Yncas

See Incas. IMG:content-1195.png:[blocks in formation] Loiret. Capital, Auxerre. It has agriculturai re- York, Vale of. The central valley of Yorkshire, sources and mineral wealth, and produces Burgundy England, noted for its fertility. wines. It was formed from parts of the ancient Cham- York and Lancaster, Wars of. See Wars of pagne, Burgundy, and Gâtina is. Area, 2,868 square miles. Population (1891), 344,688. Yorick (yor'ik). 1. The king's jester whose skull is apostrophized by Hamlet in Shakspere's "Hamlet," v. 1.-2. The pseudonym of Laurence Sterne in "A Sentimental Journey." 3. A humorous parson, in Sterne's "Tristram Shandy," who claims descent from Shakspere's Yorick. Yorick's Love. A tragedy by W. D. Howells, tragedy on the basis of a Spanish original, produced m.] Acity and county, by Lawrence Barrett in 1885. York (yôrk). [L. Eboracum . ] capital of Yorkshire, orkshire, situated at the junction of the Fo with the Ouse, in lat. 53° 57′ N., long. 1° 5' W.: the seat of an archbishopric. The cathedral (York Minster) is one of the chief English cathedrals, of Norman foundation, but entirely rebuilt in subsequent medieval periods. The transepts are fine, particularly the south transept, built in the first half of the 13th century: it displays three tiers of arcades, increasing in size upward, and the rich gable is almost en. tirely occupied by a beautiful rose. The square towers of the much-paneled west front are of the 15th century, as is the ma ive central tower; the Perpendicular choir and Yoga (yoga). [Skt. yoga , from yuj , join.] The fourth of the six systems of Hindu philosophy, or the second of the two divisions of the Sankhya system. Its alleged author is Patanjali, of whom nothing is known. It is set forth in the Yoga sutra, a little work in four chapters, translated in part by Ballan tyne and entire by Rajendra Lala Mitra. The Yoga is commonly regarded as a theistic development of the Sankhya, directly acknow- ledging Ishvara, or a supreme being. The aim of it is to teach the means by which the human soul may attain com- plete union with the Supreme Soul. This fusion may be Lady chapel are of the 14th. The interior is highly im- effected even in the body. According to Patanjali the very word Yoga means 'fixing or concentrating the mind in abstract meditation.' This is secured by preventing the modifications of chitta, or the thinking principle, which arise through the three pramanas, perception, inference, and verbal testimony, as well as incorrect ascertainment, fancy, sleep, and recollection. These modifications of chitta are prevented by the constant habit of keeping the mind in an unmodified state, and by complete suppre ion of pa ions. This vairagya, by con template super in affected by works and affections, and is called Om, the repetition of which monosyllable has astonishing results, and the muttering of which, with reflection on its meaning, conduces to a knowledge of the Supreme, and tends to prevent all the obstacles to Yoga. The means of mental concentration are eight: (1) Forbearance or restraint; (2) religious observances; (3) postures; (4) suppre ion of the breath, or breathing in a peculiar way; (5) restraint of the senses; (6) steadying of the mind; (7) contemplation; (8) profound meditation or religious trance, this last being best attained, according to the Bhagavadgita (VI. 13), by fixing the eyes on the tip of the nose, and similar devices. The system, a contrivance for getting rid of all thought, is a compound of ascetic bodily and mental exercises. pre ive from its size and height. The elaborate vaulting is of wood. A ma ive sculptured rood-screen separates the nave from the choir. The Perpendicular window which fills almost the whole east end measures 78 by 33 feet, being surpa ed only by that at Gloucester. The north transept po e es the celebrated group of lancets known as the Five Sisters. The cathedral po e es more old gla (14th and 15th centuries) than any other in Eng the most remarkable. The dimensions are 525 by 110 feet; land. Among its tombs that of Archbishop Grey (1255) is length of transepts, 222; height of vaulting, 100; of western towers, 201 feet. The octagonal Decorated chapter-house, without central pillar, is of exceptional beauty. Mickle gate Bar is one of the six medieval city gates. It is a high square battlemented tower, with bartizans on the angles, whose arch spans the roadway. Besides the cathedral there are several interesting churches, St. Mary's Abbey, and a castle. York was the capital of Britain during the Roman occupation; was visited by Hadrian; and was the place of death of Severus