets we have any distinct statement, who, admitting the truth of Chris- and Sigismunda, a Northern Romance," was published by his widow in 1617. He wrote "twenty or thirty plays" according to his own account, some of which are pre- served; but his genius did not lie in that direction. See Don Quixote . tianity, attempted to incorporate with it foreign and Ori. ental tenets. Cerinthus was of Jewish descent, and edu- cated in the Judæo-Platonic school of Alexandria. His system was a singular and apparently incongruous fusion of Jewish, Christian, and Oriental notions. He did not, like Simon or Menander, invest himself in a sacred and mysterious character, though he pretended to angelic revelations. Like all the Orientals, his imagination was haunted with the notion of the malignity of matter; and his object seems to have been to keep both the primal Being and the Christ uninfected with its contagion. The Creator of the material world, therefore, was a secondary being, an angel or angels; as Cerinthus seems to have adhered to the Jewish, and did not adopt the Oriental language. Milman , Hist. of Christianity, II. 59. Cérisoles (sā-re-zōl'), It. Ceresole (cher-e-zō'- le). A village in Piedmont, Italy, 13 miles Italy, Jan. 16, 1760: died at Ravenna, Italy, Cervera Y Topete (thar-va'rä ē tō-pā'tā), Pascual, Count de Jerez and Marquis de Santa Ava. Born about 1833, in the province of Cadiz. A Spanish_vice-admiral. He entered the naval academy at San Fernando in 1851, and served in Morocco, and in the Cuban rebellion 1868-78. He was re- called from Cuba to hold the office of minister of marine. On the outbreak of the war with the United States he sailed from the Cape Verde Islands with four cruisers and three torpedo-boat destroyers April 29, 1898, entered the harbor of Santiago de Cuba May 19, and lost his entire fleet off that port July 3, in an attempt to force his way through Admiral Sampson's blockading squadron. the office May 24, 1865; was reëlected in 1869, and held the office until June 29, 1871, when he was defeated and overthrown by Barrios. Cerne (ser'ne). In ancient geography, an isl- and west of Africa, discovered and colonized by the Cart hag in i an Hanno: perhaps the mod- ern Arguin. Cerqueira e Silva, Ignacio Accioli de. See Accioli . Cerro de Pasco (ther'rō dā päs'kō), or Pasco. The capital of the department of Junin, Peru, in lat. 10° 55′ S., long. 76° W.: 14,280 feet Padua, Italy, May 15, 1730: died Nov. 4, 1808. An Italian poet and miscellaneous writer. His works include a translation of O ian (1763), "Saggio sulla filos of i a delle lingue" (1785), etc. Cesena (che-sā'nä). A town in the province of Forli, Italy, 20 miles south of Ravenna: the an- cient Cæsena. It has a cathedral, an interesting brick Cesnola Museum (New York), of which he became director in 1879. Author of "Cyprus: its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Tem ples" (1877), and "The Metropolitan Museum of Art" (1882). See Cyprus . Céspedes (thas pe-THās or sās'pe-Thās), Carlos Manuel de. Born at Bayamo, April 18, 1819: died March 22, 1874. A Cuban revolutionist. In 1868 he headed an armed revolt which spread until nearly the whole island, except the coast towns, had declared against the Spaniards. A congre of the revolutionists declared Cuba independent, and elected Céspedes president (1869). Driven at last to the mountains, Céspedes was shot while resisting capture. Céspedes, Pablo de. Born at Cordova, Spain, 1538: died at Cordova, July 26, 1608. A Spanish painter, poet, sculptor, and architect, noted as a colorist. Fragments of his poem "Arte de la pintura" were published in 1649. Cetewayo. See Cettiwayo . Cethegus (se-the'gus), Marcus Cornel i us. Died 196 в. с. А Roman general. He was curule 204. In British 1795-96, and was formally ceded to Great Britain in 1802. The last king of Kandy was deposed in 1815. Area, 25,333 square miles. Population (1891), 3,008,466. Ceyx (se'iks). [Gr. Κήυξ .] The son of Heosphoros, or the Morning Star, and the nymph Phil on is: the husband of Alcyone or Halkyone, daughter of the The alian Æolus. The pair were arrogant enough to style themselves Zeus and Hera, and were accordingly changed respectively by Zeus into birds of the same name, a diver and a kingfisher. Another story confused Ceyx with a king of Trachis, and dwelt on the tender love of the pair for each other. Ceyx is drowned at sea, and Alcyone finds his body cast upon his native shore. The gods take pity on her grief, and change the