ALE

term variously applied to beer Ale, a legendary drink in the Scot. Highlands, Galloway and parts of IreSpan. novelist; author of picturesque novel. Guzman de Alfarache (1559). form of name a umed by Teutonic horde formed from various tribes (Allmen); began to encroach on Rom. empire, III. cent. A.D.; Car a call a opposed them on Maine, 211; forced south by Burgundians and made permanent settlements in S.E. Gaul in IV. cent.; defeated by Clovis, 496; formed into Frankish duchy Alemannia; one of their tribes, the Suevi, gave name to Swabia; from these invaders French called all Germans Allemands. (1717-83), Fr. philosopher and mathematician; Paris; s. of Chevalier Des touches and Madame de Tencin; brought up as a foundling, afterwards succe ively studied theol. law, and med. but then devoted himself wholly to math’s. He published researches on the integral calculus, on the equilibrium and the motion of fluids, on the nutation of the axis of the earth, and other physical problems. After having been a ociated with Diderot in the compilation of the Dictionnaire Encyclopedique he published several literary and philosophical works. He acquired great fame during his lifetime, and was noted for his simple, generous, and independent character. He declined magnificent offers from Frederick the Great and Catherine of Ru ia of positions in Berlin and St. Petersburg, preferring to work for the Academy in. his native city.