and Constant i us Chlorus. In York Const an tine was proclaimed emperor. Later it was the capital of Nor thumb ria and Deira, and an important Danish city. It was an early seat of learning. It was taken by William the Conqueror in 1068;; revolted and was retaken by him in 1069; was the meeting-place of several parliaments; and was besieged and taken by the Parliamentarians in 1644. Population (1901), 77,793. Yogin (yō-gin' or yo'gin), or Yogi (yō-ge' or yōgē). [Skt., from yoga (which see), yogin York (County). See Yorkshire . being the stem of the substantively used pos- York. The former name of Toronto. se ive adjective, and yogi its nominative sin-York. The capital of York County, Pennsyl- gular masculine.] A follower of the Yoga sys tem; a Hindu devotee or ascetic. vania, situated on Codorus Creek 22 miles southeast of Harris burg. It has manufactures of cars, agricultural implements, etc. In 1777-78 it was the seat of the Continental Congre . Pop. (1900), 33,708. York, Cape, The northern point of York Peninsula, Australia, in lat. 10° 41′ S., long. 142° Yokohama (yō-kō-hämä). A seaport on the main island of Japan, situated on the Bay of Yedo, 16 miles southwest of Tokio, in lat. 35° 26' N., long. 139° 36′ E. It is the most important of the Japanese treaty ports. and has a large foreign trade. 33′ E. It is connected by rail with Tokio, and is a port of call or York, Cape. A cape in Hayes Peninsula, Green- terminus of the Pacific Mail, Canadian Pacific, and other land, near the northern part of Baffin Bay. lines of steamers. At the time of the opening of the neigh- York, Duke of. The title borne by Henry VIII. IMG:content-1196.png:[blocks in formation] of North American Indians, formerly embracing brother heir to the crown of England. a number of tribes whose remnants are now York, Duke of. See Langley , Edmund de. under the Mi ion agency, California. See York, Duke of (Frederick August us). Born Mariposan . Yonge (yung), Charles Duke. Born 1812; died Dec. 1, 1891. An English historical writer and cla ical scholar. He published an "English-Greek Lexicon (1849), a new Latin "Gradus ad Parna um" (1850), with an appendix of Latin epithets (1856), "A New Phraseological English-Latin and Latin-English Dictionary (1855), histories of England (1856), the British navy (1863), France under the Bourbons (1866-67), and the English Revolution (1874), and lives of Liverpool (1868), Marie Antoinette (1876), "Life of Sir Walter Scott" (1888), Yonge, Charlotte Mary. Born at Otter bourne, England, 1823: died there, March 24, 1901. An English novelist and historical and miscellaneous writer. Her works include "Heir of Redclyffe" (1853), "Daisy Chain" (1856), "Kings of England" (1848), "Landmarks of History" (1852-57), "History of Christian Names" (1863), a number of volumes of stories from the histories of different countries, and numerous novels, etc. Yonkers (yongk'erz or yungk'ėrz). A city in West chester County, New York, situated on the Hudson about 15 miles by rail north of New York city. It has varied manufactures. Pop IMG:content-1197.png:[blocks in formation] Aug. 16, 1763: died Jan. 5, 1827. Second son of George III. He commanded the unsucce ful Brit ish expedition to the Netherlands 1793-94; was made field the unsucce ful expedition to the Netherlands in 1799; capitulated at Alkmaar Oct. 18, 1799; and was obliged on account of scandal to resign in 1809, but was reinstated in 1811. He opposed Catholic emancipation. From 1763 to 1802 he was prince-bishop of Osnabrück. York, Duke of (Richard). Killed at the battle of Wake field, 1460. An English statesman, son of Richard (earl of Cambridge) and Anne Mortimer. He was constable of England and regent of France under Henry VI.; later was lieutenant of Ireland; was protector during the imbecility of Henry VI.; and marshal and commander of the forces in 1795; commanded was dismi ed from office in 1455. He laid claim to the heirship to the throne, and precipitated the Wars of the Roses in that year. In 1460 he was again for a short time protector, and by a compromise was recognized as heir to the throne; but this compromise was rejected by Queen Margaret, and York was defeated and slain at Wake field. royal York, Duke of (Richard). Born about 1474: murdered in the Tower, 1483. Second son of Edward IV. York, House of. A branch of the English royal dynasty of Plantage net, descended from Lionel, duke of Clarence, third son of Edward III., and Edmund, duke of York, fifth son of Edward III. The head of the house was Richard, duke of York (killed 1460). His sons Edward IV, and Richard III., and grandson Edward V., were kings of