ACID

CoHn (SHO 41, where m usually equals 2n. [B,4.]_Alkali a. An expre ion corresponding to the French alcali-acide. See Amido-a. —Amica’s. Fr., acides amiques. Ger., Aminsäuren. A cla of nitrogenized a's derived from a polybasic a. by the substitution of amidogen (NH,) for one of the molecules of hydroxy] in the a. characteristic (e. g., succinamie a., | GH - GO:OHE derived from succinic a., { ea = §8-08)- They differ from the ammonium salts of the same a's by the elements of one or more molecules of water. [B, 2, 3, 4]—Amido-a. Fr., acide amidé, alcali-acide. Ger. Amidosäure. _ An a. derived from another a. by the substitution of amidogen (NH,) for hydrogen in the a. radicle (e. g., amidosuceinic " CH.(NH\BSO.OH)' [B,3,4]-Anhydrous a. Fr.,acidean- CH, — hydre. Ger, wa erfreie Sä See ANHYDRIDE.—Animal a. Fr., acide animal. An a, found in an animal ti ue or secretion. [B.j-Aromatic a. Fr., acide a rom at i que. Ger., a rom at is che Säure. It., acido aromatico. Sp., âcido aromdtico, An a, derived from hydrocarbons of the aromatic group of compounds, They are divided into the aromatic a’s proper, derived from henzene or a homologue of benzene by the substitution of the a. characteristic CO.OH for one or more atoms of hydrogen; and the aromatized faity a's, derived from the a's of the fatty serics by the replacement of one or more atoms of hydrogen by phenyl or its homologues. {B, 4.|—Aromatized fatty a. See Aromatic a.— Arsinie a’s, Arsonic a°s. Fr., acides arsiniques (owarsoniques). Ger., Arsinsäuren. A cla of a’s formed by the oxidation of the arsines or the arsonium compounds. The most important of them are dimethylarsinic and methylarsinic a’s. [B.4.] Cf. Phosphinie a’s,—Bibasic a. Fr., acide bibasique. See Dibasic a.—Biliary . Fr., acides biliaires, Ger., Gallensäuren. See TAUROCHOLIC ACID, GLYCOCHOLIC ACID (a's of ox-bile), HyoaLycocHoLic acip, Hyo- TAUROCHOLIC ACID (a’s of pig’s bile), and CHENOTAUROCHOLIC ACID (a. of goose’s bile). [B.]—Brom’a. An a. in which one or more atoms of hydrogen in the a, radicle are replaced by bromine. [B.] —Carbon a. ‘See Organic a—Chalky a. An old name for carbonic a. [B,91.]_ See Carson dioride.—Chamber a. Ger., Kammersdure. The dilute impure sulphuric a. formed in the lead chambers in the manufacture of sulphuric a. from sulphur. [B.]—Chlora. Ana,.in which one or more of the nyerorey atoms of the a. radicle are replaced by chlorine (e. g., mono chloracetic a.), [B.]— Conjugate a, Copulated a. Fr., acide conjugué (ou copulé). Ger., gepaarte Säure, Ana. considered as formed from two or more other a's united in definite proportions. [se See et rani marine a. An old term for chlorine. [B, 86.|—Diatomic a. Fr., acide diatom i que (ou biatomique). Ger., zweiatomige Stiure. It:, acido diatomico. Ana. which contains 2 atoms of hydrogen replaceable by metallic or organic radicles. If both of these replaceable atoms are contained in the a. characteristic, CO.OH, the a. is also dibasic, but if one is contained in the a. radicle, and the other in the a. characteristic, the a. is monobasic. Salicylic a., for instance, the formula of which is C,H,(OH)CO.OH, forms two cla es of salts, having respectively the for mule C4H ((OH).COO.R’ and CHL(OR%. OO0 it is, therefore, monobasic ind diatomic, [B.]-Dibasie a. Fr., acide dibasique (ou bibasique). Ger., zweibasische Säure. It., acido dibasico. An a, containing 2 penlsceabie atoms of hydrogen in the a. characteristic. [B.|—Dihydrated a. Fr., acide bihydraté, See Hydrated a—Dihydrie a. Fr., acide dihydrique. Ger., dihydrische Säure. A diatomic a. [B.