BENTHAM

Jeremy, a distinguished writer on politics and jurisprudence, was bom in 1749. He studied English law, but never appeared at the bar, being enabled by easy circumstances to devote himself entirely to literary compositions. He did not, however, publish his chief works himself. They were arranged and translated into French by his friend M. Dumdbt, and printed partly in Paris and paitly in London. Among them are l^t^ de Legislation, Civile et P^nale, . (Paris, 1802, three vols.), and Th^rie des Peines et des B^compenses (London, 1301, two vols.) Bentham advocated a thorough correction of civil and criminal legislation. His Fragments on Grovemment, in opposition to Black stone, appeared anonymously in 1776, and with his name, London, 1823. In France his literaiy labours found a better reception than in England or Germany. A small pamphlet on the liberty of the pre n^ndon, 1821) was addre ed by him to the Spanish Cortes during their discu ion of this subject; and in another (Three Tracts relative to the Spanish and Portuguese Affairs, London, 1821) he refuted the idea of the nece ity of a house of peers in Spain, as well as Montesquieu's proposition that judicial forms arc the defence of innocence. One of his latest works was the Art of Packing (London, 1S21), that arranging juries so as to obtain any verdict desired. His previous work, E aa sur la Tactique des A emble Legislatives, edited from the author^s papers Etienne Dumont (Geneva, 1815), and translated German, contains many useful observations. Introduction to the Principles of Morals and lati on (London, 1823, two vols.) treats of the cipal objects of government in a profound comprehensive manner. Zanobelli has translated Bentham's Theory of Legal Evidence into (Bergamo, 1824, two vols.) Among the earlier of Bentham was his Defence of Usury, showing Impolicy of the Present Legal Be straints Terms of Pecuniary Bargains (1787). Mr. Bentham died in London, June 6th, 1832, leaving his body be di ected for the benefit of science. A complete edition of hb works, with a biography by Bowring, was published in Ijondon (eleven vols. 1843). was a mian of primitive manners, unblemished acter, and undoubted earnestne in the cause people at laige. He is considered the father Utilitarians, or those moral political economists view everything as it is affected by the principle 'the greatest happine of the greatest number.' BENTINCK, Lord William Charles dish, second son of the third Duke of Portland, 1x>m in 1774, and entered the army at an early He served in the Duke of York*s campaign in ders, and also in Italy with the Ru ian army Suwaroff, from 1799 to 1801. In 1803 he proceeded to India as Governor of Madras, returned from in 1805, and subsequently went to Spain, where commanded a brigade under Sir John Moore Corunna. In 1810 he visited Sicily as British potentiaiy, and commander-in-chid of the English troops. The most noticeable feature of this tion is his bestowment on the Sicilians of a constitution, which, however, was overturned on the restoration of the Bourbons. He conducted in 1813 expedition from Sicily to Catalonia^ and in 1814 po e ion of Genoa on the revolt of the inhabitants from French rule. The same year he returned England, and subsequentiy entered Parliament member for Nottingham. In 1827, under Mr. ning*B admuustration, he was sent to India as nor-general, and held that office till 1835, when returned to England. Among the principal of Ids administration are the abolition of the practice of suttee, the repeal of the restrictions which hibited idl Europe ans, except servants of the pany, from settlmg in India, and the recognition the liberty of the pre . In 1836 he again Parliament as member for the city of Glasgow, was now unable from ill health to take any share in political matters. He died at Paris on June, 1839. 161