Graham, William

ALEXANDER, statesman, born in Lincoln county, N. C., Sept. 5, 1804; graduated at the University of North Carolina; studied law; was U. S. Senator from North Carolina (1841-43); governor of that State (1845-49); Secretary of the Navy under President Fill more; Whig candidate for Vice-President (1852); member of the Confederate Senate (1864), . Died Aug. 11, 1875. Graham, in Arizona , a S.E. county; area , 6,152 sq. m.; is intersected by Gila river. Surface , mountainous, with mesas and valleys. Min. Gold, silver, copper and coal. Cap . Solomonville. Pop . (1897) about 7,500. Graham, in Kansas , a N.W. county; area , 900 sq. m.; is intersected by the S. fork of Solomon river. Surface , undulating, nearly all prairie; soil , fertile. Farming and stock raising are the chief occupations. Cap . Hill City. Pop . (1895) 3,825. Graham, in North Carolina , a S.W. county; area, 250 sq. m.; drained by Little Tenne ee river. Surface , mountainous; soil , fertile in the valleys. Cap . Rob binsville. Pop . (1890) 3,313. Graham Bread. Bread made from unbolted wheat flour; so called from Sylvester Graham, an American vegetarian (1794-1851). Graham Flour. Unbolted wheat flour as originally prepared by Sylvester Graham. Grail, Holy. The name given to a legendary cup or drinking ve el, the story of which appears in the old Celtic romances, and forms an important part of the legends relating to King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. In the story we are told how Sir Perceval comes to the castle of the Fisher King, sees. the Grail, but, in punishment for not asking about it. is condemned to wander for many years, during which he twice more comes to the castle, slays an enemy of the king, whom he releases from a life supernaturally prolonged in suffering, and succeeds in his kingship. Two others of Arthur's knights, Bors and Galahad, see the Grail, which is stated by some of the legends to be the cup used by Christ at the Last Supper, or one used by Joseph of A rima the a to collect the blood from the wounds of Christ upon the cro , and subsequently brought to England. Many of the romances are con cerned with the quest of the Grail, the starting out of The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia Arthur's knights, after a life spent in war and wa ail, on the holy task of finding this holy cup, which is achieved only by those who had lived a life of purity and chastity. In the oldest legends the Grail is simply a miraculous, food-producing ve el, an ancient Celtic calisman, one of three, of which the others are a lance that drops blood and a broken sword which only the destined hero can make whole. This legend became Christian i zed, like many others of the heathen conceptions, and the talismanic ve el became the H. G.-or Sang real of later legend-a cup connected with Christ; and in quest for it a new hero, Sir Galahad, appears, a type of chastity and virginity, who alone is fully worthy to complete the holy task. The Quest is one of the romances worked by Malory into his Morte D'Ar ther , through which the story of Sir Galahad has had an abiding influence upon English literature, through the writings of Tennyson and others. See Alfred Nutt's Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail (London, 1888 ). Grain El'evators. See ELEVATORS. Grammont'ians, n. pl. [Grammont, in Limoges, where the order was first established.] A monastic order founded A. D. 1073, with the sanction of Pope Gregory VII., by Stephen of Thiers, sometimes called Stephen de Muret. His rules enjoined poverty, obedience, silence, and abstinence from animal food. The order was established in England about A. D. 1100, in several places. Gran'bury, in Texas , a post-town, cap. of Hood co., 40 m. S.W. of Fort Worth, on Ft. W. & Rio G. R.R. Pop . (1890) 1,164. Grand, in Oklahoma , a post-village of Day co., 16 m. from Higgins, Texas, the nearest railroad station. Grand Army of the Republic. A secret fraternal organization of soldiers who served in the Civil War of 1861-'65, and were honorably discharged. The idea was first suggested in Feb., 1866, by Dr. B. F. Stephen son, of Springfield, III., who had been a surgeon in the 14th Illinois Infantry, and the organization of Post 1 was effected at Decatur, III., April 6, 