Yncas

See Incas. Yoga (yoga). [Skt. yoga , from yuj , join.] The fourth of the six systems of Hindu philosophy, or the second of the two divisions of the Sankhya system. Its alleged author is Patanjali, of whom nothing is known. It is set forth in the Yoga sutra, a little work in four chapters, translated in part by Ballan tyne and entire by Rajendra Lala Mitra. The Yoga is commonly regarded as a theistic development of the Sankhya, directly acknowledging Ishvara, or a supreme being. The aim of it is to teach the means by which the human soul may attain complete union with the Supreme Soul. This fusion may be effected even in the body. According to Patanjali the very word Yoga means 'fixing or concentrating the mind in abstract meditation.' This is secured by preventing the modifications of chitta, or the thinking principle, which arise through the three pramanas, perception, inference, and verbal testimony, as well as incorrect ascertainment, fancy, sleep, and recollection. These modifications of chitta are prevented by the constant habit of keeping the mind in an unmodified state, and by complete suppre ion of the pa ions. This last, vairagya, is obtained by contemplation of the Supreme Being, who is a spirit unaffected by works and affections, and is called Om, the repetition of which monosyllable has astonishing results, and the muttering of which, with reflection on its meaning, conduces to a knowledge of the Supreme, and tends to prevent all the obstacles to Yoga. The means of mental concentration are eight: (1) Forbearance or restraint; (2) religious observances; (3) postures; (4) suppre ion of the breath, or breathing in a peculiar way; (5) restraint of the senses; (6) steadying of the mind; (7) contemplation; (8) profound meditation or religious trance, this last being best attained, according to the Bhagavadgita (VI. 13), by fixing the eyes on the tip of the nose, and similar devices. The system, a contrivance for getting rid of all thought, is a compound of ascetic bodily and mental exercises. Yosemite Falls skull is apostrophized by Hamlet in Shakspere's "Hamlet," v. 1.-2. The pseudonym of Laurence Sterne in "A Sentimental Journey." 3. A humorous parson, in Sterne's "Tristram Shandy," who claims descent from Shakspere's Yorick. York (york). [L. Eboracum .] Acity and county, capital of Yorkshire, situated at the junction of the Fo with the Ouse, in lat. 53° 57′ N., long. 1° 5' W.: the seat of an archbishopric. The cathedral (York Minster) is one of the chief English cathedrals, of Norman foundation, but entirely rebuilt in subsequent medieval periods. The transepts are fine, particularly the south transept, built in the first half of the 13th century: it displays three tiers of arcades, increasing in size upward, and the rich gable is almost en The square towers of tirely occupied by a beautiful rose. the much-paneled west front are of the 15th century, as is the ma ive central tower; the Perpendicular choir and Lady chapel are of the 14th. The interior is highly im- pre ive from its size and height. The elaborate vaulting is of wood. A ma ive sculptured rood-screen separates the nave from the choir. The Perpendicular window which fills almost the whole east end measures 78 by 33 feet, being surpa ed only by that at Gloucester. The north transept po e es the celebrated group of lancets known as the Five Sisters. The cathedral po e es more old gla (14th and 15th centuries) than any other in Eng- land. Among its tombs that of Archbishop Grey (1255) is the most remarkable. The dimensions are 525 by 110 feet; length of transepts, 222; height of vaulting, 100; of western towers, 201 feet. The octagonal Decorated chapter-house, without central pillar, is of exceptional beauty. Mickle gate Bar is one of the six medieval city gates. It is a high square battlemented tower, with bartizans on the angles, whose arch spans the roadway. Besides the cathedral there are several interesting churches, St. Mary's Abbey, and a castle. York was the capital of Britain during the Roman occupation; was visited by Hadrian; and was the place of death of Severus and Constant i us Chlorus. In York Const an tine was proclaimed emperor. Later it was the capital of Nor thumb ria and Deira, and an important Danish city. It was an early seat of learning. It was taken by William the Conqueror in 1068; revolted and was re- taken by him in 1069; was the meeting-place of several par- liaments; and was besieged and taken by the Parliamen- tarians in 1644. Population (1891), 66,984. Yogin (yō-gin' or yo'gin), or Yogi (yō-ge' or yo'ge). [Skt., from yoga (which see), yogin York (County). See Yorkshire. being the stem of the substantively used pos- York. The former name of Toronto. se ive adjective, and yogi its nominative sin- York. The capital of York County, Pennsyl- gular masculine. A follower of the Yoga sys- tem; a Hindu devotee or ascetic. of Yokohama (yō-kō-hä'mä). A seaport on the main island of Japan, situated on the Bay Yedo, 16 miles southwest of Tokio, in lat. 35° 26′ N., long. 139° 36′ E. It is the most important of the Japanese treaty ports, and has a large foreign trader It is by rail with Tokio, and is a port call or terminus of the Pacific Mail, Canadian Pacific, and other lines of steamers. At the time of the opening of the neighboring Kanagawa as a treaty port (about 1859) it was a fishing village: the settlement was soon transferred from Kanagawa to it. Population (1892), 142,965. Yokut, or Yocut (yō'kut). [Pl., also Yokuts .] The southern division of the Mariposan stock of North American Indians, formerly embracing a number of tribes whose remnants are now under the Mi ion agency, California. See Mariposan . Yonge (yung), Charles Duke. Born 1812: died Dec. 1, 1891. An English historical writer and cla ical scholar. He published an "English-Greek Lexicon" (1849), a new Latin "Gradus ad Parna um (1850), with an appendix of Latin epithets (1856), "A New Phraseological English-Latin and Latin-English Dictionary" (1855), histories of England (1856), the British navy (1863), France under the Bourbons (1866-67), and the English Revolution (1874), and lives of Liverpool (1868), Marie Antoinette (1876), “Life of Sir Walter Scott" (1888), Yonge, Charlotte Mary. Born at Otter bourne, England, 1823. An English novelist and historical and miscellaneous writer. Her works include "Heir of Redclyffe" (1853), "Daisy Chain" (1856), "Kings of England" (1848), "Landmarks of History (1852-57), "History of Christian Names" (1863), a number of volumes of stories from the histories of different countries, and numerous novels besides those mentioned, etc. etc. Yonkers (yongk'erz or yungk'erz). A city in West chester County, New York, situated on the Hudson about 15 miles by rail north of New York city. It has varied manufactures. Population (1890), 32,033. Yonne (yon). A river in France which rises near the eastern border of Nièvre, flows northwest, and joins the Seine at Montereau: the ancient Icauna. It is connected by canals with the Saône and Loire. Length, 171 miles; navigable to Auxerre. Yonne. A department of France, bounded by Seine-et-Marne, Aube, Côte-d'Or, Nièvre, and vania, situated on Codorus Creek 22 miles southeast of Harris burg. It has manufactures of cars, agricultural implements, etc. In 1777-78 it was the seat of the Continental Congre . Population (1890), 20,793. York, Cape, The northern point of York Pe ninsula, Australia, in lat. 10° 41′ S., long. 142° 33′ Ε. York, Duke of. York, Duke of