|—Dihydroxy-a’s, Dioxy-a’s. A cla of a's formed from other a’s by the replacement of 2 hydrogen atoms in the a. radicle by 2 molecules of hydroxyl; called dioxry-a’s, because they may be regarded as formed from the primitive a's by the addition of 2 atoms of oxygen. {B.] —Disulphonic a. Fr., acide disulfonique. - Ger., Disulfonsäure. Ana. which may be regarded as made up of a double molecule of sulphurous a. in which a bivalent radicle replaces 2 atoms of hydroen; having, therefore, the general formula R/’. H. Thus restricted, the term includes formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, caproic, cenanthylic, caprylic, pelargonic, capric, hendecatoic, lauric, tridecatoic, myristic, pentadecatoic, imitic, margaric, stearic, nondecatoic, arachidic, medullic, behenic, lignoceric, hyænic, cerotic, meli ic a’s, an a. of the composition Ca4- Has, ‘and theobromic a. Fr., acide ha- e, [B, 3, 4.]—Haloid a. Ger., Halogen was sers toffsäure. A hydrogen a. formed by the direct combination of an atom of hydrogen with an atom of one of the haloid elements (chlorine, bromine, iodine, and fluorine), Hence the term includes Ee noetl ore hydrobromic, hydriodic, and hydrofluorie a's. [B.]—Hexabasie a. Fr., acide hexabasique. ‘Ger. sechs basis che Sdure. An a, containing 6 atoms of replaceable hy. drogen in the a, characteristic, [B.|—Hexatomie a. Fr., acide hexatomique. Ger., sechs a to misc he Säure, An a, which contains 6 atoms of replaceable hydrogen, whether in the a. radicle, or in the a. characteristic, or in both, [B.]—Hydra’. Hydrogen a. —Hydrated a. Fr., acide hydraté. An a. combined with the elements of water; especially applied to the anhydrous a’s or anhydrides in aqueous solution when they combine with the elements of the water of solution to form true a’s. Such a’s are called monohydrated, dihydrated, and trihydrated a's, according as they are combined with one, two, or three molecules of water —Hydrogen a. Fr., hydracide. Ger., Was sers toffs iure. Originally an a, containing hydrogen; hence (as distinguished from an oxygen a.) one containing no oxygen. [B,7.] The following are the best known of this cla : hydrochloric ‘a, (HCl), hydrobromic a. (HBr), hydriodic a. (HI), ny rofiporic a. (HF), By drogyenic a. (HCN), and hydrosulphuric a. (hydrogen sulphide, HS). ‘The hydrogen a’s include also hydro cobalt i cyanic, hydro ferricyanic, hydro ferrocyanic, hydro platinocyanic, hydrocuprocyanic, hydro a uri cyanic, hydromellonic, and hydro nitro pru ic a's. Under this head may be included the group of thio-a’s, derived from oxy-a’s by replacing the oxygen with sulphur; such are thiocyanic, i so thiocyanic, perthiodicyanic, dithiocyanic, thio carbamic, thio carbonic, thio arsenic. and thio antimonic a’s. fs eyo sox y-al Ger., Hydroxysäuren. A cla of a’s formed from other a’s by the substitution of one or more molecules of hydroxyl for an equal number of atoms of hydrogen in the a. radicle; also called oxy-a's, because they may, be regarded as derived from the primitive a's by the direct addition of one or more atoms of oxygen. [B.] Cf. Dihydroxy-a's, Trihydryoxy-a's, and CE ag OD Imperfect a. In the old nomenclature, an oxy-a. which contained le oxygen than was required to saturate ii (e. g., nitrous a.). [B, 69.]—Inorganic a. See Mineral a.— Ketonle a. A substance having at once the constitution of a ketone and of an a., and imagined to be derived from a ketone by the substitution of the a. characteristic CO.OH for hydrogen. Thus, ace to acetic a., CH,.CO.CH,.CO.OH, may be regarded as dimethyl ketone, in which CO.OH replaces an atom of ycroger [B, 4.]— Marine a. An old name for hydrochloric a..|—Marine aerated a. An old name for chlorine. [B, 86.]—Metallic a. Fr. acide métallique. A mineral a. in which the a. radicle is a metal or a metallic oxide. [B.