England 1461-85. The descendants of Edward IV.'s brother (Duke of Clarence) and sister (Elizabeth) became claimants after 1485. The last serious claimant was Richard de la Pole (died 1525). See Wars of the Roses. the Roses. Yorke (york), Oliver. The pseudonym (originally that of Mahony) under which "Fraser's Magazine" is edited. York House. A former palace in London, situated on the Strand west of Salisbury House and the Savoy: a town residence of the archbishops of York after Wolsey. It should not be confounded with York Place. The only archbishop who actually resided here was Heath, Queen Mary's chancellor. It became the official residence of chancellors and keepers of the great seal; hence Sir Nicholas Bacon went to reside there and Francis Bacon was born there. The first Duke of Bucking ham obtained the property from James I., and proposed to build a palace from the designs of Inigo Jones: only the water-gate was built. See White hall Palace . York Peninsula. A peninsula in South Australia, between Spencer Gulf and the Gulf of St. Vincent. Length, about 120 miles. York Place. A name formerly given to White hall Palace, London. York Plays or Mysteries. A cycle of 48 plays performed by the Crafts or Mysteries of York on Corpus Christ i Day, in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. The earliest mention of them is in 1376, when they had already been established some years. They were printed in 1885 by Lucy To ulmin Smith from the unique MSS. in the library of Lord Ashburnham. York River. A river or estuary in Virginia, formed by the union of the Matt a pony and Pamunkey rivers at West Point. Length, 35-40 miles. Yorkshire (york's hir). The largest county in England. It is bounded by Durham (from which it is separated by the Tees), the North Sea, Lincoln shire (separated by the Humber), Nottingham, Derby, Cheshire, Lancashire, and West more land; and comprises the administrative divisions of North Riding, East Riding, West Riding, and the City of York. It is traversed in the west by the Pennine chain, and its surface is greatly diversified. It has important mines of coal, iron, and other minerals; flourishing agriculture, especially in the Vale of York, Cleveland, and Holder ne ; and manufactures of woolens, worsted, iron, steel, etc. It contains the large towns Leeds, Sheffield, Hull, Bradford, York, Huddersfield, and Halifax. It belonged to the Brigantes; after the Roman occupation formed the kingdom of Deira and part of Nor thumb ria; and was the scene of numerous Scottish raids, of battles in the Wars of the Roses, of the "Pilgrimage of Grace" in 1536, of an insurrection in 1569, and of the battle of Marston Moor in 1644. Area, 6,067 square miles. Population (1891), 3,208,813. Yorkshire Tragedy, A. A play produced and printed in 1608, founded on an event which occurred in 1604. It has been attributed to Shakspere, as his name appeared in full on the title-page in the 1608 edition; but it is thought to have been added for the benefit of the bookseller. York town (york'toun). The capital of York County, Virginia, situated on York River 51 miles east-southeast of Richmond. Here, in 1781, the British under Cornwall is were besieged by the allied Americans and French under Washington and Rochambeau, aided by the French fleet under De Gra e. York town was invested by the end of Sept.; the first parallel was established Oct. 9; an unsucce ful sortie was made Oct. 16; and the British (about 8,000) surrendered Oct. 19. This event virtually closed the Revolutionary War. Here also occurred, during the Civil War, the siege of the Confederates under Magruder, and later under Johnston, by the Federals under McClellan. It was begun April 5, 1862, and York town was evacuated by the Confederates on May 4. Population (1900), town, 151. York von War ten burg (yōrk fon vär'ten-börg), Count Hans David Ludwig. Born at Potsdam, Pru ia, Sept. 26, 1759: died at KleinÖls, Silesia, Oct. 4, 1830. A Pru ian field-marshal. He served in the Polish campaign of 1794; commanded the rear-guard after Jena in 1806; was imprisoned at Lübeck; commanded the Pru ian contingent in the expedition to Ru ia in 1812; concluded the convention of Tauroggen with the Ru ians, Dec. 30, 1812; was distinguished as a corps commander 1813-14; served at Bautzen, and contributed to the victory of Katzbach; cro ed the Elbe at War ten burg, Oct. 3, 1813; was distinguished at Möckern in 1813, and at Montmirail, Laon, and Paris in 1814; and became a field-marshal in 1821. Yoruba (yō'rö-bä), or Yariba (yä'rē-bä). A once powerful negro kingdom, now much reduced and included in the British sphere of influence. It