husband and wife into kingfishers (alcyones), whose affection for each other in the pairing season was proverbial. ( Seyffert , Dict. of Cla ical Antiquities, p. 127.) Their story is told in Chaucer's "Death of Blanche." It is conjectured that it was an independent production af. terward abridged and inserted as an episode in "The Death of Blanche." Of the original nothing is in existence. Chablais (shä-blā'). A former province of Chagres ruined city of Chichen Itza in eastern Yucatan, and supposed to represent this chief; but archæologists are not in accord as to this identity, and the statue is of Mexican rather than of Yucatec type. It was appropriated by the Mexican government, and is now in the National Museum at Mexico. Chaco (chä'kō), or Chacu (chä'kö), Gran. [From the Quichua chacu , the animals driven together by a cordon of hunters: in allusion to the numerous Indian tribes of this region.] A vast tract of land in South America, extending from the Paraguay to the Bolivian highlands, between lat. 20° and 29° S. It is a low plain, generally open, with a few isolated hills, and portions are flooded every year; the great rivers Pilcomayo and Bermejo pa through it to the Paraguay. The Chaco region is divided between Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia; the greater part is very imperfectly known, and inhabited only by savage tribes of Indians. Since 1870 considerable settlements have been made in the Argentine Chaco. In the 17th century the name Chaco included the plains as far north as lat. 16° S. Gaul, where, with the aid of the pretor Quintilius Varus, he defeated the Cart hag in i an general Mago, brother of Hannibal. Cetinje, or Cetigne. See Cettinje . Cette (set). A seaport in the department of Hérault, France, situated on a tongue of land between the Mediterranean and the Etang de Thau, in lat. 43° 25′ N., long. 3° 41′ E. It is important commercial center. It exports wines, braai jan and salt. Its port was founded in the 17th century. Pop. ulation (1891), commune, 36,541. Cettinje (chet-ten'ya), or Cetinje, or Cettigno (chet-ten'yō), or Cetigne (che-ten'ya), or Cettin (tset-ton'), or Zetinje. The capital of Monte negro, lat. 42° 26′ N., long. 18° 59′ E. It contains the palace and some institutions. Population, about 2,000. Cettiwayo (set-i-wä'yō), or Ketshwayo (kāchwä'yō). A Zulu chief, elected at Ulundi in 1873. In 1878 he rebelled against British suzerainty. In the war which followed a British regiment was annihilated by the Zulus at Isandula, 1879; but General Wolseley defeated and captured Cettiwayo the same year. Until 1882 Cettiwayo was held captive in Cape Colony. Owing to the efforts of a party which had formed in his favor among friends of the Zulus in South Africa and in Great Britain, he was transferred to England, where he was lionized. England tried to reinstate him as king of the Zulus, but he had lost his prestige. Beset on all sides by hostile chiefs, he had to seek refuge in British territory. More captive than free, he was kept at Ekove until 1884, Cetus (sētus). [L., 'whale.'] A southern constellation, the Whale, in advance of Orion. It was anciently pictured as some kind of marine animal, po ibly a seal. Ceuta (sūtä; Sp. pron. tha'ö-tä), Moorish Sebta. [From Ar. septa , seven: from its Roman name ad Septem Fratres.) A fortified town belonging to Spain, situated on the northern coast of Morocco, opposite Gibraltar, in lat. 35° 54′ N., long. 5° 17' W. It is a military and penal station, and is built on the ancient Abyla, one of the range "Septem Fratres." It was taken by Belisarius in 534, by the West Goths in 618, by the Arabs about 709, and from the Moors by Portugal in 1415. It pa ed to Spain in 1580. Cevallos (thā-väl'yōs), Pedro Fermin. Born at Ambato about 1814. An Ecuador i an historian. He is a lawyer, has held high judicial posts, and was senator in 1867. His most important work is "Resúmen de la hist or i a del Ecuador," in 5 volumes. Cevedale (che-ve-dä'le), Monte, or Zufall (tsö'fäl), or Fürkelen (für'ke-len). A peak of the Ortler Alps, on the borders of Tyrol and Italy. Height, 12,378 feet. Cévennes (sa-ven'). A former province of France, in the northeastern part of Langue doc. non, department of Haute-Savoie, France. Chablis (shä-blē'). A town in the department of Yonne, France, 11 miles east of Auxerre, noted for the wines produced in its vicinity. Chabot (shä-bō'), Admiral of France. A tragedy by Chapman and Shirley, licensed in 1635, printed in 1639. Chabot, François. Born at St.