CONSONANTS

Of the consonants , b, d, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, ng, p, sh, t, v, z, always have their common English sounds, when used to transliterate foreign words. The letter c is not used by itself in re-writing for pronunciation, s or k being used instead. The only consonantal symbols, therefore, that require explanation are the following:— ch is always as in ri ch . d , nearly as th in th is = Sp. d in Ma d ri d , . g is always hard, as in g o. h represents the guttural in Scotch lo ch , Ger. na ch , also other similar gutturals. n ˙ , Fr. nasal n as in bo n . r represents both English r , and r in foreign words, which is generally much more strongly trilled. s, always as in s o. th, as th in th in. th , as th in th is. w always consonantal, as in w e. x = ks, which are used instead. y always consonantal, as in y ea (Fr. ligne would be re-written lēny). zh, as s in plea s ure = Fr. j . 147