North-East

and North-West Pa ages , the name given to the sea-routes through the Arctic Ocean, the former by the N. of Europe and Asia and the latter by the N. of North America, which the northern nations were ambitious to open up into the Pacific, the acce to which by the Capes in the S. was in po e ion of the fleets of Spain and Portugal; the attempts to achieve it cost much money and much life, and realised no permanent material advantage.