1866. Of the twelve charter members, all but one had served in Illinois regiments. Post 2 was soon formed at Springfield, and other posts were thereafter rapidly established in Illinois and the neighboring States. A convention was held at Springfield, Ill., July 12, 1866, and Gen. John M. Palmer was chosen department commander. Dr. Stephen son, who was the provisional commander in-chief, a umed charge of the organization of posts in other States. The first National Convention was held in Indianapolis, March 20, 1866, with representatives from Indiana, Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Mi ouri, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and the District of Columbia, Gen. John M. Palmer presided. Gen. Stephen A. Hurlbut was elected commander in-chief, and Dr. Stephen son adjutant-general. The following rules were adopted: "(1) We, the soldiers and sailors, and honorably discharged soldiers and sailors of the Army, Navy and Marine Corps of the U. S., who have consented to this union, having aided in maintaining the honor, integrity, and supremacy of the national government during the late rebellion, do unite to establish a permanent a ociation for the objects hereinafter set forth; and by our National Encampment do ordain and establish the following rules and regulations for the government of this a ociation. (2) The a ociation shall be known as the GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. (3) The objects to be accom. plished by this organization are as follows: (4) Frater nity. To preserve and strengthen those kind and fraternal feelings which bind together the soldiers, sailors, and marines who united to suppre the late rebellion, and to perpetuate the memory and history of the dead. (5) Charity . To a ist such former comrades in arms as need help and protection, and to extend needful aid to the widows and orphans of those who have fallen. (6) Loyalty . To maintain true allegiance to the U.S. of America, based upon a paramount respect for, and fidelity to, its Constitution and laws; to discountenance whatever tends to weaken loyalty, incites to insurrection, treason or rebellion, or in any manner impairs the efficiency and permanency of our free institutions; and to encourage the spread of universal liberty, equal rights, and justice to all men. Soldiers and sailors of the U. S. Army, Navy, or Marine Corpe, who served between April 12, 1861, and April 9, 1865, in the war for the suppre ion of the rebellion, and then having been honorably discharged therefrom after such service, and of such State regiments as were called into active service and subject to the orders of the U. S. general officers between the dates mentioned, shall be eligible to membership in the G. A. of the R. No person shall be eligible to membership who has at any time borne arms against the U. S." The second Encampment met in Council Chambers, in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Jan 15, 1868. Gen. John A. IMG:content-0482.png:[blocks in formation] The State organizations are known as "Departments," and the local, or precinct, organizations as "Posts," and the members as "comrades." The Posts are numbered, and any Post may have prefixed the name of a battle or locality, of a deceased soldier or sailor, or of some other deceased loyal person; as, "George G. Meade Post, No. 1." Every Post is required to establish a relief fund for a isting needy comrades or their widows or orphans. Each year on Memorial Day, May 30, the Posts visit the cemeteries in their precincts and decorate the graves of fallen comrades, often with appropriate ceremonies. The supreme power of the Order is lodged in the National Encampment, and all rules and regulations emanate from it. The organization cannot be used for partisan purposes, and the discu ion of partisan questions at the meetings is forbidden by the Constitution. The motto of the Order is: "Fraternity, Charity, and Loyalty." On organizing the G. A. R. , Dr. Stephen son had in view a society of veterans "so cohesive, so incisive, so potential as a factor and teacher of patriotism, as to make the government evermore secure from the attacks of treason." The Ladies of the G. A. R. , or Loyal Ladies ' League, and the Woman's Relief Corps, are organizations of women, designed