Scotland

Craig eng elt (kra-gen-gelt'), Captain. An adventurer in Sir Walter Scott's novel "The Bride of Lammer moor." He is the friend of Cranstoun or Kronach (kron'ak or krō'näch), Lucas, Born at Kronach, near Bamberg, Germany, 1472: died at Weimar, Germany, Oct. 16, 1553. A noted German painter and engraver. He be came in 1504 court painter to the elector Frederick the Wise, of Saxony. He was elected burgomaster of Witten berg in 1537 and in 1540. His best-known works are altar pieces in Weimar, Wittenberg, and elsewhere. Cranach, Lucas, the younger. Born at Wittenberg, Germany, Oct. 4, 1515: died at Weimar, Cranach (1472-1553). of Ravens wood. most brilliant work was done. Craik (krāk), George Lillie. Born at Kennoway, Fifes hire, Scotland, in 1798: died at Belfast, June 25, 1866. A Scottish historian and general writer, appointed profe or of English literature and history at Queen's College, Belfast, in 1849. Author of a "Compendious History of English Literature and of the English Language" (1861), etc. Craik, Georgiana Marian (Mrs. A. W. May). Born at London, April, 1831: died at St. Leonard's, Nov. 1, 1895. An English novelist, daughter of the above. Her works include "River stone" (1857), "Lost and Won" (1859), "Winifred's Wooing" (1862), "Mildred" (1868), "Sylvia's Choice" (1874), "Hilary's Love-Story" (1880), "Godfrey Helstone" (1884), "Patience Holt" (1891), etc. Craik, James. Born in Scotland, 1731: died in Fairfax County, Va., Feb. 6, 1814. A Scottish American physician. He accompanied Washington in the expedition against the French and Indians in 1754; served as physician under General Braddock in 1755; entered the medical service of the Continental army 1775; and became the family physician of Washington, whom he attended in his last illne . On his authority rests the anecdote of the Indian chief who, at Braddock's defeat, discharged his rifle fifteen times at Washington without effect, and who years after made a long journey to see the man whom he supposed to enjoy a charmed existence. Craik, Mrs. (Dinah Maria Mulock), usually known as Mi Mulock. Born at Stoke-uponTrent, England, 1826: died at Short lands, Kent, Oct. 12, 1887. An English novelist and poet. She was the author of "The Ogilvies" (1849), "The Head of the Family" "Agatha's Husband" "John Halifax, Gentleman" (1857), "A Life for a Life" (1859), Noble Life" (1866), Brave Lady" (1870), "Han nah" (1871), etc. She published a volume of poems in 1859, and "Thirty Years' Poems" in 1881, besides many children's books, fairy tales, etc. She married George Lillie Craik, Jr., in 1865. Crail (kral). A seaport of Fifes hire, Scotland, situated on the North Sea 31 miles northeast of Edinburgh. In medieval times it was a royal residence. Crailsheim (krils' him). A town in Würtemberg, situated on the Jagst 48 miles northeast of Stuttgart. Cramer (krämer), Johann Andreas. Born at Jöhstadt, Saxony, Jan. 27, 1723: died at Kiel, Holstein, June 12, 1788. A German religious poet and pulpit orator. His collected poems were published 1782-83, and his posthumous poems 1791. Cramer, John Baptist. Born at Mannheim, Baden, Feb. 24, 1771: died at London, April 16, 1858. A composer and distinguished pianist, son of Wilhelm Cramer: author of studies for the piano, etc. pseudonym of Mi Mary N. Murfree. Cradle of Liberty. See Faneuil Hall . Cradock (krad'ok), Sir. A knight in the Arthur i an legends: the only one in the whole court whose wife was chaste. See Boy and the Mantle . Craft of Lovers, The. A poem attributed to Chaucer by Stowe, but now denied to be his. Crafts (krafts), Samuel Chandler. Born at Wood stock, Vt., Oct. 6, 1768: died at Crafts bury, Vt., Nov. 19, 1853. An American politician, governor of Vermont 1828–31. Crafts, William. Born at Charleston, S. C., Jan. 24, 1787: died at Lebanon Springs, N. Y., Sept. 23, 1826. An American lawyer and poet. Craftsman (krafts'man), The. A political periodical, originated in 1726 by Nicholas Amhurst under the signature of "Caleb D'Anvers of Gray's Inn." Bolingbroke and Pulteney joined their forces to his, and it gained a high reputation and proved a very powerful organ of the opposition to Sir Robert Walpole. Craig, Isa. See Knox , Isa C. Craig (krag), John. Born about 1512: died 1600. A Scottish reformer, friend and succes burg, Pru ia, March 7, 1752: died at Kiel, Holstein, Dec. 8, 1807. A German writer, son of Johann Andreas Cramer. Cramer, Wilhelm. Born at Mannheim, 1745: died at London, Oct. 5, 1799. A distinguished German violinist, resident in London after 1772. Crampel (kron-pel'), Paul. Born in France, 1863: died April, 1891. An African explorer. He began his African career in 1886, under S. de Brazza. In 1888-89 he made a succe ful journey from Madiville, on the Ogowe River, through the Fan country to Corisco Bay. In 1890 the Comité de l'Afrique Française sent him to Lake Chad in order to connect the French Sahara with the French Kongo. At the head of 30 Senegalese soldiers and 250 carriers, and a isted by 3 Europe ans, he left Stanley Pool on Aug. 15, 1890. From Bangi, the last European post on the Mobangi River, he marched northward as far as El Kuti, between lat. 9° and 10° N. Here he was abandoned by most of his carriers, and while attempting to of the Senou i Moslems. Of his white companions, one force his way to the north fell a victim to the fanaticism died, one was killed, and only one, Nébout, escaped to the coast. Crampton's Gap (kramp'tonz gap). A pa in the South Mountain, Maryland. See South Mountain. Cranach, or Kranach (kranʼak or krä'näch), landscape-painter, poet, and translator, son of William Cranch. He entered the ministry, but retired in 1842 to devote himself to art. Among his more noted pictures are "October Afternoon" (1867), "Venice" (1870), "Venetian Fishing-boats" (1871). He published "Poems" (1844), "The Bird and the Bell, etc." (1875), "Ariel and Caliban" (1887), etc., and prose tales for children, which he illustrated. Cranch, William. Born