|—Mineral a. Lat., acidum minerale (seu met all i cum, seu fo i Fr., acide minéral, Ger., Mineralsäure. It., acido minerale. Sp.,dcido mineral. An inorganic a., one of which the radicle is not a carbon derivative. The chief mineral a’s are sulphuric, sulphurous, nitric, nitrous, phosphoric, phos- Bhorous, hydrochloric, and hydrobromic a's, and these have all the listinguishing characters of an a. above laid down; le important, and in some respects po e ing le characteristic properties, are antimonic, arsenic, boric, chloric, hypochlorous, hyponitrous, hyposulphurous, chromic, hydrofluoric, lodic, hydriodic, manganic, molybdenic, osmic, silicic, stannic, tungstic, and vanadic a's. [B.J— Monatomic a. Fr., acide munoatomique. Ger., einatomige Sdure. It., acido mono a to mico. An a. which contains one atom of wee hydrogen which must be in the a. characteristic. [B.]—Monobasic a. Fr., acide mon obas i que. Ger., einbasische Säure. It., acido monobasico. An a. which, whether containing 1, 2, or more atoms of replaceable hydrogen, contains only one of them in the a, characteristic. [B.]—Monohydrated a. Fr., acide monohydraté. See Hydrated a._Monohydric a. Fr. acide monohydrique. Ger., monohydrische Säure. See Monat mic a.—Nitro-a. Fr., nitro-acide. Ger., Nitrosäure. An a, formed from another a. by the substitution of nitryl (NO,) for hydrogen. [B.]—Nitrogenous a. Fr., acide azoté, Ger., stickstoffhaltige Sdure. An a. containing nitrogen. [B.]—Oleie a. Lat., acidum oleicum. Fr., acide oléique. Ger., Oleïnsäure. For the individual a. so called, see the major list; for the generic sense, see Fatty a. (2d def.).—Organic a. Fr., acide organ i que. Ger., organ is che Säure. It., acido organico. Sp., dcidu orgdnico. Ana. the radicle of which is a carbon derivative. [B.]—Oxa’. See Oxy-a. —Oxaline a. An old term for oxalic a, [B, 86.]—Oxy-a. tp oxacide. Ger., Oxysäure. 1. An oxygen a. 2. Ana. formed from another by the addition of an atom of oxygen. [B.] See Hydroxy a’s—Oxygen a. Fr., oxy-acide, Ger., Sauerstoffsäure. An a. containing oxygen; a term formerly e: ally applied, in contradistinction to the hydrogen a’s, to the anhydrous a’s or anhydrides, but now applied to the true a’s containing oxygen. Nearly all the a’s known are oxygen a’s in the latter sense, fy See Hydrogen a.—Pentabasie a. Fr., acide pen tab as i que. Ger., fünfbasische Säure, Ana. that contains 5 atoms of replaceable hydrogen all in the a. characteristic. —Pentatomic a. Fr., acide pent atom i que. Ger., fünfatomige re, Ana. containing 5 atoms of replaceable hydrogen. [B.]—Perfect a. In the old nomenclature, an oxygen a. which contained the full amount of oxygen required to saturate it. [B, 69.]—Phosphinic a’s, phosphonic a’s. Fr., acides phosphiniques (ou phosphoniques). Ger., EU DEP Teee Ure Phosphonsduren, A cla of a’s formed from phosphoric a. by the substitution of one or two molecules of a compound radicle for one or two molecules of h; days Such a’s have the general formula, PO.R’.- (OH), or PO.R',.OH, where R’ is a univalent radicle. [B.] See METHYLPHOSPRINIC ACID, PHENYL PHOSPHONIC ACID.—Polyatomlc a. Fr., acide poly atom i que. Ger., poly a to misc he Sdure. It., acido Peau at or scoy An a, containing more than one atom of replaceable hydrogen, whether in the a. radicle, in the a. characteristic, or in both. |B.]—Polybasic a. Fr., acide polybasique. Ger., mehrbasische Säure. It., aciduïlibacico. An a. containing more than one replaceable atom of hydrogen in the a. characteristic. A's of this cla are divided into dibasic, tribasic, tetrabasic, etc., according to the number of such atoms. [B.J|—Poliyhydric a. Fr., acide polyhydrique. Ger., goth drische Säure. ‘ Polyatomic a.—Pyro-a. … Pyro-acide. Ger., säure, Brenzsäure. An a. derived from another by the action of heat. |B.]—Saccharine a. An old term for oxalic a. [B, 86.]--Saturated a. Fr., acide saturé. Ger., gesiittigte Säure. See Perfect a.