to coöperate with their husbands and brothers in works of loyalty and charity, and in the observance of Memorial Day. Of the Woman's Relief Corps the objects as specified are: "To specially aid and a ist the G. A. of the R. and to perpetuate the memory of the heroic dead. Το a ist such Union veterans as need our help and protection, and to extend needful aid to their widows and orphans. To find them homes and employment, and a ure them of sympathy and friends. To cherish and emulate the deeds of our army nurses, and of all loyal women who rendered loving service to their country in her hour of peril. To inculcate le ons of patriotism and love of our country among our children and in the communities in which we live. To maintain true allegiance to the U. S. of America. To discountenance whatever tends to weaken loyalty, and to encourage the spread of universal liberty and equal rights to all men." -The The Sons of Veterans is an organization of the sons of Union soldiers and sailors, a part of whose duty is to a ist the G. A. R. The number of G. A. R. Posts in existence at the last report, June 30, 1896, was 7,302, and the total number of members 340,610. The high water mark of membership was reached in 1890, when the number of comrades enrolled was 408,489, in 7,178 Posts. Grand Cañon ( kān yòn ), in Colorado , a chasm of the Colorado river, 217 m. in length, to which should be added Marble Cañon, with which it connects, 69 m. long, making together 286 m. The average depth of the G. C. is a little over 5,200 ft.; its maximum depth is 6,300 ft., which is maintained for about 50 m. This great depth, which far surpa es that of any other cañon in the world, is believed to have been entirely excavated by the river, which is supposed to have begun its course on the surface of the plain. The G. C. has been several times traversed by boating parties, though it is rendered exceedingly dangerous by rapids and falls. Grand Junction, in Colorado , a city, cap., of Mesa co., 93 m. S.W. of Glen wood Springs, on four railroad lines; has cigar factory, flour, lumber, planing and saw mills. Gold, silver, copper, asphalt, coal and building stone are found in the vicinity. Pop . (1897) about 4,000. Grand Junction, in Iowa , a post-town of Greene co., 38 m. S. of Ft. Dodge, on C. & N. W. and C., R. I. & P. R. Rs.; has cheese factory and manufactory of wagons and buggies; coal mines in vicinity. Pop . (1895) 1,011. Grand Stand. (Games.) The principal stand from which to view the races, or any game or publio exhibition. Gran'ger, GIDEON, statesman, born at Suffield, Conn, July 19, 1767; graduated from Yale (1787); was called to the bar and became prominent as a lawyer; member of the Connecticut legislature; Postmaster-General of the United States (1801); State senator (1819-1821). He later removed to New York State, and was a firm advocate of the building of the Erie canal and other public improvements. Died Dec. 31, 1822. Gran'gerism, n. The practice of illustrating some particular book with engravings torn from others; s0 called from Rev. James Granger, whose Biographical History of England (1769) was thus illustrated. Gran'gers, n . pl . ( Sociol .) An American society of agriculturists, founded in 1876, by a government clerk named Kelly, who called the society "Patrons of Husbandry." It is a secret society, with a ritual and four orders for men and women, its purpose being the social improvement and industrial benefit of the farming population. The meetings are made enjoyable by music and literary exercises, while libraries have been formed at the rooms of a embly. The interests of farmers are looked after by organizations for that purpose and the advocacy of newspapers. Political discu ions are not permitted at the meetings. In 1871 there were only about 200 granges; in 1875 there were 30,000. Di ensions afterward interfered with the progre of the order, and it declined in strength, but in 1896 claimed to have established in all 27,378 subordinate granges in 44 States and territories. Grange'ville, in Idaho , a post-town of Idaho co., 61 miles S.E. of Lewiston; has flour mills and a brewery. Pop. (1897) about 850. Gran'ite, in Maryland , a post-town of Baltimore co.; has several granite quarries. Pop . (1890) 678. Granite Falls, in