at Weymouth, Ma ., July 17, 1769: died at Washington, D. C., Sept. 1, 1855. An American jurist, chief justice of the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia 1805-55. Crane (krān), Ichabod. A country schoolmaster in Irving's "Legend of Sleepy Hollow." He is the lover of Cater in a Van Ta el, and is frightened out of the country-side and the way of his rival by his adventure with the latter disguised as the Headle Horseman. son. "The cognomen of Crane was not inapplicable to his per He was tall, but exceedingly lank, with narrow shoulders, long arms and legs, hands that dangled a mile out of his sleeves, feet that might have served for shovels, and his whole frame most loosely hung together. His head was small, and flat at top, with huge ears, large green gla y eyes, and a large snipe nose, so that it looked like a weathercock, perched upon his spindle neck, to tell which way the wind blew. To see him striding along the profile of a hill on a windy day, with his clothes bagging and fluttering about him, one might have mistaken him for the genius of famine descending upon the earth, or some scarecrow eloped from a corn-field." Washington Irving , The Sketch-Book (Sleepy Hollow). Crane, Walter. Born at Liverpool, 1845. An English genre-painter, best known by his illustrations for children's books, fairy tales, etc. Cranganore (kran-ga-nor'). A port on the Malabar coast, British India, in lat. 10° 14′ N., long. 76° 10′ E. It was early held by the Portuguese, and later by the Dutch (16th-18th centuries). It is the traditional scene of the labors of St. Thomas. Cranmer (kran'mer), Thomas. Born at Aslacton, Nottingham shire, July 2, 1489: died at Oxford, March 21, 1556. Archbishop of Canterbury. He was educated at Cambridge, where he took the degree of B. A. in 1512 and that of M. A. in 1515. In 1529 he obtained the favor of Henry VIII. by proposing that, in order to avoid the nece ity of an appeal to Rome, the question of the king's marriage with Catharine of Aragon should be referred to the universities. He was appointed chaplain to the king, and in 1530 accompanied the Earl of Wilts hire on a mi ion to the Pope in reference to the divorce. In 1532 he was sent on a mi ion to the emperor in Germany, and in the same year infringed the rule of the Roman Catholic Church by marrying a niece of Osiander. He was appointed archbishop of Canterbury in 1533, and in the same year pronounced the marriage of Henry with Catharine of Aragon invalid. He abjured his allegiance to Rome in 1535, became a member of the regency for Edward VI. in 1547, and in 1548 was head of the commi ion which composed the first English prayer-book. He invited a number of distinguished foreign Protestants to settle in England, including Peter Martyr, Ochino, Bucer, and Alasco the Pole. He was induced by Edward VI. in 1553 to sign the patent which settled the crown on Lady Jane Grey to the exclusion of Mary and Elizabeth, and was in consequence committed to the Tower for treason on the acce ion of Mary. He was subsequently tried for heresy, and in spite of numerous recantations (which he repudiated at his execution) was sentenced to the stake. Crannon, or Cranon (kran'ōn). [Gr. Κραννών, Κρανών.] In ancient geography, a city in The aly, Greece, about 10 miles southwest of La ri a (exact (exact site not known). Here, 322 B. C., Anti pater defeated the confederated Greeks. Cranon (called also Ephyra) was a city in the part of The aly known as Pelasgiotis (Hecat. Fr. 112: Steph. Byz. ad voc.). It stood in a fertile plain, remarkable alike for its cereal crops (Liv. xlii. 64, 65) and for its pasturage (Theocr. xvi. 38). Its exact site cannot well be fixed; but the plain in which it stood is undoubtedly that which lies south of the low ridge between Lari a and Fersala (Pharsalia), watered by the Enipeus, or Apidanus (Fersaliti). Rawlinson, Herod., III. 504, note. Crans. See Gés . Cranston (kranz'ton), John. Died March 12, 1680. Governor of Rhode Island 1678-80. Cranston, Samuel. Died 1727. Governor of Rhode Island 1698-1727: son of John Cranston. Cranstoun (kranz'ton), Henry. A character in Sir Walter Scott's poem "The Lay of the Last Minstrel." He personates William of Deloraine The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names Cranstoun in the trial by combat, and, winning, reconciles the Lady of Brank some, his hereditary foe, to his marriage with her daughter Margaret. Crantor (kran'tōr). [Gr. Κράντωρ .] Born at Soli, Cilicia: lived about 325 в.с. A philosopher of the Old Academy, the first commentator on Plato. He wrote a treatise "On Grief," from which Cicero borrowed extensively in his "Tusculan Disputations." Cran worth, Baron. See Rolfe . Cranz, or Krantz (kränts), David. Born 1723: died at Gnadenfrei, Silesia, June 6, 1777. A German Moravian historian. He became secretary to Count Zinzendorf in 1747, was afterward sent on a mi ion to Green land, whence he returned 1762, and in 1766 was appointed pastor at Rixdorf, near Berlin. He wrote "Historie von Grönland" (1765), ande dalte und neue Brüder-Historie oder kurze Geschichte evangel is chen Brüder-Unität" (1771). Craon (kron). A town in the department of Mayenne, France, 18 miles southwest of Laval. Population (1891), commune, 4,434. Craonne (krä-on'). A village in the department of Aisne, France, 13 miles southeast of Laon. Here, March 7, 1814, Napoleon checked the allied army under Blücher and Wintzingerode. Crapaud (krä-pō'), Jean or Johnny. [F. cra paud , toad.] A nickname for a French man. Crashaw (krash'a), Richard. Born at London, 1616 (1612, Grosart): died 1649. An Eng lish poet. He was educated at Charter House and at Cambridge, where in 1637 he became a fellow of Peter house. He was, however, deprived of his fellowship for not taking the covenant in 1644, and was driven out of the country. He went to Rome, having joined the Roman Church. A canonry at Loretto was procured for him in 1649. There were suspicions that he was poisoned. He