City Ramble, The

A play adapted from Beau of Calhoun. The immediate occasion of war was the election of Lincoln in 1860, which was followed by the sece ion of 11 States (see Confederate States ). Leading events- In 1861: Fort Sumter fired on (April 12); surrender of Fort Sumter (April 13); President Lincoln's call for volunteers (April 15); battles of Bull Run (July 21) and Wilson's Creek (Aug. 10); seizure of Mason and Slidell "the Trent affair" (Nov. 8). In 1862: Battle of Mill Spring (Jan. 19); capture of Fort Henry (Feb. 6); battle and capture of Fort Do nelson (Feb. 13-16); battle of the Monitor and Merrimac (March 9); capture of Newbern (March 14); battle of Shiloh (April 6, 7); siege of York town (April-May); pa age of the New Orleans forts (April 24); battles of Williams burg (May 5) and Fair Oaks (May 31, June 1); Seven Days' Battles - Mechanicsville, Gaines's Mill, Frayser's Farm, Malvern (June 25-July 1); battles of Cedar Mountain (Aug. 9), (2d) Bull Run (Aug. 30), Chantilly (Sept. 1), South Mountain (Sept. 14), Antietam (Sept. 17), Iuka (Sept. 19), Corinth (Oct. 4), Fred ericks burg (Dec. 13), and Murfreesboro (Dec. 31-Jan. 2, 1863).In 1863: Emancipation Proclamation (Jan, 1); battle of Chancellorsville (May 1-4); Vicksburg campaign - battles of Grand Gulf (April 29, May 3), Raymond (May 12), Jackson (May 14), and Champion's Hill (May 16), and the fall of Vicksburg (July 4); battles of Gettysburg (July 1-3), Chick am aug a (Sept. 19, 20), and Chattanooga (Nov. 23-25). - In 1864: Battles of the Wilderne and Spottsylvania (May 5-7, etc.); battles of Sherman's advance in northern Georgia (May and June); battle of Cold Harbor (June 1-3); defeat of the Alabama by the Kearsarge (June 19); battles of Atlanta (July 20, 22); naval victory at Mobile (Aug. 5); Civis (siv'is). [L., 'a citizen.'] The pseudo- nym of Sir Henry Ru ell in the London "Times" (1842-49). Cività Castellan a (che-ve-tä käs-tel-lä'nä). A town in the province of Rome, Italy, 27 miles Civitavecchia, or Cività Vecchia (che-ve-tä' vek'ke-ä). [It., 'old town.'] A seaport in the province of Rome, Italy, on the Mediterranean in lat. 42° 9′ N., long. 11° 48′ E.: the ancient Centum Cellæ, or Portus Trajani. Its port was constructed by Trajan. It was destroyed by the Saracens in the 9th century. Population, 9,000. Civitella del Tronto (che-ve-tel'lä deltron'tō). A small town in the province of Teramo, Italy, 8 miles northwest of Teramo. It was the last place to surrender to the Italians in 1861. Clackama (klak'ā-mä). A large tribe of the Upper Chinook division of North American Indians. They formerly resided in eleven villages on and about a river of the same name, an eastern branch of the Willamette, in Clack am as County, Oregon. There are 59 of this tribe at Grande Ronde agency, Oregon. See Chinook an. Clack mannan (klak-man'an). 1. The smallest county of Scotland, situated north of the Forth and south of Perth shire. Area, 48 miles. Pop- ulation (1891), 28,432.-2. The county-seat of the county of Clack mannan, situated 7 miles east of Stirling. Claes (kläz), Balthazar. A philosopher in Balzac's novel "La recherche de l'absolu." He gives up his life to a search for the philosopher's stone, and is the victim of his devotion to science. nally a comédienne, she became a tragédienne and enjoyed extraordinary popularity. She died in old age, poor and forgotten. Her "Mémoires" were published in 1799. Clairvaux (klar-vō'). A village in the depart- ment of Aube, France, situated on the river Aube 32 miles southeast of Troyes. It is cele brated for its Cistercian abbey, whose first abbot was St. Bernard, 1115. The abbey buildings are now used for a prison. Clallam (klal'am). A tribe of North American Indians formerly living on the south side of Puget Sound, Washington, and on the southern end of Vancouver Island. They now number 351 souls, and are on the Puyallup reservation, Washington. Clamcoët. See Karankawan . Clamecy (kläm-se'). A town in the department of Nièvre, France, situated at the junction of the Beuvron with the Yonne, in lat. 47° 28′ N., long. 3° 31′ E. Population (1891), commune, 5,318. Clamet. See Klamath . Clandestine Marriage, The. A play by Gar- rick and Colman, produced Feb. 20, 1766. It was largely taken from an unprinted farce, "The False Concord," by the Rev. James Townley (1764). Clap (klap), Thomas. Born at Scituate, Ma ., June 26, 1703: died at New Haven, Conn., Jan. 7, 1767. An American clergyman and educator, president (rector) of Yale College 1740-66. He was pastor at Windham, Connecticut, 1726-40. Claparède (klä-pä-rad'), Jean Louis René Antoine Edouard. Born at Geneva, April 24, 1832: died at Siena, Italy, May 31, 1870. A noted Swi naturalist. Clapham (klap'am). A southwestern suburb of London, situated on the south side of the Thames about 4 miles from Westminster Bridge. Its houses surround a common about 220 acres in extent, once a favorite location for fairs which were abolished in 1873. Walford . Clap is son (klä-pe-son'), Antoine Louis. Born at Naples, Sept. 15, 1808: died at Paris, March 19, 1866. A French composer of operas, songs, and romances. His works include the operas "La Pro- mise" (1854), "La Fanchonnette" (1856), "Madame Gré- goire" (1861), etc. Clapper ton (klap'er-ton), Hugh. Born at An- nan, Scotland, 1788: died at Sakkatu, Africa, April 13, 1827. An African traveler. He was a lieutenant in the navy when Dr. Oudney and Denham started, in 1822, on their exploration of the Sudan. He accompanied them, and returned with Denham in 1824. der and three other a istants, to the mouth of the Niger, and explored its course up to Sakkatu. The "Journal" of this expedition was published in 1829. Clara (klar'ä). [L. clara , brigh bright, illustrious; Claiborne (kla born), or Clay borne, William. Born in West more land, England, 1589 (1): died in Virginia, 1676 (?). An American colonial politician. He emigrated to Virginia in 1621, and in 1625 became secretary of state for the colony. As the It. Chiara , Sp. Pg. Clara , F. Claire.] 1. The agent of Cloberry and Company of London, he established Hyacinthe of Molière's "Fourberies de Scapin" a trading-post in Kent Island in 1631. The trading-post in Otway's "Cheats of Scapin."- 2. The lover 1632 sent a burge to the General A embly of Virginia. of Ferdinand in Sheridan's "Duenna." It was later (1634) claimed by Leonard Calvert, governor Clara, Saint. The founder of the order of Cla- Clairon (klā-rôn'), Claire Hippolyte Josèphe Legris de Latude, called Mile. Born near Condé, in Hainault, 1723: died at Paris, Jan. 18, 1803. A celebrated French actre . Origi- ri es (which see). Clarac Clarac (klä-räk'), Charles Othon Frédéric Jean Baptiste, Comte de. Born at Paris, June 16, 1777: died 1847. A French antiquary and artist, author of "Musée de sculpture an- tique et moderne” (1826-55), etc. Clärchen (klār'chen). [G., dim. of Clara .] A simple cottage girl in Goethe's tragedy "Eg- mont," in love with that hero. She takes poison Clare, Richard de, or Richard Strong bow Died 1176. The second Earl of Pembroke and Strigul. In May, 1170, he went to Ireland with a strong force to aid Dermot, king of Leinster, who had been driven from his kingdom, and captured Water ford and Dublin. He married Eva, daughter of Dermot, and be- came governor of Ireland in 1173. Clare, Richard de. Born Aug. 4, 1222: died near Canterbury, July 15, 1262. A powerful English noble, eighth Earl of Clare, also Earl of Hertford and Earl of Gloucester. Clare College. A college of the University of Cambridge, founded as University Hall in 1326, and refounded (as Clare Hall) in 1359 by Eliza- beth de Clare (or de Burgh). The college buildings were begun in 1638. Clare Island. A small island on the west coast of Ireland. It lies at the entrance of Clew Bay, and Claremont (klar' mont). town in Sullivan County, New Hampshire, situ- ated on the Connecticut River 45 miles north- Clarence (klar'ens), Dukes of. [ME. Clarence , from OF. Clarence; said to be from the MGr. Κλαρέντζα (It. Chiarenza ) , a once important port in Peloponnesus, which gave his ducal title to the eldest son of the Prince of Achaia, and to have come into England through Philippa, wife of Edward III. It was first given to Lionel, second son of Edward III. ( Chambers .)] See Plantage net , and William IV . Clarence, Fitzroy. One of the pseudonyms of William Make peace Thackeray. Clarence Strait. A channel between Alaska and Prince of Wales Island. Length, 100 miles. Clarendon (klar'en-don), Earls of. See Hyde the Vatican. They provide that "disputes about ad- vowsons and presentations shall be tried by the King's Court; that criminous clerks shall be tried by the king's courts, unle the justice sends the case to the ecclesi- astical courts, and clerks thus convicted shall be punished as laymen; that no clergyman shall quit the realm with- out the consent of the king; that appeals from ecclesias- tical courts shall go to the king, and, unle he consents that they shall go further, the disputes are to be term i- nated by his order in the court of the archbishop; that no tenant-in-chief or minister of the king shall be excom- municated without the consent of the king; that clergy shall hold their lands as tenants-in-chief, and perform all duties and attend the King's Court with the other tenants- in-chief; that elections of archbishops, bishops, and abbots shall take place by order of the king in the King's Chapel, and that the man elected shall do homage for his lands before he is consecrated; and that sons of villeins shall not be consecrated without the consent of their lords" Clare (klar). A maritime county of Munster, Ireland, lying between Galway on the north, Tipperary on the east, Limerick on the south, and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. The county ( Acland and Ransome, Eng. Polit. History, p. 24). town is Ennis. Area, 1,294 square miles. Population (1891), 124,483. Clare, Earls of. See Fitzgibbon and Holles . Clare, Ada. Born at Charleston, S. C., 1836: died at New York, March 4, 1874. The pseu- donym and stage name of Jane McElhenney, an actre and writer. Clare, Ada. The friend and charge of Esther Summers on in Charles Dickens's "Bleak House." She marries Richard Car stone. Clare, Lady Clare de. An English heire in Sir Walter Scott's poem "Marmion," to obtain whose hand Marmion ruins her lover, Ralph de Will on. Clare, Elizabeth de. Died Nov. 4, 1360. The third daughter of Gilbert de Clare, ninth Earl of Clare. She was married three times - first to John de Burgh, son of the second Earl of Ulster, and after his death to Theobald, Lord Verdon, and again to Robert Damory, baron of Armoy. She was the founder of Clare College, Cambridge (originally University Hall). Clarens (klä-ron'). A village in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, situated on Lake Geneva near its eastern extremity, northwest of Mon- treux. It is famous as the scene of Rou eau's "Nouvelle Héloïse." Claretie (klär-te'), Arsène Arnaud, called Jules. Born at Limoges, France, Dec. 3, 1840. A French novelist and journalist. He was in turn war correspondent and dramatic critic, and was appointed Claretie Perrin. He was war correspondent of the "Rappel" and the "Opinion Nation ale" in 1870-71, and wrote several books on the war. He became a member of the Academy in 1889. His works include "Un a a in," or "Robert Burat" (1866), “Monsieur le Ministre" (1882), "Le Prince Zilah" (1884), "Puyjoli" (1890), and other volumes. Clari (klä'rē), Giovanni Carlo Maria. Born at Pisa, Italy, 1669: died probably about 1745. An Italian composer. His chief work is a collection of vocal duets and trios (1720). Clari. An opera by Halévy, first produced at Paris, Dec. 9, 1828. Clari, the Maid of Milan. An opera by Sir Henry Bishop, brought out May 8, 1823. In it "Home, Sweet Home" (words by John Howard Payne) was first introduced. Claribel (klar'i-bel). [L. clarus , bright, and bel lus , fair.] In Spenser's "Faerie Queene," the chosen bride of Phaon. She is traduced by Philemon. Phaon slays her, and, finding how he has been deceived, poisons Philemon. ii. 4. IMG:content-0298.png:[blocks in formation] Clarice (klar'is; F. pron. klä-rēs'; It. pron. kläre'che). [F. for Clari a .] The sister of Huon of Bordeaux in the early French and Italian romances. She marries Rinaldo. Clariden (klä-re'den), or Glariden (glä-), Pa . A glacier pa in the Swi Alps, leading from the Maderaner Thal to Stachelberg in Glarus. Elevation, 9,843 feet. Claridiana (kla-rid-i-an'ä). 