Minnesota , a city, cap. of Yellow Medicine co., 70 m. W. of Glencoe, on C., M. & St. P. and Gt. N. R. Rs.; has flour mills, foundry, . Pop . (1895) 1,189. Granite State. The popular name of New Hampshire, whose rocks are largely composed of granite. Gran'iteville, in Mi ouri , a post-village of Iron co. Pop . (1890) 721. Granite-ware. A kind of iron ware coated with an enamel that resists heat and acids and has the appearance of granite. Granmichele ( grän - měsh - a'la ). A town of southern Italy, province of Sicily, 30 m. S.W. of the city of Catania. Grant, SIR ALEXANDER, born at Dalvey, 1826; educated at Harrow and Baliol College, Oxford, graduating B.Α. and elected to an Oriel fellowship. Besides holding other positions he was principal of Elphinstone College, Madras, vice-chancellor of Elgin College, Bombay, and (1868) principal of the University of Edinburgh, a position which he held until his death. Author of: Ethics of Aristotle; Story of the University of Edinburgh, . The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, and that of D.C.L. by Oxford. Died Dec. 1, 1884. Grant, JAMES, military novelist, born in Edinburgh, Aug. 1, 1822. Died May 5, 1887. Grant, SIR JAMES ALEXANDER, M. R. C. S., physician, born at Inverne , Scotland, Aug. 11, 1830; graduated in medicine at McGill College, Montreal, and began practice in Ottawa; represented the county of Ru ell for eight years in the Dominion Parliament; president of the College of Surgeons of Ontario and member of many learned societies, both of Europe and America; knight-commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. His contributions to medical literature were numerous and valuable. Died Feb. 11, 1892. Grant, JAMES AUGUST US, African traveller; born at Nairn, Scotland, in 1827; educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen; entered the Indian army, and rendered gallant service at the battle of Gujerat; was also present at the relief of Lucknow. In 1863, in company with Captain Speke, he explored the sources of the Nile; took part in the Aby in i an Expedition (1868) receiving a medal for his services; also the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society. Author of: A Walk Acro Africa ; Botany of the Speke and Grant Expedition, . Died Feb. 11, 1892. Grant, SIR JAMES HOPE, soldier; born at Kilgraston, Perth shire, Scotland, July 22, 1808; engaged in the Chinese war of 1842, and next served in the two Sikh wars; took part in the war against China (1859) as commander, and for his capture of the capital was created a K.C.B. Commanded the army of Madras from 1861 to 1865, and after his return to England was made a general. Incidents in the Sepoy War , and Incidents in the China War were edited from his journals by Captain H. Knollys. Died March 7, 1875. Grant, SIR PATRICK, soldier; born at Auchterblair, Strathspey, Scotland, 1804; entered the service of the East India Company, and in 1857 commanded the army of Madras. Appointed governor of Malta (1867); general and colonel of the 78th Highlanders (1870); field marshal and governor of Chelsea Hospital (1872). He was made colonel of the Royal Horse Guards, and received many other honors. Died March 28, 1895. Grant, ROBERT, author; born in Boston, Ma ., Jan 24, 1852; graduated at Harvard, and practiced law in Boston. His published works include: Little Tin Gods on Wheels; The Confe ion of a Frivolous Girl; An Average Man; The Opinions of a Philosopher; Face to Face, and several other books of a semi-humorous character, in which human nature is well portrayed. Grant, in Louisiana , a central parish; area , 646 sq. m.; bounded on the E. by Little river, on the S.W. by Red river. Surface , nearly level; soil , fertile. Cap . Colfax Pop . (1890) 8,270. The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia Grant, in Minnesota, a W. county; area , 576 sq. m.; drained by the Pomme de Terre and Must ink a rivers. Surface , undulating prairie, abounding with small lakes. Products , much wheat, also oats, corn, barley, flax, potatoes; live stock. Cap . Elbow Lake. Pop. (1895) 7,987. Grant, in Nebraska , a W. central county; area , 720 sq. m. Surface , hilly; soil , sandy. Products, hay and vegetables. Stock raising is the chief occupation. Cap . Hyannis. Pop . (1890) 458. Grant, in New Mexico , an extreme S.W. county; area , 9,300 sq. m. Surface , partly mountainous; soil , fertile in the valleys. Minerals , gold, silver, lead, copper and iron. Cap . Silver Lake. Pop . 