analogue

[Fr. analogue = analogous; Gr. ἀνάλογος ( an a logos ) = proportionate to: ἀνά (ana) = up to; λόγος ( logos ) = reason. According to reason; analogous to.] That which resembles something else in one or more respects. Specially : 1. Philol.: A word in one language corresponding to a word in another. "S. (Sanscrit) ap, water, the analogue of the Latin aqua."-Key: Philological E ays (1868), p. 258. 2. Biol .: A part of an animal or plant which has the same function as another part in a second animal or plant differently organised. [HOMOLOGUE.] 3. Geol.: Any body which corresponds with, or bears great resemblance to, another body. (Especially used by geologists in comparing fo il remains with living specimens.) the great abundance in the oolitic ocean of fishes, whose nearest living analogue is the Port Jackson shark (Cestracion)."- "-Owen: British Fo il Maw. mals and Birds (1846), p. xiv. . Dan, analog i a ; Ger. & Fr. an a logie ; Sp., Port., Ital., & Lat. analog i a ; all from Gr. ἀναλογία ( analog i a ) =(1) equality of ratios, proportion; (2) analogy; ἀνά (ana), and λόγος ( logos ) = a ratio, .; λέγω (lego) = to count.] A. Ord . Lang. Similitude of relations between one thing and other (see B., Logic , No. 1.), or such resemblances as are described under Logic , No. 2. (The thing to which the other is compared is preceded by to or with .) "The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature. By Joseph Butler, LL.D., late Lord Bishop of Durham When both are mentioned together they are connected by the word between . if a real analogy between the vegetable world and the intellectual and moral system were presumed to exist."-Isaac Taylor Elements of Thought, 8th ed. (1846), p. 31. B. Technically : L Logic : 1. Resemblance of relations, a meaning given to the word first by the mathematicians, and adopted by Ferguson, Whately, and, as one of various senses, by John Stuart Mill. To call a country like England, which has sent out various colonies, the mother country, implies that there is an analogy between the relation in which it stands to its colonies and that which a mother holds to her children. (Mill's Logic . (See B., II., Math .) 2. More usually: Resemblance of any kind on which an argument falling short of induction may be founded. Under this meaning the element of relation is not specially distinguished from others. "Analogical reasoning, in this second sense, may be reduced to the following formula: Two things resemble each other in one or more respects; a certain proposition is true of the one, therefore it is true of the other." If an invariable conjunction is made out between a property in the one case and a property in the other, the argument rises above analogy, and becomes an induction on a limited basis; but if no such conjunction has been made out, then the argument is one of analogy merely. According to the number of qualities in one body which agree with those in another, may it be reasoned with confidence that the as yet unexamined qualities of the two bodies will also be found to correspond. (Mill's Logic , pp. 98-107.) Metaphor and allegory addre the imagination, whilst analogy appeals to the The former are founded on similarity reason. of appearances, of effects, or of incidental circumstances; the latter is built up on more e ential resemblances, which afford a proper basis for reasoning. II. Math.: Proportion; the similitude of ratios. (Euclid, Bk. V., Def. 8.) III. Grammar : Conformity with the structure or the genius of a language. IV. Biol . The relation between parts which agree in function, as the wing of a bird and that of a butterfly, the tail of a whale and that of a fish. (Huxley's Cla if. of Animals , 1869, Glo .) Relations of analogy were made very prominent in the system of the now extinct Quinary School of zoologists. They are to be carefully distinguished from those of affinity. [AFFINITY.] the analogy of the hawk to the shrike, or eagle to the lion."-Swains on: Cla if. of Birds, 1. 345. "The analogy between the swan and the ostrich is one degree, that between the ostrich and the giraffe is another, while the analogy between the bee and the weaving birds (Ploceanæ) is another."-Ibid. tăn-a-lyş-a-ble, a . [ANALYZABLE.] † ăn'-a-lyse, v.t. [ANALYZE.] ăn-a-lyş-er, s. [ANALYZER.]