1. One of the principal characters in "The Mirror of Knighthood." After much turmoil and fighting she marries the Knight of the Sun who was also loved by "the fair Linda brides." 2. The enchanted queen in Mendoza's Spanish play "Querer Por Solo Querer" Qu "("To Love for Love's Sake"), translated by Sir Richard Fan sha we. Claridoro (klar-i-do'rō). The rival of Felisbravo in Mendoza's Spanish play "Querer Por Solo Querer" ("To Love for Love's Sake"), translated by Sir Richard Fanshawe. Clarin (klar'in), or Clarinda (kla-rin'da). The trusted handmaid of Queen Radigund in Spe ser's "Faerie Queene," v. 5. She betrays her Queen Radigund in Spen mistre , seeking to divide her from Artegal. Clarinda (kla-rin'dä). 1. Waiting-woman to Carniola in Mas singer's play "The Maid of Honour."-2. In Fletcher's "Lover's Progre ," the adroit and unscrupulous waiting woman of Calista.-3. In Thomas Shad well's comedy "The Virtuoso," a niece of the Virtuoso, in love with Longvil.-4. The principal female character in Mrs. Cent livre's play "The Beau's Duel," in love with Colonel Manly. 5. The niece of Sir Solomon Sadlife in Cibber's comedy "The Double Gallant." She "blows cold and hot" upon the pa ion of Clerimont. Clarington (klar'ing-ton), Sir Arthur. A profligate, heartle , and avaricious wretch in "The Witch of Edmonton," by Dekker, Ford, and others. Clari a (kla-ris'ä). The wife of Gripe the money-scrivener in Vanbrugh's comedy "The Confederacy." She is a sparkling, luxurious woman with a great admiration for the nobility and gentry. Clari a Harlowe (kla-ris'ä här'lo). A novel by Samuel Richardson (published 1748): so called from the name of its heroine. Clari es (klä-rēs'), Les. A religious sisterhood of the order of Sainte-Claire, founded in 1212 . Clark (klärk), Abraham. [The surnames Clark , Clarke, Clerk, Clerke are from clark , clerk , learned man, writer, a reader. Born at Elizabeth town, N. J., Feb. 15, 1726: died at Rahway, N. J., Sept. 15, 1794. An American patriot, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Clark, Alvan. Born at Ash field, Ma ., March 8,1808: died at Cambridge, Ma ., Aug. 19, 1887. An American optician, famous as a manufacturer of telescopes (at Cambridge, Ma achusetts). He was originally an engraver and portrait-paint The firm of Alvan Clark and Sons was founded in 1846. He made telescopes for the University of Mi i ippi (object-gla 184 inches: finally purchased by the University of Chicago), the University of Virginia (26 inches), the United States Naval Observatory at Washington (26 inches), the observatory at Pulkowa (30 inches), the Lick Observatory (36 inches), and others. er. Clark, Sir Andrew. Born Oct. 28, 1826: died Nov. 6, 1893. An eminent Scotch physician. He resided in London. Clark, or Clarke, George Rogers. Born in Albemarle County, Va., Nov. 19, 1752: died at Locust Grove, near Louisville, Ky., Feb. 13, 1818. An American general in the wars against the Indians 1777-82. Clark, Sir James. Born at Cullen, Banffshire, Scotland, Dec. 14, 1788: died at Bagshot Park, England, June 29, 1870. A British physician. He was physician in ordinary to the queen from 1837. He wrote "The Influence of Climate in the Prevention and Cure of Chronic Diseases" (1829), "Treatise on Pulmonary Consumption" (1835), etc. Clark, Lewis Gaylord. Born at Otisco, N. Y., 1810: died at Piermont, N. Y., Nov. 3, 1873. An American journalist. He was editor of the "Knickerbocker Magazine" 1834-59. Clark, Rev. T. The pseudonym of John Galt. Clark University. A non-sectarian institution opened at Worcester, Ma achusetts, in 1887. It was named for Jonas Clark, its founder, and is ordinary collegiate education. intended rather for the promotion of research than for Clark, or Clarke, William. Born in Virginia, Aug. 1, 1770: died at St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 1, 1838. An American commander and explorer, brother of G. R. Clark. He was a ociated with Lewis in the command of an exploring expedition from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia, 1804-06. He was governor of Mi ouri Territory 1813-21, and was super in ten dent of Indian affairs in St. Louis till his death. No The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names Clark, William George. Born March, 1821: died at York, England, Nov. 6, 1878. An English scholar, a graduate of Cambridge, and fellow and tutor of Trinity College. He was the editor, with Mr. Glover (Vol. I.) and Mr. Aldis Wright, of the "Cambridge" Shakspere (1863-66), and, with Mr. Wright, of the "Globe" Shakspere, and author of works of travel ("Gazpacho," "The Peloponnesus," etc.) and of poems, "A Scale of Lyrics," etc. Clark, William Tierney. Born at Bristol, England, Aug. 23, 1783: died Sept. 22, 1852. A noted English civil engineer. He was the builder of the old Hammer smith suspension-bridge (taken down 1885), and of the suspension-bridge over the Danube, uniting Pest and Buda (built 1839-49). Clark, Will is Gaylord. Born at Otisco, N. Y., 1810: died June 12, 1841. An American poet and journalist, twin brother of L. G. Clark. He wrote "Olla pod i an a" for the "Knickerbocker" (published 1844). Clarke (klärk), Adam. Born at Moybeg, Lon donderry County, Ireland, about 1762: died at London, Aug. 26, 1832. An eminent British Wesley an clergyman and biblical scholar. He "Commentary on the Holy Bible" (1810-26), etc. From 1808 to 1818 he was occupied in editing Rymer's "Fœder a." Clarke, Sir Alured. Born about 1745: died at Llangollen, Wales, Sept. 16, 1832. An English soldier, appointed field-marshal on the acce ion of William IV. He served as lieutenant-colonel under Howe in New York 1776; succeeded John Burgoyne as master-general of the He ian troops; was lieutenant-governor of Jamaica 1782-90; was stationed at Quebec 1791-93; went to India in 1795; took part in the capture of Cape Colony in Sept. of the same year; and succeeded Sir Robert Abercromby as commander-in-chief in India May 17, 1798. Clarke, Charles Cowden. Born at Enfield, near London, Dec. 15, 1787: died at Genoa, Italy, March 13, 1877. An English man of letters, publisher (a partner of Alfred Novello) and lecturer on Shakspere and other dramatic poets. He married Mary Victoria, daughter of Vincent Novello, July 5, 1828. He began to lecture on Shakspere, Chaucer, and other poets and dramatists in 1834, and continued this career until 1856. He was the author of "Tales from Chaucer" (1833), "Riches of Chaucer" (1835), "Shakspeare Characters" (1863), "Molière Characters" (1865), etc., and joint author with his wife of the "Shakespeare editions of Shakspere, "Recollections of Writers" (1878), Key: unlocking the treasures of his style," etc. (1879), etc. Clarke, Mrs. (Mary Victoria Novello, usually known as Mrs. Cowden Clarke). Born at London, June 22, 1809. An English English Shakspe rian scholar and author, wife of C. C. Clarke. She has published "The Complete Concordance to Shakspere" (1846), which was compiled during the a iduous labor of sixteen years (it does not contain the words of the sonnets and poems), "The Girlhood of Shakspere's Hero ines" (1850), "The Iron Cousin," a novel (1854), "Memorial Sonnets" (1888), and other works. Clarke, Edward Daniel. Born at Willing don, Su ex, England, June 5, 1769: died at London, March 9, 1822. An English traveler and mineralogist, appointed profe or of mineralogy at Cambridge in 1808, and librarian in 1817. His works include "Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia, and Africa" (1810-23), and numerous scientific papers. He made important collections of minerals (purchased by the University of Cambridge), manu scripts, coins, etc. He brought to England the so-called "Ceres," a colo al statue cis toph or us), found at Eleusis by Wheler in 1676, and now in the Fitzwilliam Museum. Clarke, Henri Jacques Guillaume, Comte d'Hunebourg, Duc de Feltre. Born at Landre Cla is cies, Nord, France, Oct. 17, 1765: died at Neuviller, France, Oct. 28, 1818. A marshal of France, minister of war 1815-17. Clarke, Hyde. Born at London, Dec. 14, 1815: died there, March 1, 1895. An English engineer and philologist. His works include "A New and Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language" (1853), and numerous philological and ethnological treatises. Clarke, James Freeman. Born at Hanover, N. H., April 4, 1810: died at Jamaica Plain, Ma ., June 8, 1888. An American Unitarian, clergyn clergyman, theologian, and miscellaneous au thor. He was graduated at Harvard in 1829, preached at Louisville, Kentucky, 1833-40, and founded at Boston in 1841 the Church of the Disciples, of which he was pastor until his death. His works include "Christian Doctrine of Forgivene " (1852), "Christian Doctrine of Prayer" (1854), "Orthodoxy, its Truths and Errors" (1866), "Ten Great Religions" (1871), etc. Clarke, John. Born in Bedford shire, England, Oct. 8, 1609: died at Newport, R. I., April 20, ders of Rhode Island. He was driven from Ma a1676. An English physician, one of the founysician chusetts in 1638, and was one of the purchasers of A quid neck (Rhode Island) from the Indians. In 1639 he was one of the founders of Newport, where he became pastor of the Baptist church founded in 1644. He occupied various positions of trust in the colony. Clarke, John Sleeper (real name John Clarke Sleeper). Born at Baltimore, Md., Sept. 3, 1833 (18359). An American comedian. He made his first appearance in Boston in 1851. He married Asia, daughter of Junius Booth, in 1859. In 1864 he un dertook the management of the Winter Garden Theater with William Stuart and Edwin Booth: this he gave up in 1867. In 1863, with Edwin Booth, he bought the Walnut Street Theater in Philadelphia. In 1866 they obtained the lease of the Boston Theater. In Oct., 1867, he appeared in London, where, with brief interruptions, he has remained. In 1872 he became proprietor of the Charing Cro Theater, afterward managing the Hay market. His Doctor Panglo , Ollapod, Major Wellington de Boots, and Salem Scudder have been succe ful. Clarke, Mac Donald. Born at New London, Conn., June 18, 1798: died at New York, March 5, 1842. An American poet, called, on account of his eccentricities, "The Mad Poet." A num ber of collections of his poems have been published, including "A Review of the Eve of Eternity, and other Poems" (1820), "The Elixir of Moonshine, by the Mad Poet" (1822), "The Go ip" (1825), "Poetic Sketches" (1826), Clarke, Marcus Andrew Hyslop. Born at Kensington, Kensing London, April 24, 1846: died at Melbourne, Australia, Aug. 2, 1881. An Australian journalist and novelist. He went to Victoria in 1863. His principal work, a novel, "For the Term of his Natural Life," was published in 1874. Clarke, Mary Anne. Born at London in 1776: died at Boulogne, June 21, 1852. An English woman of obscure origin, mistre of the Duke of York. She became notorious from the public scandals which grew out of her connection with the duke. She wrote "The Rival Princes" (the dukes of York and Kent). She was condemned to nine months' imprisonment for libel in 1813. After 1815 she lived in Paris. Clarke, Samuel. Born