occupies the eastern half of the Slave Coast, between Dahomey and Benin, and extends northeastward as far as the Niger. In the beginning of the 19th cen tury the northern portion was annexed by the conquer. ing Fulahs of Gando: several defections have followed. The Yoruba people call themselves Eyo; in Sierra Leone they go by the name of Akú. They are an intelligent and enterprising tribe, living in large and semi-civilized communities. The ancient capital, Oyo, is said to have 70,000 and Ibadan 50,000 inhabitants. There is a colony of Yo Leonians are of Yoruba descent, and a large proportion of the North American negroes are of Yoruba extraction, or at least come from the Slave Coast. at Kano Hausaland. majority of the Sierra Yosemite (yō-sem'i-te) Falls. The three falls of Yosemite Creek. The first is 1,500 feet high; the second, 626, in a series of cascades; and the third, 400 feet. British politician. He was secretary of the treasury 1844-46; chief secretary for Ireland 1852-55; later lord high commi ioner of the Ionian Islands and governor of New South Wales; and governor-general of Canada 1868-72. Young, John Ru ell. Born at Downing town, Pa., Nov. 20, 1841: died at Washington, D. C., Jan. 17, 1899. An American journalist. He was connected succe ively with the Philadelphia "Pre ," New York "Tribune," and "New York Herald"; accom- panied Grant in his tour around the world; was United States minister to China 1882-85; and librarian of Con gre 1897-99. He published "Around the World with General Grant" (1879). Young, Robert. Born at Edinburgh, Sept. 10, 1822: died there, Oct. 14, 1889. A Scottish bib lical scholar, best known from his "Analytical for "public use, resort, and recreation" for all time. (See Mariposa.) Yosemite National Park includes the water- sheds and basins of the rivers of the Yosemite Valley and Concordance to the Bible." came profe or at Western Reserve College in 1856, at Dart mouth in 1865, and (of astronomy) at Princeton in 1877. He is especially noted for his researches on the sun. He has written "The Sun" (1882), "A Text-book of Gen- eral Astronomy" (1888). Young, Charles Mayne. Born at London, Jan. 10, 1777: died near Brighton, June 28, 1856. An English actor. He made his regular début at Liverpool in 1798, as Young Norval, with great succe . A year later he was leading man at Manchester, and bes repertoire was large, including Don Felix in "The Won der," Rolla in "Pizarro," Pen ruddock in "The Wheel of Fortune," Petruchio, Sir Edward Mortimer in "The Iron Young, Thomas. Born at Milverton, Somerset, England, June 13, 1773: died at London, May 10, 1829. A celebrated English physicist, mathema tician, and general scholar. He studied medicine at London, Edinburgh, Göttingen, and Cambridge, but did not practise his profe ion. He became profe or at the Royal Institution in 1802; was foreign secretary of the Royal So- ciety for many years; and was secretary of the Board of Longitude (which conducted the "Nautical Almanac"). He discovered the law of the interference of light, which Crans i at i on of the Greek. Marie's graceful style and her easy versification are very noticeable here, while her mor- als are often well deduced and sharply put. Saints bury , French Lit., p. 60. Y el (i's el). The name of several streams in the Netherlands. Among them are: (a) The Nieuwe contributed largely to the establishment of the undula- tory theory of light; suggested the theory of color-sensa- tion afterward developed by Helmholtz; and made some progre in the deciphering of the Egyptian hieroglyphics, Among his works are "Syllabus of a Course of Lectures" (1802), "Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts" (1807), articles on Egypt ology, etc. Young Adventurer, The. A title given to Prince Charles Edward Stuart on account of his leading the desperate insurrection of 1745. Young Chevalier, The. Charles Edward Stu- art, son of the Pretender. Young England. A group of Tory politicians, chiefly recruited from the younger members of the aristocracy, who, about 1844, opposed free trade and radicalism, and advocated the resto- ration of the former order of things. Among Yucatecs (yö-kä-tāks'), or Yucatecos (-tā kōs). their leaders were Disraeli and Lord John Natives of Yucatan: a name often given to the Young Germany. A literary in in Germany, G of innovating tendencies. Its chief and agitators, active about 1840-50, who were at first adherents of O'Connell, but were sep a- rated from him by their advocacy of physical force, and took part in the rising of 1848. Young Italy. An a ociation of Italian repub- lican agitators, active about 1834 