belonged to the anti-Puritan school which included Herrick, Carew, and Herbert. His secular and religious poems were collected and published as "Steps to the Temple" and "The Delights of the Muses" in 1646. His latest religious poems were published in 1652 and called "Carmen Deo Nostro." Cra us (kras'us), Lucius Licinius. Born 140 B.C.: died 91 B. c. A Roman orator and statesman. He was consul in 95, and censor in 92. He is one of the chief speakers in Cicero's "De Oratore." Cra us Dives (di'vēz), Marcus Licinius. Born probably about 105 в. с.: died 53 B. c. A Roman general and statesman. He served under sulla in the civil war with Marius, and profited by liberality of his chief, and by the opportunities which the war offered for speculations in confiscated property, to ama a colo al fortune, which he utilized to further his political ambition. He suppre ed the servile insurrection under Spartacus in 71, was elected consul with Pompey in 70, was censor in 65, formed with Cæsar and Pompey the First Triumvirate in 60, was elected consul with Pompey in 55, obtained (for five years) the province of Syria in 54, and in 53 undertook an expedition against the Parthians, in the course of which he suffered a terrible defeat at Carrhæ in Me so pot am i a. He was treacherously killed in an interview with a Persian satrap. Cratch it (krach'it), Bob. Scrooge's poor clerk in Charles Dickens's "Christmas Carol": а cheerful, unselfish fellow, the father of "Tiny Tim." Cratch it, Tim: known as "Tiny Tim." A little cripple in Dickens's "Christmas Carol." Crater (kra'ter). [L., 'avase'; from Gr. Κρατήρ .] An ancient southern constellation, south of Leo and Virgo. It is supposed to represent a vase with two handles and a base. Crater, The. A novel by Cooper, published in 1847. Crater Lake. A small lake in Oregon, situated in the midst of the Cascade Mountains. It is remarkable for its wall of perpendicular rock (1,000-2,000 feet high). With the adjoining district it is included in the Oregon National Park. Crater us (krat'e-rus). [Gr. Κρατερός .] Killed in Cappadocia, 321 в. с. А Maced on i an general. He served with distinction under Alexander the Great, and was co-ruler with Anti pater in the government of Macedonia, Greece, etc., 323-321. Crates (krātēz). [Gr. Κράτης.] 1. An A then i an comic poet who flourished about 440 B. C. He was said to have first been an actor in the plays of Cratinus. - 2. An A then i an (flourished originator-the Æschylus - of political comedy" ( Ma haffy ). The titles and many fragments of his plays have survived. Cratippus (kra-tip'us). [Gr. Κράτιππος.] 1. Lived about 400 в. c. A Greek historian, the continuator of the history of Thucydides.2. Lived about 45 B. c. A Peripatetic philosopher of Mytilene. He was the friend and instructor of Cicero, who accounted him one of the first philosophers of the Peripatetic school. He accompanied Pompey in his flight after the battle of Pharsalia, and endeavored to comfort and rouse him by engaging him in philosophical discourse. He opened a school at Athens about 48 B. C., which was attended by many eminent Romans, including Brutus during his stay in Athens after the murder of Cæsar. He is thought to have written a work on divina tion. Cratylus (krat'i-lus). [Gr. Κράτυλος .] A Greek philosopher, an elder contemporary of Plato. He was a disciple of Heracleitus. Plato introduces him as the principal speaker in one of his dialogues (the "Craty lus"). Craufurd (kra ferd), Quintin. Born at Kilwinnock, Scotland, Sept. 22, 1743: died at Paris, Nov. 23, 1819. A Scottish e ayist, long in the service of the East India Company, and after 1780 (except 1791-1802) resident in Paris. In the early days of the Revolution he was a friend of the French royal family, and took a prominent part in their attempt to escape from Paris. He wrote "Sketches relating chiefly to the History, Religion, Learning, and Manners of the Hindoos" (1790), "Secret History of the King of France, and his Escape from Paris in June, 1791" (first published in 1885), "E ais sur la littérature française, etc." (1803), etc. Craufurd, Robert. Born May 5, 1764: died at Ciudad Rodrigo, Jan. 24, 1812. A noted Eng lish general. He served in India 1790-92, on the Continent with the Austrians until 1797, with Suvaroff in Switzerland in 1799, in South America in 1807, and in the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo during the Peninsular campaign. He died from a wound received while leading the a ault upon a breach. Cravant (krä-von'), or Crévant (kre-von'). A village in the department of Yonne, France, 10 miles southeast of Auxerre. Here, 1423, the allied English and Burgundians under the Earl of Salisbury defeated the allied French and Scotch. Craven, Counte of. See Berkeley , Elizabeth . Craven. A district in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Crawford (kra ford), Edmund Thornton. Born at Cowden, near Dalkeith, Scotland, 1806: died at La wade, Scotland, Sept. 27, 1885. A noted Scotch painter of landscapes and marines. Crawford, Francis Marion. Born at Lucca, Italy, Aug. 2, 1854. An American novelist, son of Thomas Crawford the sculptor. He studied at Cambridge, England, and later at Heidelberg and Rome. In 1879 he went to India and edited the Allah a bad "Indian Herald." He returned to America in 1880, and has since lived chiefly in Italy. His novels include "Mr. Isaacs" (1882), "Dr. Claudius" (1883), "To Leeward" (1883), "A Roman Singer" (1884), "An American Politician" (1884), "Zoroaster" (1885), "A Tale of a Lonely Parish" (1886), "Saracinesca" (1887), "Marzio's Crucifix" (1887), "Paul Patoff" (1887), "With the Immortals" (1888), "Greifenstein" (1889), "Sant' Ilario" (1889), "A Cigarette-Maker's Romance" (1890), "The Witch of Prague" (1891), "Khaled" (1891), "The Three Fates" (1892), "The Ralstons" (1895), etc. Crawford, Nathaniel Macon. Born near Lexington, Ga., March 22, 1811: died near Atlanta, Ga., Oct. 27, 1871. An American Baptist cler