at Norwich, England, Oct. 11, 1675: died at London, May 17, 17, 1729. A celebrated English divine and metaphysical writer, son of an alderman of Norwich. He was a graduate of Cambridge (Caius College), and was succes sively rector of Drayton, near Norwich; of St. Bennet's, London, in 1706; and of St. James's, Westminster, in 1709. He was also one of the chaplains of Queen Anne. His most celebrated work is his "Boyle Lectures" (1704-05), published as "A Discourse concerning the Being and Attri butes of God, the Obligations of Natural Religion, and the Truth and Certainty of the Christian Revelation, in answer to Mr. Hobbes, Spinoza, etc." His metaphysical argument for the existence of God is especially famous, and he also holds a high place in the history of the science of ethics. Clarke, William. See Clark. Clarke's River, or Clarke's Fork of the Columbia River. [Named for Captain William Clarke.] A river in Montana, Idaho, and Washington, formed by the Bitter Root and Flathead rivers near the Horse Plain, Montana. It joins the Columbia in lat. 49° 3′ N. Total length, including head stream, about 700 miles. Clarke-Whit field. See Whit field . Clark son (klärk's on), Thomas. Born at Wisbeach, Cambridge shire, England, March 28, 1760: died at Play ford Hall, near Ipswich, England, Sept. 26, 1846. An English abolitionist, occupied as pamphleteer and agitator 17861794. He wrote a "History of the Abolition of the Slave Trade" (1808), etc. Cla is (klas'is). [L.) See the quotation. The town of Ravenna was already three miles distant from the sea (no doubt owing to a previous alteration of the coast line), but he [August us] improved the then existing harbour, to which he gave the appropriate name of Cla is, and connected it with the old town by a causeway, about which clustered another intermediate town called Cæsarea. Cla is, then, in the days of the Roman emperors. was a busy port and arsenal Wapping and Chat The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names Cla is ham combined-capable of affording anchorage to 250 ve els, resounding with all the noises of men "whose cry is in their ships." Go to it now, and you find one of the loneliest of all lonely moors, not a house, scarcely a cottage in sight: only the glorious church of San A poll in are in Cla e, which, reared in the sixth century by command of Just in i an, still stands, though the bases of its columns are green with damp, yet rich in the unfaded beauty of its mosaics. Hodgkin , Italy and her Invaders, I. 435. Clatsop (klat's op). A tribe of the Lower Chinook division of North American Indians. They formerly lived at Cape Adams, on the south side of Columbia River, Oregon, up that river to Tongue Point, and southward, along the Pacific coast, nearly to Till a mook Head, Oregon. There are still a few survivors residing about six miles above the mouth of the Columbia River in Oregon, and also a few on the Grande Ronde reservation in the same State. See Chinook an . Claude (klâd; F. pron. klōd), Jean. [F. Claude , from L. Claudius .] Born at La Sauvetat, near Agen, France, 1619: died at The Hague, Netherlands, Jan. 13, 1687. A celebrated French Protestant clergyman and controversialist. He was pastor of La Treyne, then at Saint-Affrique, and then at Nimes where he was also profe or of theology, and in 1661 was prohibited from exercising his ecclesiastical functions. In 1662 he was appointed pastor and profe or of theology at Montauban, but was suspended in 1666. He retired to Holland on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. His chief work is a "Défense de la réformation" (1673). Claude d'Abbeville (klod däb-vēl'). Died at Rouen, 1616. A French Capuchin, a native of Abbeville. From 1612 to 1614 he was a mi ionary in the French colony of Maranhão, in Brazil. His "His to ire de la mi ion des pères Capucins en l'Isle de Maragnan" (Paris, 1614) is of great historical and ethnological value. It is now very rare. There is a modern Portuguese translation (Maranhão, 1874). Claude Lorrain (klâd lo-ran'; F. pron. klod loran') (real name, Claude Gelée or Gellée). Born at Chamagne, Vosges, France, 1600: died at Rome, Nov. 21, 1682. A celebrated French landscape-painter. Taken in 1613 to Rome by a relative, he went thence to Naples, where he spent two years as a pupil of Godfrey Wals, a painter from Cologne. From 1619 to 1625 he lived in Rome, working as an apprentice and valet to Agostino Ta i, who was employed by the Cardinal di Montalto to decorate his palace. After this he returned to Lorraine by Venice and the Tyrol. At Nancy he found employment in decorating the Chapelle des Carmes, for Duke Charles III., with figures and architectural ornaments, until the middle of the year 1627, when he returned to Rome to remain for the rest of his life. By 1634 Claude had become a celebrity in Rome, and had painted many pictures. The "Liber Ver it at is," a collection of two hundred outline drawings of his paintings (later engraved and published) was begun about 1634 and finished March 25, 1675. The "Claude Lorrain mirror" is so called from the fancied similarity of its effects to his pictures. Claudet (klō-da'), Antoine François Jean. Born at Lyons, France, Aug. 12, 1797: died at London, Dec. 27, 1867. A French photographer, resident in London after 1829: noted for his improvements and inventions in photographic apparatus and proce es. Claudia (kla di-ä). [L., fem. of Claudius .] A common Roman female name. Claudia gens (kla'di-ä jenz). In ancient Rome, a plebeian and patrician clan or house. The patrician Claudii were of Sabine origin, and came to Rome 504 в. с. Their surnames were Cæcus, Caudex, Centho, Cra us, Pulcher, Regillensis, and Sabinus. The surnames of the plebeian Claudii were A sell us, Can in a, Centum alus, Cicero, Flamen, and Mar cell us. Claudian (kla'di-an). See Claudianus . Claudianus (kla-di-a'nus), Claudius. Born at Alexandria, Egypt, probably about 365 A. D.: died about 408 (?). A noted Latin poet. He was the panegyrist of Stilicho, Theodosius, Honor i us, and others. He wrote panegyrics, epithalamia, "De raptu Proser pinæ," etc. Claudia Quinta (kla'di-ä kwin'tä). In Roman legend, a woman, probably the sister of Appius Claudius Pulcher. In 206 B. C., when the ship con amiable disposition, his acce ion was signalized by acts of clemency and justice, which, however, under the influence of his third wife, the infamous Valeria Me alina, and his favorites, the freedmen Narci us, Pallas, and others, were subsequently obscured by cruelty and bloodshed. He visited Britain in 43. In 49, after the execution of Me alina, who, during his absence at Ostia, had contracted a public marriage with Caius Silus, he married his niece A grip pin a the younger. She persuaded him to set aside his own son Britannicus, and to adopt her son by a former marriage, L. Domitius, as his succe or. Repenting of this step soon after, he was poisoned by A grip pin a, and L. Domitius ascended the throne under the name of Nero. The famous Claudian aqueduct in Rome is named for him. Clazomenæ lutionary politician and financier, French minister of finance in 1792. He was identified with the Girondins, and on their fall was accused and arrested and brought before the Revolutionary tribunal. He committed suicide in prison. Clavigero (klä-vē-Ha'rō), Francisco Xavier (Saverio). Born at Vera Cruz, 1731: died at Bologna, Italy, 1787. A Mexican Jesuit historian. He taught rhetoric and philosophy in the principal Jesuit colleges of Mexico, and after the expulsion of his order (1767) founded an academy at Bologna. His "Storia Antica del Me ico" (Cesena, 1780) includes the Aztec period of Mexican history and the conquest, and had an immediate and wide succe . It was translated into various lan surnamed Gothic us). Born in Dardania or Illyria, 214: died at Sirmium, Pannonia, 270 A. D. Emperor of Rome 268-270. He defeated the Alamanni in northern Italy in 268, and defeated the Goths near Naï us, Mœsia, in 269. Claudius. 1. The King of Denmark and uncle of Hamlet in Shakspere's tragedy "Hamlet." 2. A servant of Brutus in Shakspere's "Julius Cæsar." Claudius, Appius, surnamed Cæcus ('the Blind'). Died after 280 в. с. А Roman states man. He was censor 312-308, and consul 307 and 296. He commenced the Appian Way and completed the Appian aqueduct. From him Roman jurisprudence, oratory, grammar, and Latin prose date their beginning. He abolished the limitation of the full right of citizenship to landed proprietors. Claudius (klou'dē-ös), Matthias. Born in Reinfeld, in Holstein, Aug. 15, 1740: died at Hamburg, Jan. 21, 1815. A German poet. He studied at Jena, and settled afterward in Wandsbeck, near Altona, where, under the name of Asmus, he published a weekly periodical, "Der Wandsbecker Bote." He was the author of numerous lyrics, some of which have become genuine folk-songs. A collection of his works with the title "Asmus omnia sua secum portans, oder Sammtliche Werke des Wandsbecker Boten" appeared at Hamburg 1775-1812. Claudius Cra us (kla'di-us kras'us), Appius. A Roman consul, decemvir 451-449 в. с. Claudius Nero. See Nero . Claudius of Turin. Died 839. A bishop of Turin. He was a Spaniard by birth, was a pupil of Felix of Urgel, and was appointed bishop of Turn by Louis le Débonnaire in 820. He denied that the monastic vow po e ed any peculiar merit, that Rome was the special seat of penitence and absolution, and that any special power of loosing and binding had been given to Peter, and rejected the worship of images and relics. Author of "A polo get i cum atque Rescriptum adversus Theutmirum Abbatem," no copy of which is now known to exist. Claudius Pulcher (kla'di-us pul'kėr), Appius. Died in Eubœa, 46 в. с. A Roman politician, brother of the demagogue Clodius. Claus (klâz), Santa. See Nicholas , Saint . Clausel (klo-zel'), Bertrand, Comte. Born at Mirepoix, Ariège, France, Dec. 12, 1772: died at Secourieu, near Toulouse, France, April 21, 1842. A marshal of France. He served with distinction in the Napoleonic wars, especially in Spain 18101813, and was governor-general of Algeria 1835-37. Clausen (klou'zen), Henrik Nikolai. Born at Maribo, Denmark, April 22, 1793: died at Copenhagen, March 28, 1877. A Danish theologian. He was profe or of theology at Copenhagen 1822-76, state councilor 1848-51. His Katholicismens og Protestant is mens Kirkeforfatning Läre og Ritus" (1825, "Church Organization, Doctrine, and Ritual of Catholic is in and Protestant ism"), etc. Clausenburg. See Klausenburg . Clausewitz (klouze-vits), Karl von. Born at Burg, Pru ia, June 1, 1780: died at Breslau, Pru ia, Nov. 16, 1831. A Pru ian officer and military writer. He wrote "Übersicht des Feldzugs von 1813," etc. (1814), "Hinter las sene Werke" (1832-37, in cluding "Vom Kriege," "Der Feldzug von 1796 in Ital only a chaste woman could move it, she cleared herself from an accusation of incontinency by stepping forward from among the matrons who had accompanied Scipio to receive the image, and towing the ve el to Rome. Claudio (kla di-ō). 1. A young Florentine in love with Hero, in Shakspere's "Much Ado about Nothing." He falls too easily into belief in Hero's dishonor.