-Geniez, Aveyron, France, 1759: guillotined at Paris, April 5, 1794. A French revolutionist, a member of the Convention in 1792. Chabot, Philippe de, Comte de Charny et de Busançois. Born about 1480: died June 1, 1543. A French general, admiral of France. He succe fully defended Marseilles against the Imperi alists in 1524, was made prisoner at the battle of Pavia in 1525, and on his release was appointed admiral to succeed of Bonnivet, who was killed in the action. He was sent to Italy in 1529 to negotiate the ratification of the treaty Cambrai by Charles V. In 1535 he had the chief command of the war against the Duke of Savoy, in the course of which he conquered parts of Savoy and Piedmont, but incurred censure for not having properly followed up his victories. He was in 1541 convicted of fraud against the national treasury, on charges preferred by the constable Montmorency, but was pardoned by the king. He is said to have been the first to suggest the colonization of Canada. Also called Admiral de Brion . Chabrias (kā bri-as). [Gr. Χαβρίας.] Killed near Chios, 357 B. c. An A then i an general. Being in 388 sent to the a istance of Evagoras of Cyprus against the Persians, he landed on the way in Ægin a, and gained by an ambuscade a decisive victory over the Spartan general Gorgopas, who fell in battle. In 378, in a campaign against Agesilaus, he acquired great celebrity by the adoption of a new manœuver, which consisted in receiving the enemy's attack with spears presented and shields resting on one knee. In 376 he gained a decisive naval victory over the Lacedæmonians at Naxos. On the outbreak of the Social War, 357, he was placed in command of the A then i an fleet, which coöperated with the army under Chares. He was killed at the siege of Chios in the same year. Cha brill an (shä-bre-yon'), Comte e de More ton de (Céleste V Vénard), surnamed Mogador. Born at Paris, Dec. 27, 1824. A French actre and writer of novels, operettas, vaude villes, etc. Chaca (chä'kä), Cañon de. A long gorge or valley in western New Mexico, now deserted, but containing large and well-preserved ancient ruins. The Pueblo Bonito, Pueblo del Arroyo, etc., are verse spur of the Andes, on the northern side of the plain of Santiago, Chile. During the war for independence, General San Martin's army, which had marched over the Andes, found this pa strongly defended L. Cebenna mons: a Celtic name.] A mountain-chain in southern France. The Cévennes proper extend from the Canal-du-Midi northward, including the mountains of Vivarais, or northern Cévennes, to the Canal-du-Centre, department of Saône-et-Loire. They separate the basins of the Loire and Garonne from those of the Rhône and Saône, and are continued northward by the mountains of Lyonnais and Charolais to the plateau of Langres. They are celebrated as a stronghold of the Protestants and Camisards. The highest peak is Mezenc (5,750 feet). Mont Pilat, northern Cévennes, is 4,705 feet high. Ceylon (se-lon' or si-lon'). [F. Ceylan , ancient Taprobane: from the Pali Silam for Sihalam , the land of the Sinhalas (the Aryan inhabitants of Ceylon).] An island in the Indian Ocean, a crown colony of Great Britain, south of Hindu stan, from which it is separated by the Gulf of Manaar and Palk Strait. It is mountainous in the south, and produces coffee, cinchona bark, tea, cinna mon, cacao, etc. It is celebrated for precious stones. The chief towns are Colombo, Galle, Trin com a lee, Kandy, and Jaffna. The leading races are Singhalese, Kandyans, Tamils, Moormen, and Veddahs. It is ruled by a In Speernor and executive and legislative council syn in an The Portuguese took po e ion of it in the 16th century. It was conquered by the Dutch about 1658, and by the onet charge led by General O'Higgins, Feb. 12, 1817, thus opening the way for the patriots to Santiago. Chacatos. See Choctaw. Chachapoyas (chä-chä-pō'yäs). 1. A region of ancient Peru, nearly corresponding to the present department of Amazon as. The inhabitants were noted for their warlike spirit and intelligence; they were conquered by the Incas after a long war. Alonso 1535, and was made governor of it. de Alvarado was sent by Pizarro to reduce this district in 2. A province of Peru, in the department of Amazon as. Capital, Chachapoyas. Previous to 1832 it was much larger. Chachapoyas borders on the gorge of the Upper Marañon, and the surface is much broken. Area, about 4,300 square miles. Population, about 20,000. 