gym an and educator. Crawford, Thomas. Born at New York, March 22, 1814: died at London, Oct. 16, 1857. An American sculptor. His works include "Armed Liberty," bronze doors (all in Washington); Beethoven, bust of Josiah Quincy, "Orpheus" (all in Boston); Washington (in Richmond), etc. Crawford, William Harris. Born in Nelson County, Va., Feb. 24, 1772: died in Elbert County, Ga., Sept. 15, 1834. An American states minister to France 1813-15, secretary of war 1815-16, secreman. He was United States senator from Georgia 1807-13, tary of the treasury 1816-25, and candidate for the presi dency 1824. Crawford Notch. A pa in the White Mountains, southwest of the Presidential Range. Crawfordsville (kra fördz-vil). A city and the county-seat of Montgomery County, Indi Crédit Mobilier but is fond of his wife and has a certain honor of his own. Mr. Pitt Crawley is a prig with "hay-colored whiskers and straw-colored hair. "He was called Mi Crawley at Eton, where his younger brother Rawdon used to lick him violently." The second Lady Crawley, a pale and apathetic woman, is a contrast to her sister-in-law, the little, eager, active, black-eyed Mrs. Bute Crawley. The Rev. Bute Crawley is a "tall, stately, jolly, shovel-hatted man," a horse-racing parson whose wife writes his sermons for him. Mi Crawley, the sister of Sir Pitt and the Rev. Bute, is a kind and selfish, worldly and generous old woman, "who had a balance at her banker's which would have made her beloved anywhere." Crayer (kri'yer), Gaspar de. Born at Antwerp, Nov. 18, 1584: died at Ghent, Jan. 27, 1669. A Flemish painter. His best-known works are "St. Catharine" in Ghent, and Madonnas in Munich, Vienna, etc. Crayford (kra ford). A village in Kent, England, about 13 miles southeast of London. It is usually identified with Creccanford, where in 457 (?) Hengist defeated the Britons. Crayon (kra'on), Geoffrey, Gent. The pseudonym of Washington Irving in his "SketchBook," etc. Crazy Castle. The nickname of Skelton Castle, the house in Yorkshire of John Hall Stevens on, who wrote a series of broad stories which he called "Crazy Tales." Stevens on was the kinsman of Sterne, and the Eugenius of "Tristram Shandy." "One part of Crazy Castle has had effects which will last as long as English literature. It had a library richly stored in old folio learning, and also in the amatory reading of other days. Every page of 'Tristram Shandy' bears traces of both elements." Bagehot , Lit. Studies, II. 117. Creakle (krē'kl), Mr. In Charles Dickens's "David Copper field," the principal of the school at Salem House where David Copper field was sent: a man of fiery temper who could speak only in a whisper. Creasy (kre'si), Sir Edward Shepherd. Born at Bexley, Kent, England, Sept. 12, 1812: died at London, Jan. 27, 1878. An English historian. His works include "Fifteen Decisive Battles of (1852), "Rise and Progre of the English (1856), etc. the World is Constitution" (1856), "History of the Ottoman Turks" Creation (kre-a's hon), The. 1. A poem by Black more, published in 1712.-2. An oratorio by Haydn, produced at Vienna 1798. Crébillon (kra-be-yôn), Claude Prosper Jolyot de. Born at Paris, Feb. 14, 1707: died at Paris, April 12, 1777. A French novelist, son of P. J. de Crébillon. Crébillon, Prosper Jolyot de. Born at Dijon, France, Jan. 13, 1674: died at Paris, June 17, 1762. A noted French tragic poet. He lived long in neglect and want, was appointed censor in 1735, and received a place in the Royal Library in 1745. In 1731 he became a member of the Academy. His plays include "La mort des enfants de Brutus," "Idoménée" (1705), "Atrée et Thyeste" (1707), "Rhadamiste et Zénobie" (1711), "Electre" (1709), "Xerxès” (1714), "Sémiramis" (1717), "Pyrrhus" (1726), "Catilina" (1749), and "Le Triumvir at" (1753). Another play, "Cromwell," was not completed. Crécy (krā-se), or Cre y (kres'i). A village in the department of Somme, northern France, 30 miles northwest of Amiens. Here, Aug. 26, 1346, the English under Edward III. (about 30,000-40,000) defeated the French army under Philip VI. (about 80,000). The lo of the French was about 30,000. Cr Credi (krā'dē), Lorenzo di. Born at Florence, Italy, 1459: died at Florence, Jan. 12, 1537. A Florentine painter. He was originally a goldsmith, but turned to painting, which he studied under A. Verrocchio. His most noted painting is a Nativity, in the academy at Florence. Credit on (kre'di-ton). A town in Devons hire, England, situated on the Creedy 8 miles northwest of Exeter. It was the birthplace of St. Boniface. Population (1891), 4,207. Crédit Mobilier (kred'it mo-beʻlier; F. pron. krā-de' mo-be-lya'). [F'., lit. 'personal credit': crédit , credit; mobilier , personal (of property), from mobile , movable.] 1. In French history, a banking corporation formed in 1852, under the name of the "Société Générale du Crédit Mobilier," with a capital of 60,000,000 francs, for Polemo in the Academy. The friendship of the two was famous in antiquity, and they were said to have been buried in the same tomb. 3. Born at Mallus in Cilicia: lived about 150 B. C. A Greek grammarian, founder of the Pergamene school of grammar. His chief work is a commentary on Homer, of which a few fragments remain.