-2. The lover of Juliet in Shakspere's "Measure for Measure." According to an old law, newly put in force, he is about to be executed for his intercourse with her, though he considers himself her husband. He is saved by his sister Isabella. Claudius (kla'di-us) I. (Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanic us). [L., 'lame'; It. Sp. Claudio , F. Claude .] Born at Lugdunum, Gaul, Ang. 1, 10 B. c.: died 54 A. D. Emperor of Rome 41-54. He was the grandson of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia, who afterward married August us, and son of Drusus and Antonia, the daughter of Marc An Born at Köslin, Pomerania, Pru ia, Jan. 2,1822: died at Bonn, Aug. 24, 1888. A celebrated Ger- man physicist. He became profe or of physics in the University of Bonn in 1869, a post which he retained until his death. Author of "Die me chan is che Warmetheorie" (2d ed. 1876-91). "Über das Wesen der Warme" (1857), and "Die Potential funk tion und das Potential" (1859). Clausthal, or Klausthal (klous'täl). A town in the province of Hannover, Pru ia, situated in the Harz Mountains 44 miles southeast of Hannover. It is noted for its silver and lead-mines, and is the seat of the mining authorities of the region. (1890), commune, 8,736. Claveret (klav-ra), Jean. Born at Orléans, 1590: died 1666. A French poet, chiefly notable from public affairs by his predece or, although the empty honor of consulship bestowed on him in his death (Venice, 1789). Clavigo (klä-vē'gō). A tragedy by Goethe, published June 1, 1774. See Clavijo y Fajardo , José . Clavijo, Don. An accomplished cavalier in "Don Quixote," who was metamorphosed into a crocodile and was disenchanted by Don Quixote. Clavijo, Ruy Gonzalez de. Born at Madrid: died at Madrid, 1412. A Spanish diplomat and traveler in the Orient, amba ador of Henry III. of Castile to Tamer lane 1403-06. He wrote "Hist or i a del gran Tamerlan é It in era rio," etc. (printed 1582). Clavijo y Fajardo (klä-vē'Hō ē fä-Här'dō), José. Born in the Canary Islands about 1730: died at Madrid, 1806. A Spanish official (curator of the royal archives), journalist, and translator of Buffon. He is known chiefly from his quarrel (1764) with Beau march a is on account of the latter's sister. He was forced to sign an acknow ledgment of wrong-doing which cost him his honor and his official position. He was made the subject of a tragedy by Goethe. See Beau march a is . Clavileño (klä-ve-lān'yō), El Alígero. [Sp., 'the winged pin- (or peg-) timber.'] The wooden horse used by Don Quixote. It was managed by a wooden pin in its forehead. Clay (klā), Ca ius Mar cell us. Born in Madison County, Ky., Oct. 19, 1810. An American politician, son of General Green Clay. He was an antislavery advocate, and United States minister to Ru ia 1861-62 and 1863-69. Clay, Clement Claiborne. Born in Madison County, Ala., 1819: died near Huntsville, Ala., Jan. 3,1882. An American politician. He was United States senator from Alabama 1854-61, and a Confederate senator and secret agent. Clay, Green. Born in Powhatan County, Va., Aug. 14, 1757: died Oct. 31, 1826. An American general. He defended Fort Meigs against a British force in 1813. Clay, Henry. Born in Hanover County, near Richmond, Va., April 12, 1777: died at Washington, D. C., June 29, 1852. A celebrated American statesman and orator. He was United States senator from Kentucky 1806-07 and 1810-11; was member of Congre from Kentucky 1811-21 and 1823-25 (serving as speaker 1811-14, 1815-20, and 1823-25); was peace commi ioner at Ghent in 1814; was candidate for the Presidency in 1824; was secretary of state 1825-29; was United States senator 1831-42 and 1849-52; was Whig can didate for the Presidency in 1832 and 1844; was the chief designer of the "Mi ouri Compromise" of 1820, and of the compromise of 1850; and was the author of the compromise tariff of 1833. Complete works, with biography, edited by Colton (1857). Clay, James. Born at London, 1805: died at Brighton, England, 1873. An English authority on whist, author of "A Treatise on the Game of Whist by J. C.," affixed to Baldwin's "Laws of Short Whist" (1864). He was a member of Parliament from 1847 until 1873. Clay borne, William. See Claiborne . Clay Cro (klā krôs). A coal and iron-mining center in Derby shire, England, about 4 miles south of Chesterfield. Claypole (klā'pol), Noah. Mr. Sower berry's apprentice, a charity boy and afterward a thief, a character in Charles Dickens's "Oliver Twist." He marries Charlotte, Mrs. Sower berry's ser vant. IMG:content-0301.png:[blocks in formation] Clayton (kla'ton), John. Born at Fulham, England, 1693: died in Virginia, Dec. 15, 1773. An English-American botanist. The genus Claytonia was named in his honor. Clayton, John Middle ton. Born at Dags borough, Su ex County, Del., July 24, 1796: died at Dover, Del., Nov. 9, 1856. An American politician. He was United States senator from Dela ware 1829-37, 1845-49, and 1851-56. As secretary of state, 1849-50, he negotiated the Bulwer-Clayton treaty. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. See Bulwer - Clayton Treaty. Clazomenæ about 20 miles southwest of Smyrna, near the modern Vurla. It was the birthplace of Anaxagoras. Cleante (klā-ont'). [F.] 1. The lover of Angélique in Molière's "Malade Imaginaire." -2. The brother-in-law of Orgon, and brother of Elmire, in Molière's "Tartufe." He is as genuinely good as Tartufe is hypocritical.-3. The son of Harpagon in Molière's "L'Avare." He is in love with Mariane. Clean the (kle-an'the). The sister of Siphax in Fletcher's "Mad Lover." Cleanthes (kle-an'thez). [Gr. Κλεάνθης.] Born at A os, Asia Minor, about 300 B.C.: died at Athens about 220. A Greek Stoic philosopher, a disciple and the succe or of Zeno. Cleanthes. 1. The friend of Cleomenes, and captain of Ptolemy's guard, in Dryden's tragedy "Cleomenes." - 2. The son of Leonides in "The Old Law," a play by Mas singer, Middle ton, and Rowley: a model of filial piety and tenderne . Clean this (kle-an'this). A waiting-woman to Alcmena, and wife of Sosia, in Molière's "A mph i try on." Clear (kler), Cape. The southernmost point of Ireland, situated on the island of Clear in lat. 51° 26′ N., long. 9° 29′ W. Clearchus (kle-är'kus). [Gr. Κλέαρχος .] Born at Sparta: executed by Artaxerxes, 401 в. с. A Lacedæmonian general. He fought under Mindarus at the battle of Cyzicus 410. In 408 his tyrannous conduct as harmost during the siege of Byzantium by the A then i ans led to the surrender of the city by the inhabitants during his absence in Asia, whither he had gone to collect a force to raise the siege. In 406 he fought under Callicratidas at the battle of Arg in use. After the Peloponnesian war he persuaded the ephor to send him as general to Thrace to protect the Greeks against the natives; and, having proceeded thither in spite of an order for his recall which overtook him on the way, was condemned to death. Defeated by a force sent against him under Panthoides, he fled to Cyrus the Younger, under whom he commanded a body of Greek mercenaries in the expedition against Artaxerxes, 401. After the battle of Cunaxa, in which Cyrus was killed, he was treacherously seized, with four other Grecian generals, by Ti aphernes at a conference, and sent to Artaxerxes, who ordered them to be put to death. The surviving Greeks, however, having chosen new generals, accomplished the famous retreat known as the "Retreat of the Ten You sand." See Xeno phon, Anabasis . Cleave land. See Cleveland . Cleave land (klēv'land), Parker. Born at Rowley, Ma ., Jan. 15, 1780: died at Brunswick, Maine, Oct. 15, 1858. An American mineralogist. He was profe or in Bowdoin College (Maine) 1805-58. He wrote "Mineralogy and Geology" (1816), etc. Cleaver (klē'ver), Fanny. A deformed little dolls' dre maker, called "Jenny Wren," in Charles Dickens's "Our Mutual Friend." "My back 's bad and my legs are queer," is her frequent excuse, and she always describes herself with dignity as "the person of the house." Cleef (klaf), Jan van. Born at Venlo, Netherlands, 1646: died at Ghent, Belgium, Dec. 18, 1716. A Flemish painter. Cleef (klaf), or Cleve, Joost or Joas van. Born at Antwerp about 1479: died about 1550. A Flemish portrait-painter, surnamed "Zotte" ('crazy'). He died insane. Cleishbotham (klēsh'born-am), Jedediah. The a umed compiler of the "Tales of My Landlord," by Walter Scott. A "Peter Patties on" is credited with the authorship. Cleisthenes (klis'the-nēz), or Clisthenes (klis'the-nez). [Gr. Κλεισθένης .] An A then i an po politician, son of Megacles, and grandson of Cleisthenes of Sicyon. He developed in a democratic spirit the constitution of Solon (adopted 594 B. C.) by substituting ten new for four old tribes, with a view to breaking up the influence of the land-owning aristocracy, the new tribes being composed not of contiguous demes or local communities, but of demes scattered about the country and interspersed with those of other tribes. He was expelled in 507 by Is agoras, leader of the aristocratic party, aided by a Spartan army under Cleomenes; but was recalled in the same year by the populace, which compelled the Spartans withdraw sent Is agoras into exile. He is said to have established the ostracism, or power of the sovereign popular a embly to decree, without proce of law, by means ballot, the IMG:content-0302.png:[blocks in formation] Mouille ron-en-Pareds, Vendée, France, Sept. 28, 1841. A French radical politician. He studied medicine in Paris, entered the National A embly in 1871, became president of the municipal council of Paris in 1875, and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1876. In 1887 he declined an invitation to form a ministry. He suffered in the general wreck of French politicians caused by the Panama scandal in 1892, and failed of reëlection in 1893. Clemens Alex and rin us. See Clement of Alex andria . Clemens (klem'enz), Samuel Langhorne: pseudonym Mark Twain. Born at Florida, Mo., Nov. 30,1835. A noted American humorist. He was apprenticed to a printer at the age of thirteen; became a pilot on the Mi i ippi in 1861; went to Ne vada in 1861, and became city editor of the "Enterprise" in Virginia City in 1862; removed to San Francisco in 1865; visited the Sandwich Islands in 1866; and traveled in Europe and the East in 1867. He resides in Hartford, Connecticut. In 1884 he established at New York the publishing-house of C. L. Webster and Co. His works in clude "The Innocents Abroad" (1869), "Roughing It" (1872), "A Tramp Abroad" (1880), "Jumping Frog, etc." (1867), "The Gilded Age," conjointly with C. D. Warner (1873: this has been succe fully dramatized), "Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1876), "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1884), "A Yankee at the Court of King Arthur" (1889), etc. Clement (klem'ent) I., Saint: also called Clemens Roman us (klē' menz rō-mānus) ('the Roman'). [L. Clemens , merciful, mild; It. Sp. Clemente, F. Clément, G. Clemens.] Lived in the 1st century A. D.: died probably about 100. A bishop of Rome: according to the common tradition, the third bishop of Rome after St. Peter. Nothing is known with certainty concerning his personal history, except that he was a prominent presbyter of the Christian congregation at Rome immediately after the apostolical age. He is by some identified with the Clement mentioned by Paul in Phil. iv. 3 as his fellow-laborer, by others with the consul Flavius Clemens who was put to death by Domitian on a charge of atheism. Tradition has reckoned him among the martyrs; but according to Eusebius and Jerome, he died a natural death in the third year of the reign of Trajan. Numerous writings, most of which are evidently spurious, have been attributed to him. The most celebrated among these are two "Epistles to the Corinthians," which were held in the greatest esteem by the early Christians. They disappeared from the Western Church after the 5th century, and were rediscovered in the Codex Alex and rin us (a present from Cyrillus Lucaris to Charles I.) by Patricius Junius (Patrick Young), who published them at Oxford in 1633. Another MS. was discovered by Philotheos Bryennios in the convent library of the patriarch of Jerusalem, and published in 1875. Clement II. (Suidgar). Died at Pesaro, Italy, Oct. 9, 1047. Pope 1046-47. Clement III. (Guibert). Died at Ravenna, Italy, 1100. An archbishop of Ravenna, elected pope (antipope), through the influence