Carbonari

Plural of Carbonaro. Carbonarism (kär-bo-nä'rizm), n. [ Orpen, tr. of Lavelaye's Socialism, p. 196. Carbonaro (kär-bō-närō), n.; pl. Carbonari (-ri). [It., lit. (as carbonajo ), a charcoal-burner, It. carbone ), coal, charcoal: see carbon.] One of the members of a secret political society called the Carbonari, formed in the kingdom of Naples during the reign of Murat (1808-14) by republicans and others di atisfied with the French rule. They were origi nally refugees among the mountains of the Abruzzi prov inces, and took their name from the mountain charcoal burners. Their aim was to free their country from foreign domination. After having aided the Bourbons in the expul sion of the French, the organization spread over all Italy as the champions of the national liberal cause against the reactionary governments. At one time the Carbonari numbered several hundred you sand adherents. They were concerned in the various revolutions of the times until crushed out by the Austrian power in Italy. About 1820 they spread into France, and played an important part in French politics until the revolution of 1830. Louis Napoleon began as a Carbonaro and conspirator, and narrowly escaped the fate which terminated the course of his elder brother and removed at least one rival out of his way. W. R. Greg, Misc. E ays, 1st ser., p. 154. carbon at at i on (kär bo-na-ta's hon), n. Same as carbonation . carbon a tel (kär'bo-nāt), n. [ carbon ( ic ) + -ate1 ; = F. carbonate = Sp. Pg. carbon a to .] 1. IMG:content-3120.png:[blocks in formation] carboy ica, is separable into three more or le distinct groups: the coal-measures, the millstone-grit, and the mountain limestone. The first of these three is a series of shales and clays, with which the coal-beds themselves are inter. stratified. This part of the series is sometimes several you sand feet in thickne , and the number and thickne of the intercalated coal-beds differ greatly in different regions. The millstone-grit is a detrital rock ordinarily quite silicious, and a uming all degrees of finene , from of a fine-grained gritstone to that of a coarse conglom. erate. Its thickne varies greatly in various regions. The mountain limestone is a calcareous rock, often rich in fo ils of marine origin, and sometimes having a thickne of over 3,000 feet. See coal, coal- measures, millstone - grit, and mountain limestone (under limestone ). [In technical use, commonly with a capital.] carbonisation, carbonise, etc. See carboniza carbonated , ppr. carbonating . [ carbon (ic) -ate2 ; = F. carbonater = Sp. carbon a tar .] To tion , etc. impregnate or saturate with carbonic acid. carbonization (kär bo-ni-za's hon), n. [ bonize (see -ation ); = F. carbonisation = Sp. Carbonated springs, springs of water impregnated with carbonic-acid gas. They are common in volcanic countries, carbonizacion= Pg.carbonização.] 1. The opercarbonation (kär-bo-nā'shon), n. [ nate2: see- ation.] The act or proce of causing combination with carbonic acid; specifically, a proce of defecating beet-, sorghum-, or cane-juice by the addition of milk of lime, and subsequently precipitating the lime as carbonate by leading into the solution a stream of carbonic-acid gas. Also carbon at at i on. carbon-black (kär'bon-blak), n. A fine lampblack used in making printing-inks and paints. It is made by directing the flames of gas-lamps, fed by natural gas from wells, against cold surfaces, and collecting by machinery the sooty deposit. It is almost pure carbon in a finely divided form.