-4. Born in Thebes: lived about 320 в. с. А Greek Cynic philosopher, a disciple of Diogenes. Cratinus (kra-ti'nus). [Gr. Κρατίνος .] A famons A then i an comic poet (about 520-423 в. с.). He exhibited twenty-one plays, and was victor nine times, triumphing once over Aris toph anes. He was "the real seat of Wabash College (Presbyterian). Population (1890), 6,089. Crawfurd (kra'fèrd), John. Born in Islay, Scotland, Aug. 13, 1783: died at London, May 11, 1868. A British Orientalist and ethnologist. His chief work is a "History of the Indian Archipelago" (1820). Crawley (kra'li). The name of a well-known family in Thackeray's novel "Vanity Fair." Sir Pitt Crawley, the head of the family, is a rich but sordid old man, fond of low society: to his house Becky Sharp goes as governe . She makes herself so attractive that he offers to marry her, when she is obliged to acknowledge her secret marriage with Rawdon Crawley, his youngest son. The latter is a blackleg and a gambler, all companies, and the transaction of a general banking busine . It engaged in very extensive transactions, buying, selling, and loaning in such a manner as to bring into one organized whole all the stocks and credit of France, and was apparently in a most prosperous condition until it proposed to i ue bonds to the amount of 240,000,000 francs. This amount of paper currency frightened financiers, and the government forbade its i ue. From this time the company rapidly declined, and closed its affairs in 1867, with great lo to all but its proprietors. 2. In United States history, a similar corporation chartered in Pennsylvania in 1863 with a capital of $2,500,000. In 1867, after pa ing into new hands, and increasing its stock to $3,750,000, it became a new company for the building of the Union Pacific Railroad. Crédit Mobilier For a few years it paid large dividends, and its stock rose in value. In a trial in Pennsylvania in 1872 as to the ownership of some stock, it was shown that certain congre men secretly po e ed stock, and both houses of the Congre that met in December of that year appointed committees of investigation. The Senate committee recommended the expulsion of one member, but the Senate did nothing. The House committee recommended the expulsion of two of its members, but the House, instead, pa ed resolutions of censure. Credner (krad'ner), Hermann. Born at Gotha, Oct. 1, 1841. A noted German geologist, profe or at Leipsic from 1870. He traveled in North America 1864-68. Among his scientific publications the most notable are those relating to glacial problems. Credulous (kred'ū-lus), Justice, and Mrs. Bridget (brij'et). An ignorant, good-natured pair in Sheridan's farce "St. Patrick's Day." They are fooled by the scheming lieutenant who marries their daughter Lauretta. Mrs. Bridget is a kind of Mrs. Malaprop. She speaks of a soldier "like a colo us, with one leg at New York and the other at Chelsea Hospital" (St. Patrick's Day, i. 2). IMG:content-0333.png:[blocks in formation] is here still Briseida, or rather Briseis. From Guido the story pa ed to Boccaccio, who seems himself to be responsible for the character of Pandar us, and from Boccaccio to Chaucer. "Lollius," alluded to by Chaucer, is believed to be a misnomer. Saints bury , note in Dryden's Troilus and Cre ida (Scott's [ed., revised 1884). Cre id, or Creseide, Testament of, and its con yos, a name given to them by the Tupis. All the tribes of the Crens stock are savages of a low grade. Among the more important ones, besides the Botocudos, are the Carahós, Cayapós, Chavantes, Cherentes, and Ges. The stock is believed to be the most ancient in Brazil, and it has been connected with the human remains found in caverns with the bones of extinct animals. Cree (kre), or Cristineaux, or Knistineaux. Creole State. The State of Louisiana. An important tribe of North American Indians, Creon (kre'on). [Gr. Κρέων.] 1. In Greek who live principally in Manitoba and A in i legend, a king of Corinth, father of Glauce boi a, between Red River and Lake Winnipeg or Creusa, the wife of Jason.-2. A king of and the Saskatchewan River. See Algonquian . Thebes, contemporary with Edipus. Creech (krech), Thomas. Born at Bland ford, Dor sets hire, England, 1659: committed suicide, June, 1700. An English writer, translator of "Lucretius" (1682). Creed, Nicene. See Nicene Creed. Creed, The Apostles'. See Apostles Creed. Creedmoor (krēd'mör). A village in Queen's County, New York, situated on Long Island 13 miles east of New York city. It contains the rifle-range of the National Rifle A ociation. Creek, or Kreek (krēk). [Pl., also Creeks .] A powerful confederacy of North American Indians which in historic times occupied the greater part of Alabama and Georgia. The confederacy seems to have existed in 1540, and to have then embraced at least the following named tribes: Abika (or Coosa), Okfúski, Kasi'hta, and Kawita; afterward the Alibamu, Hitchití, Koasáti, Taskígi, Yuchi, and Yamasi. During the 18th century the only important conflict between the settlers and these tribes was with the Yamasi, which was instigated by the Spaniards; but the Creek war in 1813-14 was serious, and resulted in the ce ion to the United States of the greater part of the Creek land. Between 1835 and 1843 occurred the Seminole war, which was very costly in life and money to the United States government. The Creek "Nation" now holds lands in Indian Territory, and is well organized. The population, which contains many of mixed blood, is 14,000. Also called Maskoki , Muskoki , Mascogee , Mobilian. See Muskho gean . Crefeld, or Krefeld (kra'feld). A city in the Rhine Province, Pru ia, 12 miles northwest of Dü eldorf. It has a royal textile academy, is the chief seat of the velvet and silk manufacture of Germany, and exports its fabrics largely to Great Britain, the United States, etc. It was acquired by Pru ia from the house of Na au in 1702. Here, on June 23, 1758, Ferdinand of Brunswick defeated the French under the Count of Clermont. Population (1890), commune, 1056,376. Creil (krāy). A town in the department of Oise, France, situated on the Oise 30 miles north of Paris. Population (1891), commune, 8,183. Crelle (krel'le), August Leopold. Born at Eichwerder, near Wriezen, Pru ia, March 11, 1780: died at Berlin, Oct. 6, 1855. A German mathematician and engineer. Crema (kra'mä). A town in the province of Cremona, Italy, situated on the Serio 24 miles southeast of Milan. It has a cathedral and an ancient castle. It was besieged and destroyed by Frederick Barb a ro a in 1160. Population, 8,000. Cremera (krem'e-ra). In ancient geography, a small river of Etruria which joins the Tiber a few miles north of Rome. It is the traditional scene of