of the emperor Henry IV., in 1080. After having been expelled from Rome, he made his submi ion to Paschal II. in 1099. Clement III. (Paolo Scolari). Born at Rome. Died March, 1191. Pope 1187-91. He preached the third Crusade against the Saracens, who under Salad in had retaken Jerusalem, Oct. 3, 1187. Clement IV. (Guy Foulques). Born at St. Gilles on the Rhône, France: died at Viterbo, Italy, Nov. 29, 1268. Pope 1265-68. He held a high position at the court of Louis IX., when the death of his wife led him to enter the church. He became bishop of Puy 1256, archbishop of Narbonne 1259, cardinal 1262, and was on a journey to England as papal legate when he was elevated to the see of Rome, 1265. He favored Charles of Anjou in his conquest of Naples, which was ruled by Manfred, the illegitimate son of the emperor Frederick II., and which had been granted to Charles by the preceding pontiff, Urban IV. Clement V. (Bertrand d'Agoust). Born near Bordeaux, France, about 1264: died at Roquemaure, in Langue doc, France, April 20, 1314. Pope 1305-14. He was elected through the influence of Philip the Fair of France, to please whom he removed the papal residence to Avignon in 1309, and di olved the order of Templars in 1312. Clement VI. (Pierre Roger). Born near Limoges, France, 1292: died at Villeneuve d'Avi He gnon, France, Dec., 1352. Pope 1342-52. established the jubilee for every fifty years, and purchased Avignon in 1348. During his pontificate Cola di Rienzi Clement VII. (Count Robert of Geneva). Born about 1342: died at Avignon, Sept., 1394. An liberty. Cleland (klē'land), John. Born 1709: died Clement VII. (Giulio de' Medici). Born at Jan. 23, 1789. An English writer. He was the Florence about 1475: died at Rome, Sept., 1534. author of the novel "Fanny Hill, or the Memoirs of a womarious Pleasure and Mee moirs of a Coxcomb" (1751). He was consul at Smyrna, and in 1736 was in the service of the East India Company at Bombay. In the latter part of his life he wrote for the stage and also dabbled in philology. Clelia (klē'li-ä), or Clélie (klā-lē'). A romance by Mademoiselle de Scudéry, published in 1656, VI. named from its heroine. rine of Aragon. 1424-29. He resigned in 1429, thus terminating the great Western schism. Clement VIII. (Ippolito Aldobrandini). Born at Fano, Italy, 1536: died March 5, 1605. Pope 1592-1605. He absolved Henry IV. of France in 1595, and ordered a revised edition (the "Clementine") of the Vulgate in 1592. Clement IX. (Giulio Rospigliosi). Born at Pistoja, Italy, 1600: died Dec. 9, 1669. Pope 1667-69. He mediated in 1668 the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle between Louis XIV. and Spain, and the "Pax Cle mentina," which brought the Jansenist controversy to a temporary conclusion. Clement X. (Emilio Altieri). Born at Rome, July 13, 1590: died July 22, 1676. Pope 1670-76. He was eighty years old at his election, and was completely under the influence of his relative Cardinal Paluzzi. Dur ing his pontificate commenced the controversy with Louis XIV. concerning the enjoyment, during vacancy, of epis copal revenues and benefices, and the right of appointment to such vacancies. Clement XI. (Giovanni Francesco Albani). Born at Pesaro, Italy, July 22, 1649: died March 19, 1721. Pope Pope 1700-21. He was at war with the emperor Joseph I. 1708-09, and published bulls directed against the Jansenists: "Vineam Domini" (1705) and "Uni gen it us" (1713). Clement XII. (Lorenzo Corsini). Born 1652: died Feb. 6, 1740. Pope 1730-40. Неe condemned the Freemasons in 1738. Clement XIII. (Carlo dell a Torre di Rezzonico). Born at Venice, March, 1693: died Feb., 1769. Pope 1758-69. He was elected through the influence of the Jesuits, in whose favor he i ued a bull on their expulsion from Portugal and France. In 1768 the French seized Avignon, and the Neapolitans Ben even to. Clement XIV. (Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Gang anelli). Born at St. Arcangelo, near Rimini, Italy, Oct. 31, 1705: died Sept. 22, 1774. Pope 1769-74. He suppre ed the order of Jesuits by the brief "Dominus ac Red empt or noster" (1773), and founded the Clementine Museum at the Vatican. Clément (klā-mon'), François. Born at Bèze, near Dijon, France, 1714: died March, 1793. A French historian, a Benedictine of Saint-Maur. He compiled from the tables of Maurice d'Antine the important chronological work "L'Art de vérifier les dates des faits historiques depuis la nai ance de Jesus-Christ" (new revised and improved edition 1784-87). Clément, Jacques, called Clemens non Papa to distinguish him from Pope Clement VII. Died before 1558. A once celebrated Flemish composer, principally of sacred music: chief chapel-master to the emperor Charles V. Clément, Jacques. Born at Sorbon, Ardennes, France, about 1565: killed at St. Cloud, France, Aug. 1, 1589. A fanatical monk who a a inated Henry III., with the consent and aid of his religious superior and other members of the "League, Aug. 1, 1589. He was slain on the spot, and was honored as a martyr by the church. Clément, Jean Pierre. Born at Draguignan, Var, France, June 2, 1809: died at Paris, Nov. 8, 1870. A French political economist and historian, member of the French Institute. His works include "His to ire de la vie et de l'administration de Colbert" (1846), "Le gouvernement de Louis XIV." (1848), "Jacques Cœur et Charles VII." (1853), etc. Clement, Justice. A city magistrate in Ben Jonson's "Every Man in his Humour." Clement (klā'ment), Knut Jungbohn. Born in Amrum, Schleswig, Dec. 4, 1803: died at Bergen, N. J., Oct. 7, 1873. A Danish historian, resident in the United States after 1866. He wrote "Die nordgermanische Welt" (1840), "Die Lebens und Leidensgeschichte der Friesen" (1845), etc. Clement (klem'ent) of Alexandria (Titus Flavius Clemens). Born, probably at Athens, about 150 A. D.: died in Palestine about 220. A father of the primitive church, head of the catechetical school at Alexandria 190-203, and one of the most noted of the founders of the Alexandrian school of theology. Clement of Rome. See Clement I. , Bishop of Rome. Clement i (klā-men'tē), Muzio. Born at Rome, 1752: died at Evesham, near London, March 9, 1832. An Italian pianist and composer, resident in England after 1770. His principal work is a series of piano studies, "Gradus ad Parna um" (1817). Clement in a (klem-en-te'nä), Lady. An Italian lady pa ionately in love with Sir Charles Grand is on, in Richardson's novel of that name. When she fears that her relatives will separate her from him, she takes the decided step of going mad. Sir Charles, however, marries Mi Byron. Clement's Inn. An inn of court in London, situated at the entrance of Wych street, at the self in "the royal ornaments," and being found dead "without any mark of suspicion of poison on her body." Death from a serpent's bite could not have been mistaken and her vanity not have allowed her to choose one which would have disfigured her in so frightful a manner. Other poisons were well understood and easy of acce , and no boy would have ventured to carry an asp in a bas- ket of figs, some of which he even offered to the guards as he pa ed; and Plutarch (Vit. Anton.) shows that the story of the asp was doubted. Nor is the statue carried in August us' triumph which had an asp upon it any proof of his belief in it, since that snake was the emblem of Egyptian royalty; the statue (or the crown) of Cleopatra could not have been without one, and this was probably the origin of the whole story. [G. W.] Cleopatra's Needles. A pair of Egyptian obe- lisks of pink granite which were transported from Helio polis to Alexandria in the eighth of August us. One of them was taken to London Cleobis (klē'ō-bis). [Gr. Κλέοβις .] See Biton . Cleobulus(klē-ō-būʻlus). [Gr. Κλεόβουλος .] Born at Lindus, Rhodes: died probably after 560 в. с. One of the seven sages of Greece, the reputed Cleofas (klē'ō-fas), Don. A high-spirited Span-year ish student in Le Sage's novel "Le diable boi- teux." As mode us exhibits to him the fortunes of the inmates of the houses of Madrid by unroofing them. See As mode us and Diable boiteux , Le. Cléomadès (klā-ō-mä-dās'), Adventures of. An early French poem (about the end of the 13th century), also known as "Le cheval de fust" ('the Wooden Horse'), by Adenès le Roi. Its central incident is the introduction of a wooden horse, like that in the "Arabian Nights," which transports its rider whithersoever he wishes to go. The poem, not with stand- Cleomenes (kle-om'e-nez) I. [Gr. Κλεομένης .] King of Sparta from about 519-491 в. с. He ex- pelled Hippias from Athens in 510. Cleomenes III. King of Sparta 236-220 в. с. He abolished the ephorate 225, waged war with the Achæan League and Macedonia 225-221, and was defeated at Sel- Clermont, The. The steamboat used by Rob- ert Fulton on his first trip from New York to Albany in 1807, in the beginning of steam nav i- gation. and set up on the Thames embankment in 1878, and the other was soon after brought to New York and erected in Central Park. The latter is 67 feet high to its sharp apex, and 7 feet 7 inches in diameter at the base. It stands on a ma ive cube of granite, on which it is supported by four Clermont d'Ambois. See Ambois , d ' . great bronze crabs, imitating the ancient originals. It is covered on all its faces with deeply incised hieroglyphs, which present the names of Thothmes III., Rameses II., Clermont-en-Beauvoisis (-on-bo-vwä-zē'). A and Seti II. (16th-14th centuries B. C.). Cléopâtre (kla-o-pä'tr). A play by Sardou (with Moreau). It was written for Sarah Bern- hardt, and produced in 1890. Cleophon (klē'ō-fon). [Gr. Κλεοφῶν .] Died 405 Β. C. An A then i an demagogue, said to have been of Thracian origin. He opposed the oligarchical party, and succe fully used his influence to prevent peace with Sparta after the battles of Cyzicus (410), Arginusæ (406), and Ægo spot am i (405). He was put to death in 405 by the A then i an council. Cleopolis (klē-op'ō-lis). A name given by Spenser in his "Faerie Queene" to the city of London. Clerc, Jean Le. See Le Clerc, Jean. Clerc (klar), Laurent. Born at La Balme, Isère, France, Dec. 26, 1785: died at Hartford, Conn., July 18, 1869. A deaf-mute, one of the founders, with Gallaudet, of the asylum for the deaf and dumb at Hartford in 1817. Clerfayt (kler-fa'), or Clairfait, Comte de (François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix). Born at Bruille, Hainaut, Low Coun- tries, Oct. 14, 1733: died at Vienna, July 19, 1798. An Austrian general. He served with dis- tinct i on in the Turkish war 1788-91, and at Aldenhoven and Neerwinden 1793, and defeated Jourdan at Höchst Oct. ing words of a bull published by Pope Boniface VIII. Feb. 25, 1296. It forbade the clergy to pay taxes on church property without the consent of the Holy See. It was abrogated by Clement V. in 1311. Clerigo (kla'rē-gō). [Sp., 'clergyman.'] The name by which Bartolomé de las Casas speaks of himself in his writings. The term is often applied to him by Spanish and English his to- Clerimond (kler'i-mond). The sister of Fer- ragus the giant in "Valentine and Orson." She marries Valentine. Clerimont (kler'i-mont). 1. A gay friend of Sir Dauphine in Ben Jonson's "Epicœne, or the Silent Woman."