—Sulph azotized. Fr., acides sulfazotés. A cla of a's formed by the action of sulphurous a. upon pota ium nitrite. [B, 2.] See SULPHA MIC ACIDS, SULPH AMMONIC ACIDS, and SULPHOXYAZIC ACIDS.—Sul phinic a’s. Fr., acides sulfiniques. Ger., Sulfinsäuren. A cla of a’s of the general formula R’.SO.OH (where R’ is a univalent radicle). Such a’s may be regarded as derived from sulphurous a., SO.(OH)a, by the substitution of a univalent radicle for a molecule of hydroxyl; or thevamEy, be considered as acid hyposulphites derived from h; sulphurous a., H,50,, by the replacement of one of the Hyarogen atoms. [B.] See MErHyLsutPHINic acip,—Sulpho-a. Fr., sulfo-acide. Ger., Sulfosäure. 1. A thio-a. A sulphonic, a., especially one derived from another a. [{B.]—Sulphonic. Fr., acides sulfoniques. Ger., Sulfonsänren. A cla of a’s of the general formula Rn 2.OH)n (Where Rw is a radicle whose quantivalence is n). Such a’s may be regarded as derived from sulpani a. by the substitution of a radicle for hydroxyl; or they may regarded as acid sulphites derived from sulphurous a., HaSOa, by the replacement of half of its pyro gen bya ic radicle. 1B] See METHYL SULPHONIC acip.—Sulphur a. See Thio-a.—Tetrabasic a. Fr., acide tétrabasique, Ger., vier basis che Sdure. It., acido tetrabasico. A Po! ybasic a. sup] to contain 4 replaceable atoms of hydrogen, all of which must be contained in the a. characteristic. [B.]—Tetra hydric a. Fr., acide tétrahydrique. Ger., tetrahydrische Säure, See Tetratomic a,—Tetra hydroxy-a’s. A cla of a’s formed from other a’s by the substitution of 4 molecules of has droxyl for 4 atoms of hydrogen, [B.]—Tetratomic a. Fr., aci tétratomique. Ger., vieratomige Säure. It., acido tetra to mico. An a. which contains 4 atoms of By ongeen replaceable by metallic or organic radicles, those atoms being found either entirely in the a, characteristic, CO.OH (the a, being then tetrabasic), or partly in the a. radicle as well (the a. being then tribasic, dibasic, or monobasic). Thus, tartaric a., the formula of which is CHz(OH)5(CO.- OH),, forms two cl f salts, having rare cael the constitula es of tion ©,H,(OH)q(CO.OR’)y and C3H,(ORp(CO.OR),; Ît is, therefore, ‘at once dibasic and tetratomic. {B.]—Thio-a, Syn.: sulphur a. An a. in which sulphur replaces oxygen (e. g., thio carbamic a.). [B.]—Triatomie a. Fr., acide tri atom i que. Ger., dreiatomige Säure. It., acido tri a to mico. Ana, which contains 8 atoms of hydrogen replaceable by metallic or organic radicles, whether these atoms are all contained in the a. characteristic, CO.OH (the a. being tribasic), or partly in the a. radicle as well (the a. being dibasic or onobasic)..| Cf Diatomic a.—Tribasic a. Fr., acide tridasique. Tiers drethusische Saure: Tk, acido tribasico. À poly. basic a. containing 3 replaceable atoms of hydrogen, all in the a. O. no: 0%, not; 03, whole; Th, thin; Th?, the; U, like 00 in too; U2, blue; U®, lull; Us, full; U®, urn; U4, like ü German), T characteristic. [B.]—Trihydrated a. Fr., acide trihydraté. See Hydrated a.—Trihydrie a. Fr., acide trihydrique. Ger., trihydrische Séure. See Triatomic a.—Trihydroxy-a’s., Trioxy-a’s. A cla of a’s derived from other a’s by the substitution of 3 molecules of hydroxyl for 3 atoms of hydrogen,—Unsaturated a. Ger., ungesdttigte Säure. See Imperfect a,—Vegetabie a. Ger., >flanzensäure. An a. occurring in or derived trom vegetable ti ues or juices. ‘The names of the individual a’s will be found in their proper places in the major list. ACID, adj. A?s'i°d. Gr., dgvs. Lat., acid us (from axis [gen., dxi8os], a point). Fr., acide. Ger., seuer. It., acido, Sp., dcido, 1. Sour. 2 Having the chemical properties or showing the reaction of an acid. For special uses ot the word, see A. DYSPEPSIA, A. ELECTRICITY, A. FERMENTATION, and A. SALT.