the defeat of the Fabii in 477 (1) в. с. Crémieux (krā-mye'), Isaac Adolphe. Born at Nîmes, France, April 30, 1796: died at Pa y, Paris, Feb. 10, 1880. A French jurist and politician, of Hebrew descent, minister of justice 1848 and 1870-71. He was appointed life senator in 1875. Cremnitz. See Kremnitz . Crépy-en-Laonnais (krā-pē'on-lä-o-nā'), or Crespy. A village in the department of Aisne, France, 6 miles northwest of Laon. Here was signed, Sept. 18, 1544, a treaty of peace between Francis I. of France and the emperor Charles V. The former renounced claims to Lombardy, Naples, and the suzerainty of Flanders and Artois; the latter renounced claims to Burgundy. Crescent City. New Orleans: so named from its position on a bend of the Mi i ippi River. Crescent in i (kre-shen-tē ́nē), Girolamo. Born at Urban i a, near Urbino, Italy, 1769: died at Naples, April 24, 1846. A celebrated Italian singer (mezzo-soprano) and composer, profe or at the Royal College of Music at Naples from 1816. Crescent i us (kres-sen's hi us), or Cencius (sen's hi us). Died 998. A leader of the popular faction at Rome. Having obtained the dignity of consul 980, he usurped the government, and announced his intention of restoring the ancient republic. He opposed Pope Gregory V., who was elected through the influence of the emperor Otto III., and, supported by the Byzantine court, put forward John XVI. as antipope. He was defeated by Otto at St. Angelo, April 29, 998, and put to death. According to the legend Crescent i us was revenged by his widow Stephania or The odor a, who, having succeeded in gaining the confidence and the love of the emperor, put him to death by poison. There he (the emperor) put the rebel Crescent i us, in whom modern enthusiasm has seen a patriotic republican who, reviving the institutions of Alberic, had ruled as consul or senator, sometimes entitling himself Emperor. Bryce, Holy Roman Empire. Crescenzi (kre-shen'dzē), Pietro. Born at Bologna, Italy, 1230: died at Bologna, 1307 (?). An Italian writer on agriculture, author of "Opus ruralium commodo rum" (1471), one of the first of printed books, etc. Crescimbeni (kre - shēm-bā nē), Giovanni Mario. Born at Macer at a, Italy, Oct. 9, 1663: died March 8, 1728. An Italian poet and literary historian, one of the founders of the "Arcadian Academy" (1690): author of "L'Istoria dell a volgar poesia" (1698), etc. Crespi (kres'pē), Giovanni Battista, called Il Cerano (from his birthplace). Born at Cerano, Piedmont, Italy, 1557: died at Milan, 1633. An Italian painter. His best works are in Milan. Crespi, Giuseppe Maria, surnamed Lo Spagnuolo ('the Spaniard'). Born at Bologna, Italy, 1665: died at Bologna, July 16, 1747. An Italian painter. Crespo (kres'po), Joaquin. Born in Miranda about 1845. A Venezuelan politician. He succeeded Guzman Blanco as president (being elected as his candidate) Feb. 20, 1882, to Feb. 20, 1886. In 1892 he headed a revolt against Palacio, occupied Caracas Oct. 7, 1892, and soon after was elected president. A new constitution was adopted June, 1893, and under it Crespo was inaugurated president for four years, March 14, 1894. Crespy (krā-pē'). See Crépy - en - Laonnais . 1. A province of Lombardy, Italy, bordering on the Po. It has manufactures of silk. Area, 686 square miles. Population (1881), 302,138. -2. The capital of the above province, situated on the Po in lat. 45° 8' N., long. 10° 1' E. It contains a cathedral (see below), the Palazzo Pubblico, and the Torrazzo, the highest tower in northern Italy (396 feet). It has important silk manufactures, and has long been celebrated for the manufacture of violins and violas, in which the Amati family, Strad i var i us, and others, from the 16th to the 18th century, achieved reputation. In the 16th century it had a school of art. It is an ancient Gallic town; was colonized by the Romans about 219 B. C.; was destroyed by Vespas i an's troops The mythical daughter of a Trojan priest Calchas, whose infidelities make her name a byword for faithle ne . See Troilus and Cres sida . are accounted for by her desire to reconcile her husband and stepson and to benefit them both. Cre well (kres'wel); Sir Cre well. Born at Newcastle, England, 1794: died at London, July 29, 1863. An English jurist, first judge of the English Divorce Court (1858). Cre y. See Crécy . Crest (krest). A town in the department of Drôme, southeastern France, situated on the Drôme 15 miles southeast of Valence. Popula tion (1891), 5,569. Creston (kres'ton). A manufacturing town in Union County, Iowa. Population (1890), 7,200, Creswick (kres'wik), Thomas. Born at Sheffield, England, Feb. 5, 1811: died at Bays water, London, Dec. 28, 1869. An English landscape painter. His subjects were chiefly English rural scenery. Crete (kret), It. Candia (kan'di-ä; It. pron. kän'de-ä). [Gr. Κρήτη , L. Creta, F. Candia; mod. Gr. Kriti , Turk. Kirit .] An island in the Mediterranean, situated southeast of Greece and southwest of Asia Minor. It forms a vilayet of the Turkish empire. Its surface is mostly mountainous, and it produces wheat, fruit, wool, and wine. The chief towns are Khania and Megalo Kastron. Its inhabitants are mainly of Greek descent. Crete was connected with legends of Zeus and Minos, and was celebrated in anti quity for its laws. It was subdued by the Romans under Me tell us in 67 B. C.; conquered by Saracens 823; and later was a part of the Byzantine empire. It was ceded to Venice in 1204. Its conquest by the Turks was completed in 1669. Its people took part in the Greek war of independence. The government was administered by Egypt from 1830 to 1840. The island has been the scene of many revolts. In 1896-97 an effort was made by a part of the population, aided by Greek troops, to free the island from Turkish rule and annex it to Greece. This was opposed by the great powers, who established a pacific blockade of the island. As a result of defeat in the Greco-Turkish war, the Greeks were obliged to withdraw. Length, 