-2. The lover of Clarinda in Cibber's comedy "The Double Gallant." He a ists Atall and Carele in their schemes. Clerk (klärk), John. [For the surname Clerk , see Clark .] Born at Penicuik, Scotland, Dec. 10, 1728: died at Eldin, near Edinburgh, May 10, 1812. A Scottish merchant of Edinburgh. He was the author of an "E ay on Naval Tactics" (1790: second and third parts 1797) which gave rise heated controversy, due to the claim of the author, supported by Profe or Play fair and others, that his plans (which were circulated in manuscript before publication) had been adopted by Admiral Rodney at Dominica, April 12, 1782. Clerke (klärk), Charles. Born 1741: died in Kamchatka, Aug. 22, 1779. A British nav i- gator. He served with Cook, and commanded the squadron after Cook's death in 1779. Clerkenwell (kler'ken-wel). [‘Clerks' well'; L. fons clericorum: so called because it was a place of a embly of the parish clerks of Lon- don.] A district in London lying north of the city proper. It formerly bore an evil reputation. Clerk- enwell Green was in the 17th century surrounded by fine mansions, and, among many other noted men, Isaac Wal- ton lived there. Population of civil parish (1891), 65,885. 1879. A celebrated Scotch physicist. He was profe or of natural philosophy in Marischal College, Aberdeen, 1856-60; was profe or of physics and astron- fe or of experimental physics in the University of Cam- omy in King's College, London, 1860-65; and became pro- of Motion of Saturn's Rings" (1857), "Theory of Heat" bridge in 1871. His works include "E ay on the Stability, (1871), "Electricity and Magnetism" (1873), "Matter and Motion" (1876), etc. Cleveland (klēv'land). A mountainous district in the northeastern part of Yorkshire, Eng- land, noted principally for its iron-mines and foundries. Cleveland. A lake port, capital of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, situated at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River and on Lake Erie in lat. 41° 31′ N., long. 81° 42′ W. It is the second city in the State, a great railroad and steamboat center, and the Cleveland, Charles Dexter. Born at Salem, Ma ., Dec. 3, 1802: died at Philadelphia, Aug. 18, 1869. An American author and edu- cat or. He published a "Compendium of Eng- lish Literature" (1850), a "Compendium of American Literature" (1858), etc. Cleveland, Duche of. See Villiers , Barbara . Cleveland, Grover. Born at Caldwell, E ex County, N. J., March 18, 1837. President of the United States. He studied law in Buffalo, and in 1859 was admitted to the bar; was a istant district attorney of Erie County 1863-66; was defeated for district attorney in 1865; was sheriff of Erie County 1871-74; was Demo- cratic mayor of Buffalo in 1882; was elected as Democratic candidate for governor of New York in 1882; served as governor 1883-84; was elected President of the United States in 1884; served as President 1885-89; advocated a reduction of the tariff in his me age to Congre in Dec., 1887; was defeated as Democratic candidate for the presi- dency in 1888; was reëlected President in 1892; and in the purchasing clause of the so-called Sherman Silver Bill. 1893 convened an extra se ion of Congre , which repealed Cleveland, John. Born at Lough borough, Lei- cestershire, June, 1613: died April 29, 1658. An English poet, an active Royalist during the Cleveland, John civil war, and a satirist of the Parliamentary party. He was graduated (B. A.) at Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1631, and was elected fellow of St. John's College in 1634. He joined the Royalist army at Oxford, and was made judge-advocate, remaining with the garri son of Newark surrender. 1655 he was arrested and imprisoned at Yarmouth, but was soon released by order Cronwell. His poems were collected 1661. Clevenger (klev'en-jer), Shobal Vail. Bornat Middle town, Ohio, 1812: died at sea, Sept. 23, 1843. An American sculptor. Cleves (klēvz). [F. Clèves , D. Kleef , G. Kleve .] An ancient duchy of Germany, lying along the lower Rhine below Cologne. It was united with Mark about 1400, and soon after raised to a duchy. Cleves, Jülich, and Berg were united in 1521. The extinction of the Cleves line in 1609, and the outbreak of the "Contest of the Jülich Succe ion," resulted in 1666 in the ce ion of Cleves, with Mark, to Brandenburg. In 1801 the part on the left bank of the Rhine, and in 1803 and 1805 the other portions, were ceded to France by Pru ia. After the downfall of Napoleon, the duchy, with the exception of lands bordering on the Maas and some districts toward the north, was restored to Pru ia, and now forms part of the circle of Dü eldorf. Cleves. [G. Kleve , D. Kleef , F. Clèves .] A town in the Rhine Province, Pru ia, in lat. 51°47′ N., long. 6° 9′ E., near the Dutch frontier. It has a Schwanenburg and a collegiate church. It was formerly chalybeate spring, and contains the former palace of the capital of the ancient duchy of Cleves. Population Clèves, Prince e de. See Prince e de Clèves. Clew Bay (klö ba). A small inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, on the western coast of Ireland, in (1890), commune, 10,409. County Mayo. Clichy-la-Garenne (kle-she'lä-gä-ren'). A manufacturing suburb of Paris, situated on the Seine 1 mile north of the fortifications. Pop Cliff ord (klif'ord), George. Born at Brougham Castle, West more land, Aug. 8, 1558: died at London, Oct. 30, 1605. An English naval commander, third Earl of Cumber land. He fitted out and commanded a number of bucaneering expeditions against the Spaniards in South America, the largest of ulation (1891), commune, 30,698. which consisted of twenty ships and was undertaken in 1598. This expedition plundered San Juan de Puerto Rico in June, but failed to intercept the annual Spanish treasure fleet, and returned to England in Oct., 1598. Clifford, Paul. See Paul Clifford . Clifford, Rosamond, surnamed "The Fair." Died about 1176. A daughter of Walter de Clifford (son of Richard Fitz Ponce, ancestor of the great Clifford family), and mistre of Henry II. of England. She appears to have been publicly acknowledged by Henry as his mistre about 1175, and on her death was interred in Godstow nunnery. It is said that Hugh, bishop of Lincoln, who visited Godstow in 1191, was offended at the sight of her richly adorned tomb in the middle of the church choir before the altar, and caused its removal, probably to the chapterhouse. According to a popular legend, which has no foundation in fact, Henry built a labyrinth or maze to conceal her from Queen Eleanor, who discovered her by means of a silken clue and put her to death. She is commonly, though erroneously, stated to have been the mother of William Long sword and Geoffrey, archbishop of York. Clifford, Thomas. Born at Ugbrooke, near Exeter, England, Aug. 1, 1630: died Sept., 1673. An English politician, created first Lord Clifford of Chudleigh April 22, 1672. He was a member of the "Cabal" 1667-73. See Cabal . Clifford, Sir Thomas. The lover of Julia in Sheridan Knowles's play "The Hunchback." Clifford, William Kingdon. Born at Exeter, England, May 4, 1845: died at Madeira, March 3, 1879. A noted English mathematician and philosophical writer. He was a graduate of Trinity Cambridge; fellow of Trinity 1868-71; and profe or of applied mathematics at University College, London, 1871. His works include "Lectures and E ays" (1879: ed. by F. Pollock and L. Stephen), "Mathematical Fragments" (1881), "Mathematical Papers" (1882: ed. by R. Tucker), "Common Sense of the Exact Sciences" (1885: ed. and in part written by K. Pearson), and "Elements of Dynamics. Clifford Pyncheon. See Pyncheon , Clifford . Clifford's Inn. One of the inns of chancery in London, named from Robert de Clifford of the time of Edward II. It was originally a law school, and was first used for this purpose in the 18th year of Edward III. Walford. Clifton (klifton). A watering-place and suburb of Bristol, Gloucestershire, England, situated on the Avon 1 mile west of Bristol. It is celebrated for its hot mineral springs. Clifton Springs (klifton springz). A village and health-resort in Ontario County, New York, 29 miles west of Auburn. It contains medicinal springs and a water-cure establishment. Clim, or Clym (klim), of the Clough. A cele brated archer often mentioned in the legends of Robin Hood. Clinch (clinch). A river of southwestern Virginia and eastern Tenne ee. It unites with the IMG:content-0303.png:[blocks in formation] Holston to form the Tenne ee at Kingston, Tenne ee. brate.) In Greek mythology, the Muse of his Length, about 250 miles. Clincher (klin'cher). A character in Farquhar's comedy "The Constant Couple," also in "Sir Harry Wildair," its sequel: a pert London pren- tice turned beau, and affecting travel. Clinias (klin'i-as). [Gr. Κλεινίας .] 1. Killed at the battle of Coronea 447 B. c. An Athe- nian commander, father of Alcibiades, dist in- guished at Artemisium 480.-2. Lived about 400 в. с. A Tarentine noted as a Pythagorean philosopher and friend of Plato. Clink (klingk), The. A prison which was sit- uated at one end of Bankside, London. It be- longed to the "Liberty of the Clink," a part of the manor of South wark not included in the grant to the city of Lon- don and under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Winches ter. The prison was for the delinquents of this manor. It was burned down in the riots of 1780. Clinker (kling'ker), Humphrey. A workhouse boy in Smollett's "Humphre Humphrey Clinker." He turns out to be a natural son of Mr. Bramble, into whose service he has entered. tory: usually represented in a sitting attitude, holding an open roll of papyrus. Clio. A pseudonym of Add is on, formed from his signatures "C.," "L.," "I.," and "O." in the "Spectator": perhaps the initials of Chelsea, London, Isling ton, and the "Office." Cli a, or Kli a (klis'sä). A fortified village and strategic point in Dalmatia, Austria-Hungary, 8 miles northeast of Spalato. Population (1891), 3,775. Cli au. See Kli ow . Cli old (klis'old), August us. Born near Stroud, Gloucestershire, about 1797: died at Tun bridge Wells, England, Oct. 30, 1882. A clergyman of the Church of England, identified after 1840 (when he withdrew from the ministry) with Swedenborgianism. He translated Swedenborg's "Principia Rerum Naturalium," and published numerous works in support of his doctrines. Cli on (klēs-son'). A town in the department of Loire-Inférieure, France, situated on the Sèvre 16 miles southeast of Nantes. It has a ruined castle. Population (1891), commune, Clint (klint), Alfred. Born at London, March 22, 1807: died at London, March 22, 1883. An English marine-painter, son of George Clint. 2,916. 