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Population (1890), 7,028. Peru, Upper or Alto. A common name, during the colonial period, for Charcas, or the modern Bolivia. See Charcas. Peru, Viceroyalty of. The region governed by the viceroys of Peru, who resided at Lima. The conquest of Peru proper led to that of Chile, Charcas (Bolivia), and Quito (Ecuador); and Pizarro, with his succes sors the viceroys, controlled those countries through their audiences and presidents or captains-general. New Granada, Panama, and Paraguay (including all the Platine region) were later added to Peru; so that, in the 17th century and part of the 18th the viceroyalty practically em braced all of Spanish South America and the Isthmus; that is, the audience districts of Lima, Charcas, Buenos Ayres, Santiago (Chile), Quito, Bogotá, and Panama. The viceroy was appointed by the crown, and corresponded directly with the Council of the Indies; he received a salary of 30,000 ducats, or 10,000 more than the viceroy of Mex ico; had military as well as civil jurisdiction; and was president of the audience of Lima. Gradually his authority in the outlying provinces was restricted. In 1718 New Granada first attached was completely to it, was restored separated: to Perut Quito, which chat was mation of the viceroyalty of La Plata (1776) reduced Peru to Peru proper, Chile, and Quito, the viceroy at Lima con rum. Pesaro e Urbino (pā'sä-rō āör-bēnō). ['Pesaro and Urbino.'] A province in the compart i men to of the Marches, Italy. Area, 1, taly. Area, 1,118 square miles. Population (1892), estimated, 234,526. Pescadores (pes-kä-dō'res). [Sp., 'Fishers' Islands.'] 1. A group of small islands in the Strait of Formosa, west of Formosa.-2. A group of small islands off the coast of Peru, northwest of Callao.-3. A small group in the Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean. Pescara (pes-kä'rä), or Aterno (ä-ter'nō). A river in central Italy which flows into the Adriatic near the town of Pescara: the ancient Aternus. Length, about 90 miles. Pescara. A town in the province of Chieti, central Italy, situated near the mouth of the river Pescara in the Adriatic, 8 miles north- northeast of Chieti: the ancient Aternus. Pescara. The governor of Granada in Sheil's "The Apostate." It was one of Mac ready's great parts, and also one of the elder Booth's. Pescara, Marquis of (Ferdinand Francesco d'Avalos). Born about 1490: died Nov. 25, 1525. An Italian general in the service of the Pescara, Marquis of emperor Charles V., distinguished at the victory of Pavia in 1525. Betrothed to Vittoria Colonna at the age of 4 and married at 19, he succeeded to his father's title in boyhood, and was destined to a brilliant military In 1512 he was wounded and made prisoner at the battle of Ravenna; in 1515 he served in the war in Lombardy. He contributed largely to the victory at Pavia, where King Francis I. was captured. Soon after he be trayed to Charles V. a plot formed by Francesco Sforza, duke of Milan, and others for driving the Spaniards and Germans out of Italy. He had, apparently, joined the conspiracy for this purpose. Peschel (pesh'el), Oskar. Born at Dresden, March 17, 1826: died at Leipsic, Aug. 31, 1875. A Germar geographer and historian. He was editor of "A us land" 1854-71, and in the latter year be came profe or of geography at the University of Leip about 290 miles. Petchili, or Pechili, Strait of. A sea pa age connecting the Gulf of Petchili with the Yellow Sea, and separating the province of Shingking on the north from that of Shantung on the south. Petchora (pech-ō'rä). A river in northeastern Ru ia which flows into the Arctic Ocean about lat. 68° N., long. 54° E. Length, about 1,000 sic. His works include "Geschichte des Zeitalters der miles. Entdeckungen" (1858:: 2d ed. 1877), "Geschichte der Peteguares. See Potiguaras . Erdkunde" and 1877), "Völkerkunde" (1874), and 1877-79). Peschiera (pes-ke-ā'rä). A fortified town in the province of Verona, Italy, situated at the exit of the Mincio from Lake Garda, 15 miles west of Verona. It is famous as one of the fortre es of the Austrian "Quadrilateral"; was taken by the Sardinians in May, 1848, and restored in Aug.; and was ceded to Italy in 1866. Population (1881), 1,653. Pescia (pesh'ä). A cathedral city in the province of Lucca, Italy, 29 miles west by north of Florence. Population (1881), 11,863. Pescina (pe-she'nä). A town in the province of Aquila, central Italy, 27 miles south-southeast of Aquila. It was the birthplace of Mazarin. Population (1881), 4,455. Peshawar, or Peshawur (pe-shou'ur). 1. A district in the Panjab, British India, situated in the northwestern extremity of the country, in tersected by lat. 34° N., long. 72° E. Area, 2,444 square miles. Population (1891), 703,768. -2. The capital of the district of Peshawar, situated about lat. 34° N., long. 71° 35' E. It is an important strategic point, near the Khyber Pa , on the route from India to Kabul. Population, including cantonment (1891), 84,191. Peshito (pe-she'tō), or Peshitto. [Lit. 'simple' or 'true.] A Syriac translation of the Old and New Testaments. It is supposed to have been made by Christians in the 2d century, and po e es. high authority. The Old Testament is translated directly from the Hebrew. 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, Jude, and Revelation are wanting. Pe i (pes'si). A small tribe of Liberia, western Africa, back of Monrovia. They used to tattoo their faces and file their teeth, and are said to have practised cannibalism. Pe inus, or Pesinus (pes'i-nus). [Gr. Πεσσι νοῦς .] In ancient geography, a city of Galatia, Asia Minor, situated near the river Sangar i us 80 miles west-southwest of the modern Angora. It was noted for the worship of Cybele. Remains of a theater and hippodrome (the latter 1,115 feet long) have been discovered near the modern Bala-Hi ar. Pestalozzi (pes-tä-lot'sē), Johann He in rich. Born at Zurich, Switzerland, Jan. 12, 1746: died at Brugg, Switzerland, Feb. 17, 1827. A Swi educator and writer, celebrated for his reforms in the methods of education. He studied theology and then jurisprudence at Zurich. Subsequently he turned his attention to agriculture. He had already determined to devote himself to the education of the people, and had established in 1775, on his estate Neuhof, a poor school which was intended to draw its support from popular subscription. He was obliged, however, to give this up in 1780. The first account of his method of instruction was published at this time in Iselin's "Ephemeriden" with the title "A bend stun den eines Einsiedlers" ("Evening Hours of a Hermit"). His principal literary work is the didactic novel "Lienhard und Gertrud, ein Buch für das Volk" ("Lienhard and Gertrude: a Book for the People"), which was written between 1781 and 1785. In 1798, with government support, he founded an educational institution for poor children at Stanz, which was, however, given up the year after. He now took charge of a school at Burgdorf, which was removed in 1804 to Münchenbuchsee, and the following year to Yverdon, where it continued to exist until 1825, when, notwithstanding the renown that his pedagogical system had acquired, the enwas abandoned. His collected works published at Brandenburg, 1869-72, in 16 volumes. They include "Wie Gertrud ihre Kinder lehrt" ("How Gertrude Teaches her Children," 1801), memoirs of Burgdorf and Yverdon, "Meine Leben chicksale" (1826), etc.