9,657. Grant, in Oklahoma , a N. county; is intersected by the Salt Fork of the Arkansas river. Cap . Pond Creek. Fop . (1897) about 14,000. Grant, in Oregon, an E. central county; area , 5,472 sq.m.; intersected by John Day river and its N. fork. Surface, partly mountainous, much forest; soil , fertile; good cattle and sheep ranges. Products, wheat, oats, barley, potatoes and hay. Stock raising is the chief occupation. Lumber is largely exported. Cap . Cañon City. Pop . (1890) 5,080. Grant, in South Dakota , a N.E. county; area , 690 sq. m. Surface, undulating; timber scarce; soil , fertile and well watered. Cap . Milbank. Pop . (1895) 7,682. Grant, in West Virginia , a N. E. co.; area, 490 sq. m.; drained by the N. and S. branches of the Potomac river. Surface, mountainous, much of it in forests; soil , fertile in the valleys. Coal, iron ore and limestone are abun dant. Corn, wheat and live stock are the staples. There are sulphur and chalybeate springs in the co. Cap. Petersburg. Pop . (1890) 6,802. Grant, in Wisconsin , an extreme S. W. co.; area, 1,130 sq. m.; bounded on the N. W. by the Wisconsin river, on the S. W. by the Mi i ippi river, and also drained by Graut and Platte rivers. Surface , diversified by ridges, valleys and extensive forests; soil , very fertile. Lead and zinc abound. Cap . Lancaster. Рор . (1895) 38,372. Grant Isle, in Maine, a post-town of A roos took co.; has several saw mills. Pop. (1890) 964. Grant's Pa , in Oregon, an important town, cap. of Josephine co., 300 m. S. of Portland, on So. Pac. R. R.; has railroad shops, planing mills, sash, blind, and door factories, saw and shingle mills, .; is the shipping point of an extensive mining and farming country. Pop . (1897) about 2,750. manner in Germany, Austria, Hungary and Switzerland, though to but small extent elsewhere. In this mode of cure, the skins and seeds are ejected, and the pulp and juice alone eaten, it being usual to begin with a pound or two of grapes daily, and gradually increase to 6 or even 12 pounds. The effect is cooling, thirst is appeased, the kidneys and bowels are stimulated, and the appetite is increased. When proper amounts and kinds of food are taken with the grapes, admirable effects often result. It may be that the location of the various G. establishments in healthful regions aids the treatment; but there can be no doubt that the grape diet has a beneficial effect in very many cases. Grapevine Disease'. (Entomol.) of the insects destructive to the vine the most injurious is the form known as Phyllozera vastatriz , or grape gall-louse, a North American insect which first became known to naturalists in 1854 as a parasite on the vine, and to which has been ascribed the failure of the European vine ( Vitis vinifera ) in the U. S. It appeared in Europe about 1863 (being probably carried from the U. S.), and in that country has caused immense damage, the monetary lo from its ravages in France alone far exceeding that from the Franco-German War. The eggs of this species are laid under the bark of the vine, lying dormant during the winter, but develop in April or May into a wingle but voracious grape-louse. It is like a small aphis, about the twenty-fifth of an inch long, with thick, three-jointed antennæ, short, thick legs, but with no trace of the honey-tubes of the aphides. In this form it may pa to the leaves and lay there parthenogenetic eggs, which form galls; but in Europe it attacks the roots and lays there its eggs, from which mature females develop in about 20 days, which lay more eggs in the roots. Half a dozen of these par the nog etic generations take place during the summer. The winged females appear from August to October, each of them laying about four eggs on the under surface of the leaves. From these, late in autumn, are born the sexual forms, males and females, destitute of wings and of the piercing and sucking mouth organs, which migrate to the stem, where each female lays a single egg under the bark. These are the winter eggs above mentioned, from which the complex "alternation of generation" begins again the