1770: died at London, May 10, 1854. An Eng-s Clint, George. Born at London, April 12, lish portrait-painter and engraver, son of a London hair-dre er. He was elected an a ociate of the Royal Academy in 1821, and re signed in 1836. Clinton. A city in Clinton County, Iowa, situ Cli on, Olivier de. Born in Bretagne about 1332: died at Jo elin, in Bretagne, April 24, 1407. A constable of France. He became companion in arms of Du Guesclin in 1370, and constable in 1880, and commanded the vanguard at the battle of Rosbecq. He was eventually deprived of his honors, but left a repu tation for great military ability. ated on the Mi i ippi River 29 miles northeast of Davenport. It has an extensive lum-ö ber trade. Population (1890), 13,619. Clinton. A manufacturing town in Worcester County, Ma achusetts, situated on the Nashua River 33 miles west of Boston. Population (1890), 10,424. Clinton. A village in Oneida County, New York, 8 miles southwest of Utica: the seat of Hamilton College (which see). Clinton (klinton), De Witt. Born at Little Britain, Orange County, N. Y., March 2, 1769: died at Albany, N. Y., Feb. 11, 1828. An American lawyer and statesman, son of James Clinton (1736-1812). He was United States senator from New York 1802; mayor of New York 1803-07, 1809-10, and 1811-15, and lieutenant-governor 1811-13; candidate 1817-25). for President 1812; and governor 1817-23 and 1825-28. He was the chief promoter of the Erie Canal (constructed Clinton, Edward Fiennes de. Born 1512: died Jan. 16, 1585. The ninth Lord Clinton and Saye, created earl of Lincoln May 4, 1572. As a royal ward he was married, about 1530, to Elizabeth Blount, widow of Gilbert, Lord Talboys, and mistre of Henry VIII. He served in the naval expedition to Scotland in 1544; commanded the fleet sent to Scotland in 1547: was appointed governor of Boulogne; and became lord high admiral May 14, 1550, an office which he held, with interruption at the Mary's reign, until his death. In 1557 he commanded, with the Ear of Pembroke, the English contingent sent to the support of the Spaniards at St. Quentin. Clinton, George. Died July 10, 1761. An English admiral and colonial governor, second son of the sixth Earl of Lincoln. He was governor of Newfoundland 1732-41, and of New York 1741-51. Clinton, George. Born at Little Britain, Ulster County, N. Y., July 26, 1739: died at Washington, D. C., April 20, 1812. An American statesman and general, son of Charles Clinton (1690-1773). He was governor of New York 1777-95 and 1801-04, and Vice-President 1805-12. Clinton, Sir Henry. Born about 1738: died at Gibraltar, Dec. 23, 1795. An English general. He entered the British army in 1751; arrived with Gener the battle of Bunker Hill in June, 1775; participated in als Howe and Burgoyne at Boston in May, 1775; fought at the battle of Long Island in Aug., 1776; stormed Forts Clinton and Montgomery in Oct., 1777; succeeded Howe as commander-in-chief in 1778; captured Charleston in May, 1780; and resigned his command to Sir Guy Car let on Clinton, Henry Fynes. Born at Gamston, Nottingham shire, Jan. 14, 1781: died at Welwyn, 1782. Oct. 24, 1852. An English cla ical scholar and chronologist. He was graduated at Oxford (Christ Church) 1803, and was a member of Parliament 1806-26. He wrote "Fasti Hellenici" and "Fasti Romani," standard works on the civil and literary chronology of Greece and of Rome and Constantinople. He also prepared an epitome of the chronology of Greece, and one of that of Rome (published posthumously). Clinton, James. Born in Ulster County, N. Y., Aug. 9, 1736: died at Little Britain, N. Y., Dec. Clitandre ou l'innocence délivrée (kle-ton'dr le-no-sons' da-le-vra'). A tragicomedy by P. Corneille, produced in 1630. The name tandre (who is the lover in this play) is frequently given to the lover in old French comedy. Clitandre (kle-ton'dr). 1. A man of sense and nts" in Moand loves Hen spirit who makes fun of the "pédants" spirit who makes fun of the deve riette. 2. The lover of Angélique in Molière's comedy "George Dandin."-3. In Molière's play play "Le misanthrope," nthrope," a delightful marquis, a lover of Célimène.-4. The lover of Lucinde in Molière's "L'Amour médec in." He pretends to be a doctor to cure her. Clitheroe (klith'e-ro). A munici municipal and par municipal shire, England, liamentary borough situated on the Ribble 28 miles north of Manchester. It has cotton manufactures, printworks, etc. Population (1891), 10,815. Clitomachus (kli-tom'a-kus), originally Hasdrubal (has'c (has drö-bal). [Gr. Κλειτόμαχος .] Born before 186 в.с.: died after 111 в. с. A Cart hag in i an philosopher. He settled at Athens before 146, and succeeded Carneades as leader of the New Academy in 129. Cliton (klē-tôn'). The valet of Dorante in Corneille's "Le menteur" and its sequel: a witty, intelligent rascal. Clitophon. See Leucippe . Clitor (kli'tor). [Gr. Κλείτωρ . ] In ancient geography, a city of Arcadia, Greece, in lat. 37° 54′ N., long. 22° 7' E. Clitumnus (kli-tum'nus). A river of Umbria, Italy, affluent of the Tinia: the modern Clitumno. It is celebrated (especially through the descriptions of the younger Pliny) for its sanetity and beauty. Clitus, or Cleitus (kli'tus) (Gr. Κλείτος ), surnamed Melas (Gr. Μέλας ) ('the Black'). Died at Maracanda, Sogdiana, 328 в. с. А Maced on i an general, a friend of Alexander, whose life he saved at Granicus in 334, and by whom he was slain in a drunken brawl at a banquet. Clitus. In Shakspere's "Julius Cæsar," a servant of Brutus. Clive (kliv), Mrs. (Caroline Meysey-Wigley). Born at London, June 24, 1801: died (from accidental burning) at Whit field in Here ford shire, July 13, 1873. An English writer, author of "Paul Ferroll," a sensational novel, and other stories and poems. Clive, Catherine or Kitty (Catherine Raftor). Born in 1711: died at London, Dec. 6, 1785. An actre , the daughter of an Irish gentleman, William Raftor. After a youth of obscurity and poverty she came to the notice of Colley Cibber, who was manager of Drury Lane Theatre. He gave her a position in 1727, and by 1731 she had established a reputation as a comic actre . She retired from the stage on April 24, 1769. She was in Garrick's company from 1746. She early married George Clive, a barrister, but they separated by mutual consent. Her forte was rattling comedy and operatic farce. After her retirement from the stage she 22, 1812. An American general, son of Charles lived for many years in a house which Walpole gave here Clinton (1690-1773). He defended Fort Clinton unsucce fully in Oct., 1777, against Sir Henry Clinton, and took part in Sullivan's expedition against the Indians in Clio (kli'o). [Gr. Κλειώ , from κλέιειν , κλέειν , cele 1779. near Strawberry Hill, and which he called Cliveden. wrote some small dramatic sketches, only one of which, "The Rehearsal, or Boys in Petticoats," was printed (1753). Clive, Robert, Baron Clive of Pla ey. Born at Styche, Shropshire, England, Sept. 29, 1725: Clodius (klō'di-us). Another form of Claudius (which see). Clodpate (klod'pāt), Justice. A coarse rustic justice in Shad well's comedy "Epsom Wells." He is public-spirited, but a hater of London. Cloe. See Chloe. Indian wars in Canada. He came out with Maison- neuve, governor of Montreal, in 1642, and became sergeant- major of the garrison and notary public. He was acting governor of Montreal during the absence of Maisonneuve in 1655, and was invested with the fief of St. Lambeth in 1658. He was killed in a skirmish with the Iroquois. Humour." Orange is the more humorous of the two; Closterman (klōs'ter-män), John (G. Johann Klostermann). Born at Osnabrück, Hannover, to stick him with commendations. 1656: died at London, 1713. A German portrait- painter, resident in England after 1681. Closter-Seven (klos'ter-sev'n), or Kloster- Zeven (klōs'ter-tsā'ven), Convention of. A resque appearance and the beauty of its en- compact concluded at Zeven (a village in Hanvirons. nover, Pru ia, 24 miles northeast of Bremen), Cloveshoo. See Clofesho . Sept. 8, 1757, between the Duke of Cumber- Clovio (klō'vē-ō), Giulio, surnamed Macedo. land and the Duc de Richelieu, the French Born at Grizana, in Croatia, 1498: died at commander. By its terms the Han over i an army was dispersed. Clot (klo), Antoine Barthélemy, known as Clot Bey. Born at Grenoble, France, Nov. 7, 1793: died at Marseilles, Aug. 28, 1868. A French physician, chief physician to Mehemet Ali in Egypt 1822-49. He wrote "De la peste observée en Egypte" (1840), etc. Clotaire (klō-tar') I., G. Chlothar (chlo'tär). Born 497: died 561. King of the Franks, fourth son of Clovis I. On the death of Clovis in 511, his em- pire was divided among his sons, Theodoric receiving Austrasia, Clodomir Orléans, Childebert Paris, and Clotaire So is sons. Clotaire succeeded, partly by violence, partly by inheritance, in reuniting the dominions of his father, over which he ruled 558-561. Also Clothaire. Clotaire II., G. Chlothar. Born 584: died at Paris, 628. King of the Franks, son of Chil- peric I., of So is sons, and Fredegonda. He was four months old on the death of his father in 584. The regency was conducted by his mother, who became in- volved in a protracted war with Brunehilde of Austrasia and Burgundy. The latter was, in 613, betrayed by the nobles of Burgundy into the hands of Clotaire, who put her to death, and po e ed himself of her dominions, thus reuniting under his sway the empire of Clovis. Cloten (klō'ten). In Shakspere's "Cymbe- line," the queen's son by a former husband. He is rejected by Imogen. In the earlier part of the play (written later) he is a foolish and malicious braggart; in the fourth act, which belongs to an earlier version, he Clotho (klothō). [Gr. Κλωθώ , the spinner, from κλώθειν , spin.] In Greek mythology, that one of the three Moirai or Fates who spins the thread of life. See Fates . Clotilda (klō-tilda), Saint, G. Chlothilde (chlō-tel'de). Born about 475: died at Tours, France, 545. Queen of the Franks, daughter of Chilperic, king of the Burgundians. Her father, mother, and two brothers were murdered by her uncle Gundebald, joint king of the Burgundians, by ried, 493, Clovis I., king of the Franks, whose conversion from paganism is said to have been accomplished chiefly through her instrumentality. The Roman Church com- memo rates her on June 3. Clotilda. Died 531. Daughter of St. Clotilda. She married Amalaric, king of the Visigoths. Clotilde, Sainte. A church in Paris, in the Pointed style of the 14th century, begun in 1846. It has lofty pierced spires. The façade has three large sculptured doorways, and the interior is effective, and po e es good sculptures and paintings. The church measures 330 by 105 feet, and 85 from vault to pavement. Clovis (klō'vis) I., G. Chlodwig (chlōd'viG). [LL. Clovis , a reduced form ( Ludovicus being a fuller form) of OHG. Chlodowig , Chlodwig , Hlodwig , G. Ludwig (whence also F. Louis , E. Lewis ).] Born about 465: died at Paris, 511. The founder of the Me roving i an line of Frank- ish kings. He succeeded his father Child eric as king of the Salic Franks in 481; defeated Syagrius near So is sons in 486; married the Christian prince Clotilda in 493; defeated the Alamanni (not, as is wrongly stated, at Tolbi- acum or Zülpich) in 496; was baptized by Remigius the same year, in fulfilment, it is said, of a vow made at this battle; defeated the Burgundians in 500; fixed his court at Paris 507; and defeated the West Goths at Voulon near Poitiers, in 507. Clowes (klouz), John. Born at Manchester, England, Oct. 31, 1743: died at Leaming ton, England, May 29, 1831. A clergyman of the Church of England, rector of St. John's Church, Manchester, and an influential supporter of Swedenborgianism. He translated Sweden- borg's treatise "On the Worship and Love of God" (1816). Cloyne (kloin). A small town in the county of Cork, Ireland, 15 miles east of Cork. It was formerly an episcopal see, of which Bishop Berkeley was one of the incumbents. Club, The. A body of malcontents in the Scot- tish Parliament 1689-90. Its chief members were Montgomery, Ro , and Ann andale. Clugny. See Cluny . Clumsy (klum'zi), Sir Tunbelly. A country gentleman in Vanbrugh's play "The Relapse": a coarse, unwieldy boor, the father of Mi Hoyden. He is retained in Sheridan's "Trip to Scar borough," an adaptation of "The Relapse." Clunch (klunch). The husband of Old Madge in Peele's "Old Wives' Tale." He leads home three lost travelers, and she tells them a tale. Cluny, or Clugny (klü-ne'). A town in the department of Saône-et-Loire, France, 11 miles northwest of Mâcon. It is celebrated for its Benedictine abbey, founded in the 10th century, and from which the monks were expelled in 1789. The abbey Cloud (klö), Saint. Clodvald or Chlodvald, youngest son of Clodomir, the son of Clovis. Cluny, Hôtel de. A former palace of the ab- ties Water ford and Tipperary, Ireland, situated He became a monk. See Saint Cloud. on the Suir 25 miles northwest of Water ford. Cloudeslie, William of. See William . It is noted as the birthplace of Sterne and Lady Ble - ington. Population (1891), 8,480. Clontarf (klon-tärf'). A small eastern suburb of Dublin, Ireland. Here, April 23, 1014, Brian Bo- rohma, king of Ireland, defeated the Danes and the rebels of Leinster. Clouds (kloudz), The. [L. Nubes , Gr. αἱ Νεφέλαι .] A famous comedy by Aris toph anes. Streps i a des (Turncoat') sends his spendthrift son Pheidippides to the phrontistery ('thinking-shop') of