under the lead of Mazzini. Analogous republican groups in other countries were called Young Germany , Young Poland , Young France , etc., and these republican a ociations col- lectively were known as Young Europe . Young Pretender, The. Charles Edward Stu- art, son of the Pretender (or Old Pretender). Young stown (yungz'toun). A city in Maho- ning County, Ohio, situated on Mahoning River flourishing iron manufactures, and is the center of a coal- mining region. Population (1900), 44,885. Ypres (ē'pr). [Flem. Yperen or Ieperen, G. Ypern.] A town in the province of West Flan- ders, Belgium, on the Yperlée 29 miles south- west of Bruges. It has manufactures of linen, laces, etc. The cathedral of Ypres is of the first half of the 13th century. The south transept has a fine rose-window and a richly decorated gable: its doors are good examples of late medieval carving. The Cloth Hall, the chief edifice of its cla in Belgium, was built in the course of the 13th century. The façade is 460 feet long, and has two ranges of pointed windows. At each end rises a turret, and in the middle stands the ma ive square turreted belfry. The and their wives. Ypres was once the capital of West Flanders. It was famous, especially about the 14th cen- tury, for its linens and woolens, and was one of the largest towns in the Low Countries. Population (1890), 16,505. Ypsilanti (ip-si-lan′ti). A city in Washtenaw County, Michigan, situated on Huron River 29 miles west by south of Detroit. It is the seat of the State normal school. Population (1900), 7,378. benefit occurred at Covent Garden, May 31, 1832, when he appeared as Hamlet, and, in his honor, Mathews appeared Yrun. See Irun . as Polonius and Mac ready as the Ghost. Young, Edward Daniel. Born 1831. An Eng- lish traveler in Africa. He explored the Lake Nya a region in 1875, and wrote "Nya a" (1877). Young, John, Baron Lisgar. Born in Bombay, Aug. 31, 1807: died in Ireland, Oct. 6, 1876. A be a link of juncture between the Fabliau and the Roman du Renart. Ysopet (diminutive of Æsop) became a common term in the middle ages for a collection of fables. That of Marie is by far the most important. It consists of 103 pieces, written in octosyllabic couplets, with moralities, and a conclusion which informs us that the author wrote ing Yukian (ū'ki-an). A linguistic stock of North American Indians who formerly lived in and near Round Valley, Mendocino County, Cali- fornia. Its principal tribes, remnants of which are mingled with others on the Round Valley reservation, are the Yuki, Chumaia, Tatu or Huchnom, Ashochimi or Yuman (yö'man). A linguistic stock of North American Indians. It formerly occupied the extreme southwest part of the United States, including much of the valleys of the Colorado and Gila rivers, the whole of Lower California, and a small area in Mexico on the Gulf of California about the 27th degree of north latitude. Its name is from a Cuchan word meaning 'sons of the river.' Its number in the United States in specified localities is nearly 5,000; that in Mexico is not known. Yuncas. See Chimu . Yunnan (yun-nän'). A province in the south- it "for the love of Count William" (supposed to be Long. Sword), translating it from an English version of a Latin western extremity of China, bounded by China Yunnan proper, Tibet, Burma, and Tongking. Area, about 150,000 square miles. Population, estimated, 12,000,000. Yunnan-fu (yun-nän'fö'). The capital of the province of Yunnan, China, about lat. 25°6′ N., on Lake Tien-hai: noted for its manufactures. Population (1896), estimated, 50,000. Yupanqui Pacha cut i (yö-pän ke pä-chä-kö'tē), or Pachacutec Yupanqui (pä-chä-kö'tāk yöpän'kē). Died about 1440. The ninth sovereign and one of the most renowned conquerors of the Inca line of Peru. About 1400 he deposed or superseded his imbecile brother Urco, and soon after defeated the Chanca invaders in a great battle. Beginning with this victory, he spread his conquests over most of the territory occupied by modern Peru. With him began the real grandeur of the Inca empire. The system of mitimaes or colonies to relieve crowded lands was first developed during his reign. Yurac-huasi. See Paytiti . Yurok (yöʻrok). A division of North American Indians, living in California. The name is from a Karok word meaning 'down' or 'below.' In 1870 their number was 2,700, which has since greatly decreased. See We its pekan. Yurucares (yö-rö-kä-rās'). (Probably corrupted from the Quichua yurak , white, and kari , men.] Indians of Bolivia, northeast of La Paz, at the IMG:content-1198.png:[blocks in formation] plantation widely separated from all others. They plant