155 miles, Greatest width, 35 miles. Area, about 3,300 square miles. Population, 294, 192. Crétin (kra-tan'), Guillaume. A French poet who lived in the reigns of Charles VIII., Louis XII., and Francis I. But the leader of the whole was Guillaume Crétin (birth and death dates uncertain), whom his contemporaries extolled in the most extravagant fashion, and whom a single satirical stroke of Rabelais has made a laughing-stock for some three hundred and fifty years. The rondeau ascribed to Rami nag rob is, the "vieux poète français" of Pant a gruel, is Crétin's, and the name and character have stuck. Cré tin was not worse than his fellows; but when even such a man as Marot could call him a poète souverain , Rabelais no doubt felt it time to protest in his own way. Saints bury, French Lit., p. 165. Creusa (krē-ūsä). In cla ical legend, the daughter of Priam, and wife of Æneas. Creuse (krèz). 1. A department of central France, lying between Indre and Cher on the north, Allier and Puy-de-Dôme on the east, Corrèze on the south, and Haute-Vienne on the west. It was formed from the ancient Haute-Marche and small portions of Limous in, Bourbonnais, Poitou, and Berri. Capital, Guéret. Area, 2,150 square miles. Population (1891), 284,660. 2. A river in central France which joins the Vienne. Creusot, or Creuzot (kre-zō'), Le. A town in the department of Saône-et-Loire, France, 13 miles southeast of Autun. It is the seat of Schneider and Co.'s iron-works, and has other extensive manufac tures of cast-iron, steel, manufactured iron, locomotives, etc. Population (1891), commune, 28,635. Creutz, Count Gustaf Philip. Born in Finland, 1731: died Oct. 30, 1785. A Swedish politician and poet. He was appointed amba ador to Madrid in 1763, and three years later was transferred to Paris. where he became intimate with Franklin, with whom he concluded a treaty of commerce between Sweden and the United States April 3, 1783. Creuzer (kroit'zer), Georg Fried rich. Born at delberg, Baden, Feb. 16, 1858. A German phi of philology at Marburg in 1802, and at Heidel As far as made out, invention of Cre id Marburg, Pru ia, March 10, 1771: died at Hei- (called by him, and for some time afterwards, Briseida, and so identified with Homer's Briseis) belongs to Benoist lologist and archæologist, appointed profe or de Ste. More, a trouvère of the twelfth century, who wrote a Roman de Troie of great length, as well as a verse chroni Creuzot, Le. See Creusot. Crévant-sur-Yonne (kra-von'sür-yon'), Battle of. See Cravant . Crevaux (kre-võ'), Jules Nicolas. Born at Lorquin, Lorraine, April 1, 1847: died in the Gran Chaco, Bolivia, April 24, 1882. A French surgeon and traveler. In 1876, being stationed in French Guiana, he began explorations in the interior, twice cro ing to the Amazon; later he explored the Japura branch of the Amazon, and traveled on the Orinoco. In 1881 he left Buenos Ayres with a number of companions, having planned an extended trip through the center of South America; but while ascending the river Pilcomayo all the company but two were killed by the Indians. The results of his explorations have been published in the "Tour du monde," and in the "proceedings" of various sci- entific societies. He commanded the French at the battle of Gui negate (1479), in which he was defeated by Maximilian of Austria with a large force of Flemings; and became marshal of France in 1492. Crévier (krā-vyā'), Jean Baptiste Louis. Born at Paris, 1693: died at Paris, Dec. 1, 1765. A French historian and man of letters. He con- tinued Rollin's "His to ire romaine," and wrote "His to ire des empereurs jusqu'à Constant in" (1750-56), "Rhéto- rique française" (1765), etc. Creyton (kra ton), Paul. A pseudonym of J. T. Trow bridge. Cribb (krib), Tom. Born at Hanham, Glouces- tershire, England, July 8, 1781: died at Wool- wich, May 11, 1848. An English champion pugilist, known as "the Black Diamond" (from his occupation as a coal-porter). stone, in which the latter comes out ahead, gives its name to the book. "To have a cricket on the hearth is the luckiest thing in the world." Crieff (kref). A town in Perth shire, Scotland, 16 miles west of Perth. Population (1891), 4,901. Crillon (kre-yôn'), Louis des Balbes de Ber- ton de. Born at Murs, Provence, France, 1541: died at Avignon, France, Dec. 2, 1615. A cele- brated French general, called "L'Homme sans peur" ('the fearle '). He fought against the Hu- guenots in the civil wars, taking part in the battles of Rouen, Dreux, St. Denis, Jarnac, Mon contour, and St. Jean d'Angély; served as a Knight of Malta under Don John of Austria at Lepanto in 1571; and held a high com- mand in the army of Henry III. during the war of the League 1580-89. After the death of Henry III. he entered the service of Henry IV., under whom he fought at the battle of Ivry in 1590, and from whom he received the title "le brave des braves." Crillon-Mahon (kre-yôn mä-ôn'), Louis des Balbes de Berton, Duc de. Born 1718: died at Madrid, 1796. A French general. He served with distinction at Fontenoy 1745, and in the Seven Years' War. Later he pa ed into the Spanish service, conquered Minorca 1782, and was made captain of the Spanish armies and duke of Mahon. His "Mémoires" were published in 1791. Crimea (kri-mē'ä). [Ru . Krym or Krim , F. Crimée .] A peninsula in the government of Taurida, southern Ru ia, nearly surrounded by the Black Sea and Sea of Azoff: the ancient Tauric a Cher sones us. In the northern portion its surface is a plain, but south of the river sanghir it is mountainous. Its inhabitants are principally Ru ians and Tatars. Capital, Simferopol. Its ancient inhabitants were the Cimmerians, afterward called Taurians. It was the seat of the kingdom of Bosporus (which see), and was frequently overrun in the middle ages. It became a dependency of Turkey in 1475, was annexed to Ru ia in 1783, and in 1854-55 was the scene of the Crime an war (which see). Area, 9,928 square miles. Crime and Punishment. A