So crates, who appears as a sophist, to be reformed by training in rhetoric. Pheidippides refuses to go; so Streps i a des goes himself, and finds So crates swinging in a basket observing the sun and ether. So crates summons the Clouds, his new deities, and undertakes to make a sophist of him and free him from the religion of his fathers. Unfortunate results of his new knowledge show Streps i a des his error, and he abandons So crates and sets the phrontistery on fire. Clouet (klö-a'), François, commonly called Janet. Born at Tours about 1500: died 1571 (1). A French painter, son and pupil of Jean Clouet (14859-15427). He received letters of natura liz a- tion from Francis I. in 1541 when he succeeded his father as painter to the king, and he held the same office under Henry II. and Charles IX. His works include a portrait of the dauphin François at Antwerp (1524), a full-length portrait of Henry II. in the Louvre (about 1558), and a por- trait of Elizabeth of Austria in the Louvre (about 1570). Clough (kluf), Arthur Hugh. Born at Liver- pool, Jan. 1, 1819: died at Florence, Nov. 13, 1861. An English poet and author. He went to Rugby in 1829, and was much influenced by Arnold, with whom he was a favorite. In 1837 he went to Oxford; accepted the headship of University Hall, London, in 1849; in 1852 came to America; and in 1854 was married in England to the daughter of Samuel Smith of Combe House, Surrey. In 1859 his health began to fail. Among Clusium (klö'shium). The Roman name of Chiusi. Clutter buck (klut'ér-buk), Captain Cuthbert. The name under which Scott a umed to edit "The Monastery," "The Abbot," and "The Fortunes of Nigel." Cluver (klö'ver), or Cluverius (klö-vē'ri-us), Philipp. Born at Dantzic, Germany, 1580: died at Leyden, Netherlands, 1623. A noted German geographer. He wrote "Introductio in universam geo- graph i am," etc. (1629), and other works. Clwyd (klö'id). A small river in North Wales which flows into the Irish Sea at Rhyl, north of St. Asaph. Clymene (klim'e-ne). [Gr. Κλυμένη.] 1. In Greek mythology, daughter of Ocean us and Tethys, wife of Iapetus, and mother of Atlas nä kät-sen'). Born about 1495: died after 1521. An Aztec chief, son of Nezahualpilli, lord of Tezcuco, and brother of Cacama, who was seized by Cortés in 1520. Cortés put another bro- ther, Cuicuitzcatl, in Cacama's place, but Coanaco claimed the chieftainship of Tezcuco, and after the noche triste and ma acred a body of Spaniards who were pa ing he was upheld by the Mexican sovereigns. He seized through Tezcucan territory, but on the approach of Cortés (Dec., 1520) he fled to Mexico, where he a isted in the de- fense. He was captured with Guatemotzin, Aug. 13, 1521. Coanza (kō-än'za), or Quanza (kwän'zä). A river in western Africa which flows into the Atlantic Ocean in lat. 9o 15' S. Length, about 600 miles. Coarí, or Coary (kō-ä-re'). A river of Brazil which joins the Amazon from the south in about long. 63° 30′ W. Pa., Jan. 23, 1813. An American politician. Coast Range (köst ranj), or Coast Mountains He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Indepen- (kost moun'tānz). 1. A series of mountain- dence, and a member of the Constitutional Convention chains extending nearly through the western part of California, nearly parallel with the Pa- peak is Mount San Bernard i no (11,500 feet). - cific Ocean. Width, 30-40 miles. The highest 2. A range of low mountains in northwestern Oregon, parallel with the Pacific Ocean.-3. ing on the Atlantic (Pg. Serra do Mar)., Coat bridge (kot'brij). A town in Lan arks hire, Scotland, 9 miles east of Glasgow. Its lead- ing industry is iron manufacture. Population, Coatlan. See Coatlicue . Coatlicue (kō-ä-tlē'kwe), Cohuatlicue, or Co- at lant on a. ['Serpent petticoat.'] In Mexican (Nahuatl) mythology, the mother of Huitzilo- pochtli. She was a woman of Tulla who, seeing a feathery white ball float down from the sky, hid it in her bosom; shortly after she gave birth to the war-god, fully grown and armed, who attacked the enemies of his mother. Mixcoatl. The flower-dealers of Mexico annually made According to another legend, Coatlicue was the wife of offerings of the early spring flowers to this godde , or to another of the same name. lyace, Coatlan, Coat lant on an , etc. Coatzacoalcos (kō-ät-sä-kō-äl'kōs), or Goatza- coalcos (gō-ät-sä-kō-äl'kōs). A river in the isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, which flows into the Gulf of Mexico in lat. 18o 8′ N., long. 94° 20′ W. Length, about 150 miles. Cob (kob), Oliver. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names into London the city was chiefly supplied from conduits, generally erected by rich citizens. Water was carried Cob was one of these, and gave a sort of notoriety to his from these by men called "tankard-bearers," and sold. cla from his position in Jonson's play. Coban (kō-bän'). The capital of the depart- ment of Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, in lat. 15° 45′ N., long. 90° 15′ W. Population (1889), 18,000. Cobb (kob), Howell. Born at Cherry Hill, Ga., Sept. 7, 1815: died at New York, Oct. 9, 1868. An American politician. He was member of Con- gre from Georgia 1843-51 and 1855-57 (speaker 1849-51), governor of Georgia 1851-53, secretary of the treasury 1857-60, and president of the Confederate Congre 1861-62. Cobb, James. Born in 1756: died in 1818. An English playwright, author of numerous come- dies, operas, etc. Cobb, Sylvan us. Born at Norway, Maine, July, 1799: died at East Boston, Ma ., Oct. 31, 1866. An American Universalist clergyman and writer. He became in 1838 editor of the "Christian Freeman," which position he occupied upward of twenty Coalitions against France, during the Napo- leonic period. They were the following: tory Notes" (1864), etc. first (1793-97) consisted of England and all the Continental powers except Ru ia, Sweden, and Denmark. Bonaparte won the battles of Millesimo, Mondovi, Lodi, Arcole, etc., and dictated the peace of Campo-Formio, Oct. 17, 1797. land, and Pru ia. Napoleon lost the decisive battles of Leipsic and Waterloo. Coan (kō'an), Titus. Born at Killing worth, Conn., Feb. 1, 1801: died at Hilo, Hawaii, Dec. 1, 1882. An American mi ionary in Ha- wai i 1835-82. Cobb, Sylvan us, Jr. Born at Waterville, Maine, 1823: died at Hyde Park, Ma ., July 20, 1887. An American miscellaneous writer, son of Sylvan us Cobb. He wrote "The King's Talisman" (1851), "The Patriot Cruiser" (1859), "Ben Cobbe (kob), Frances Power. Born at Dublin, Dec. 4, 1822. An English author and phil an- thropist. She has written "An E ay on Intuitive Morals" (1855-57), "Broken Lights" (1864), "Darwin ism in Morals, and Other E ays" (1872), "The Hopes of the Human Race" (1874), "The Moral Aspects of Vivisection" (1875), "The Duties of Women" (1880), "The Scientific Spirit of the Age" (1888). etc. Cobbett (kob'et), William. Born at Farnham, Surrey, England, March 9, 1762: died near Farn- ham, June 18, 1835. A noted English political writer. He was the son of a peasant, obtained a meager education, enlisted in the army about 1783, obtained his discharge about 1791, and in 1792 emigrated to America. From 1797 to 1799 he published at Philadelphia "Porcu- pine's Gazette," a Federalist daily newspaper. He returned to England in 1800. In January, 1802, he began at London the publication of "Cobbett's Weekly Political Register," which, with trifling interruptions, was continued until his death; and in 1803 began to publish the "Parliamentary Debates," which in 1812 pa ed into the hands of T. C. Coburg Peninsula. A peninsula in the north- ern part of Australia, west of the Gulf of Car- pentaria. Cobweb (kob'web). A fairy in Shakspere's "Midsummer Night's Dream." Cocadrille (ko'ka-dril). [One of the early forms of crocodile .] A fabulous monster found in the island of Silha, according to Sir John Mandeville. He describes it as having four feet and short thighs, and great nails like talons. Cocaigne, The Land of Cocaigne, The Land of. See Cockaigne . Cocamas (kō-kä'mäs). An Indian tribe of eastern Peru. They live mainly on the southern side of the Amazon, near the frontiers of Brazil. By lan guage and customs they appear to be of the great Tupi race, probably with some admixture of other tribes. They are agricultural, have long been on friendly terms with the whites, and are rapidly becoming amalgamated with the semi-civilized country population. Cocanada (kō-ka-nä'dä). A seaport in the God a very district, Madras, British India, in lat. 17° 1' N., long. 82° 17′ E. Cocceians (kok-se'anz). The followers of John Cocceius or Koch (1603-69), profe or of the ology at Leyden, Holland, who founded the so-called "Federal" school of theology. He believed that the whole history of the Christian church to all time was prefigured in the Old Testament, and so opposed the Voetians. Cocceius (kok-tsä yös), Johannes (originally Koch or Koken). Born at Bremen, Aug. 9, 1603: died at Leyden, Netherlands, Nov. 5, 1669. A Dutch Hebraist and theologian. He became profe or of biblical philology at the Academy of Bremen in 1629, profe or at the University of Franeker in 1636, and profe or of dogmatics at Leyden in 1650. He wrote "Lexicon et com men tar i us sermon is Heb. et Chald. Vet. Test." (1669), "Summa doctrine" (1648), etc. With all its defects, the Federal theology of Cocceius is the most important attempt, in the older Protestant the ology, to do justice to the historical development of revelation. W. R. Smith , Prophets of Israel, p. 375. Coccia (kot'chä), Carlo. Born at Naples, April 14, 1789: died at Novara, Italy, April 13, 1873. An Italian composer of operas, cantatas, and ma es. He visited London in 1820, where he was an operatic conductor and also profe or of composition at the Royal Academy, returning to Italy in 1823. He again visited England in 1835. Cochabamba (kō-chä-bäm'bä). 1. A central department of Bolivia. Area, 21,333 square miles. Population, 196,766.-2. The capital of this department, in lat. 17° 25′ S., long. 66° 10' W. Population, 20,000. Cochem (ko'chem). A town in the Rhine Province, Pru ia, situated on the Moselle 25 miles southwest of Coblenz. It has a castle. Cocherel (kosh-rel'). A hamlet 12 miles east of Evreux, France. Here in 1364 the French under Bertrand du Guesclin defeated the forces of England and Navarre. Cochet (ko-sha'), Jean Benoît Désiré. Born at Sanvic, near Havre, France, March 7, 1812: died at Rouen, France, June 1, 1875. A French archæologist, best known from his explorations in Normandy. Cochimi (kō-che-me'). A tribe of North American Indians. They inhabited a region in Lower California from 26° to about 31° N. lat. See Yuman . Cochin (kō-shan'), Charles Nicolas. Born at Paris, Feb. 22, 1715: died at Paris, April 29, 1790. A French engraver and art critic. He wrote "Voyage d'Italie" (1758), etc. Cochin, Pierre Suzanne August in. Born at Paris, Dec. 12, 1823: died at Versailles, France, March 15, 1872. A French publicist and economist. Cochin (kō-chen' or ko'chin). 1. A feudatory state under the protection of Madras, British India, situated about lat. 10° 30′ N., long. 76° 30′ E. Area, 1,362 square miles. Population (1891), 722,906.-2. A seaport in the Malabar district, Madras, British India, in lat. 9° 58′ N., long. 76° 14′ E. It was settled by the Portuguese in 1503, and was held by the Dutch from 1663 to 1796. Cochin China (ko'chin chi'nä). A name sometimes used vaguely as nearly identical with Annam, properly restricted to the eastern or maritime part of Annam. Cochin China, French or Lower. A French colony lying between Cambodia and Annam on the north, the China Sea on the southeast, and the Gulf of Siam on the west. It includes the delta of the Mekong. It was ceded to France in 1862 (province of Vinh-Long 1883). Its chief product is rice.