3. A city of northern Peru, capital of the province of the same name, in the department of Amazon as, and episcopal city of the diocese of Chachapoyas. It was founded in 1540 by Alonso de Alvarado, who called it Ciudad de la Fronter a. Population, about 5,000. Chac-Mool, Chaak-Mool, or Chackmool (shäkmöl'). A traditional chief or "king" of the Maya Indians of Yucatan. The name was given by Le Plonge on to a statue discovered by him in 1876 at the Luis. Born at Havana, Cuba, about 1670: died there in 1716. A Cuban soldier. From 1699 until his death he was governor of the Morro Castle at Havana, and during this time he was thrice ad interim captain general of the island (Dec., 1702, to May 13, 1706; July 8, 1707, to Jan. 18, 1708; and Feb. 18, 1711, to Feb. 4, 1713). In 1707 he led an expedition against the English colonies in Carolina. Chaco Stock. See Guaycurú Stock . Chactaws. See Choctaws . Chad (chad), or Ceadda (keäd'dä), Saint. Died March 2, 672. An English ecclesiastic, a Northumbrian by birth, educated at Lindisfarne under St. Aidan. He was made abbot of Lasting ham in Deira (664), bishop of York, and later of Mercia. He established the latter see at Lich field. Chad (chäd). [F. Tchad , G. Tschad .] A freshwater lake in the Sudan, central Africa, about lat. 12° 30′-14° 30′ N. It has no outlet. Its chief tributary is the Shari. Length, about 140 miles. It has been explored by Nachtigal, Barth, and others. Also written Tsad . Chad band (chad'band), Rev. Mr. A fat and hypocritical minister, much given to platitudes, in Charles Dickens's "Bleak House." He is "in the ministry," but is "attached to no particular denomination." He has "a general appearance of having a good deal of train-oil in his system. Chad bourne (chad'bėrn), Paul Ansel. Born at North Berwick, Maine, Oct. 21, 1823: died cat or. He was at New York, Feb. 23, 1883. An American eduas the first president of the Ma achusetts Agricultural College at Amherst in 1867; president of the University of Wisconsin 1867-70; president of Williams College 1872-81; and again president of the Agricultural College in 1882. He wrote "Natural Theology" (1867), etc. Chaderton (chad'er-ton), Laurence. Born at Lees Hall, Oldham, Lancashire, about 1536: died at Cambridge, Nov. 13, 1640. An English Puritan divine, a graduate of Christ's College, Cambridge, and first master of Emmanuel College, 1584-1622. He served on the Cambridge committee for drawing up the authorized version of the Bible. Chad's Ford (chadz ford). See Brandy wine . Chæreas and Callirrhoe (kē'rē-as and ka-lir'ō-ē). An old Greek romance by Char it on Aphrodisiensis, only a part of which is extant. Char it on of Aphrodisias is the feigned name of the erotic novelist to whom we owe the romance of Chæreas and Callirrhoe. He pretends to have been the secretary of A the nagor as, who is mentioned by Thucydides as a Syracusan orator, the opponent Her moc rates; and the daughter of the latter is the heroine of the piece. The romance is le known by its merits than by the very elaborate commentary of which D'Orville made it the vehicle and excuse. The age of the author is not ascer tained, but it seems to us, from internal evidence, that it belongs to the same school as the romance of Achilles Tatius, and was perhaps suggested by it. We have a revival in the tomb, with happier results than that of Juliet, and the usual intervention of robbers. K. O. Müller , Hist. of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 360. [ ( Donald son .) Chærone a (ker-o-nē'ä), or Chæroneia (ker-ōne'γä). [Gr. Χαιρώνεια .] In ancient geography, a town in western Bœotia, Greece, in lat. 38° 29′ N., long. 22° 50′ E. It was the birthplace of Plutarch. Here, 338 в. с., Philip of Macedon defeated the Bœotians and A then i ans; and in 86 B. c. Sulla, with 30,000-40,000 men, defeated the army of Mithridates (about 110,000) under Archelaus. Chaffee (chaf'e), Adna Romanza. Born at Or well, O., April 14, 1842. An American general. He entered the army as a private July 22, 1861; served in the Civil and Spanish-American wars; was a igned to the command of the United States forces for the relief of the United States legation at Peking, June 24, 1900, and entered the city Aug. 14. He was nominated major-general Feb. 5, 1901. Chagres (chä'gres). 1. A river in the Isthmus of Panama, Colombia, which flows into the Caribbean Sea at the town of Chagres. The line of the (incomplete) Panama Canal follows the valley Chagres.- 2. A seaport Colombia, 12 miles southwest of Asp in wall. Chahta