novel by Dostoyev- sky, published in 1866. Crime an War. A war waged 1853-56 between Ru ia and the allied forces of Turkey, France, Great Britain, and Sardinia. It arose through the demand on the part of Ru ia for a protectorate over the Greek subjects of the sultan. Among its leading events are: battle of Sinope 1853; Ru ian occupation of the Danubian principalities 1854; battle of the Alma Sept. 20, 1854; beginning of the siege of Sebastopol Oct., 1854; battle of Balaklava Oct. 25; battle of Inkerman Nov. 5; attacks on Sebastopol June, 1855; battle of Tchernaya Aug. 16; storming the Malakoff Sept. 8; fall of Sebastopol Sept. 11; and the capture of Kars by the Ru ians Nov. 28, 1855. The war was closed, and its i ues decided, by the treaty of Paris (which see), March 30, 1856. Crim is us (kri-mi's us), or Crimi us (kri-mis' us). In ancient geography, a river in western Sicily, probably near Segesta. Here, 339 в. с., Ті. mole on with 11,000 men defeated 70,000 Cart hag in i ans. Crimmitschau, or Crimmitzschau (krim'mit- shou). A manufacturing town in Saxony, sit- uated on the Plei e 36 miles south of Leipsic. Its leading industries are spinning and weav- ing. Population (1890), 19,972. Crinan (kre'nan) Canal. A canal through the peninsula of Argylls hire, Scotland, connecting Loch Fyne with the ocean. Length, 9 miles. Le Sage, produced in 1707. Crispin ell a (kris-pi-nel'ä). In Marston's play "The Dutch Courtezan," a sparkling, lively girl, the opposite of her sister Be at rice. IMG:content-0334.png:[blocks in formation] Cringle, Tom. See Scott , Michael. Cringle (kring'gl), Tom. The pseudonym of Cirrha. William Walker, in his works on Australia. Cripple Creek (krip'l krēk). A mining town Crichton (kri'ton), James (styled "The Adin El Paso County, Colorado, about 30 miles mirable Crichton"). Born in Scotland, Aug. southwest of Colorado Springs, at the base of 19, 1560: killed at Mantua, Italy, July 3, 1583 (1). Pike's Peak. Population (1894), about 10,000. A Scottish scholar and adventurer, celebrated Cripple of Fen church. See Fair Maid of the to have recognized the leader of the brawlers as his pupil, the son of the Duke of Mantua, and having drawn his sword upon him to have offered it to him by the handle; whereupon the prince seized it and stabbed him to the heart. Dict . Nat . Biog. Crichton, The. A London artistic, scientific, and literary club, established in 1872. Crichton, The Admirable. James. Cripple gate (krip'l-gat), or Crepel-gate. An old London gate. It was the fourth from the western end of the wall. The original gate was probably built by King Alfred when he restored the walls, 886 A. D. Stow says that in 1010, when the body of Edmund the Martyr, king of the East Angles, was borne through this gate, many lame persons who were congregated there to beg rose up- right and were cured by its miraculous influence. The postern was afterward a prison for debtors and common trespa ers. It was rebuilt in 1244 and in 1491, and in the fifteenth year of Charles II. it was repaired and a foot-pos- tern made. The rooms over the gate were used by the city water-bailiff. Cripple gate was pulled down in 1760. Crish Kringle. See Cri Kingle . Crisp (krisp), Charles Frederick. Born at Shef- field, England, Jan. 29, 1845: died at Atlanta, Ga., Oct. 23, 1896. An American politician. He served as a lieutenant in the Confederate army in the Civil War; was admitted to the bar in 1866; was appointed solicitor general of the southwestern judicial district in 1872; was reappointed for a term of four years in 1873; was appointed judge of the Superior Court of the same district in 1877; was elected by the general a embly to the same office in 1878; was reelected judge for a term of four years in 1880; resigned in 1882; was a Democratic representative from Georgia from the Forty-eighth through the Fifty-third Con- gre ; and was speaker of the House in the Fifty-second and Fifty-third Congre es. Cristineaux (kres-ti-no'). See Cree. Cristinos (krēs-tēnōs). In Spanish history, the partizans of Donna Maria Christina (Sp. Cristina ), regent for her daughter Isabella Ma- ria II. 1833-40. Ferdinand VII., who married Chris- tina in 1829, repealed the Salic law of succe ion, intro- duced by Philip V. 1713, in accordance with which females could inherit the throne only in case of the total extinction of the male line; and by a decree of March, 1830, called the pragmatic sanction, established the old Castilian law in accordance with which the daughters and granddaugh- ters of the king take precedence of his brothers and neph- ews. The pragmatic sanction was not recognized by the king's brother, Don Carlos, who, supported by the clericals or absolutists, began a civil war on the death of Ferdinand, Crispi (kris'pē), Francesco. Born at Ribera, Critias (krit'i-as). [Gr. Κριτίας .] An Athe- Sicily, Oct. 4, 1819. An Italian statesman. He nian orator and politician, a pupil of So crates, Critias and one of the thirty tyrants (404 B. c.): noted for his di olute life, rapacity, and cruelty. He perished in the battle of Munychia. Plato introduces him in a dialogue (a fragment) which bears his name. Critic (krit'ik), The. A farce by Richard Brinsley Sheridan, produced Oct. 30, 1779. It is an imitation of Bucking ham's "Rehearsal." Critic on (krit'i-kon). See the extract. The most remarkable work of Gracian, however, is his "Critic on," published in three parts, between 1650 and 1653. It is an allegory on human life, and gives us the adventures of Critilus, a noble Spaniard, wrecked on the desert island of Saint Helena, where he finds a solitary savage, who knows nothing about himself, except that he been nursed by a beast. After much communication in dumb show, they are able to understand each other in Spanish, and, being taken from the island, travel together through the world, talking often of the leading men of their time in Spain, but holding intercourse more with allegorical personages than with one another.