Orléans Dec

2-4. Aurangabad. See Aurangabad . Aureng-Zebe, or The Great Mogul. A rimed tragedy by Dryden, produced in 1675, read by Charles II. in manuscript, and partly revised by him. died 1786. Swedish Orientalist. Auronzo (ou-ron'dzō). A commune in the province of Belluno, Italy, near the Austrian frontier 31 miles northeast of Belluno. Its chief town is Villa grande. Aurora arora) the dawn, the godde of the dawn, earlier * Ausosa , Gr. άώς (Doric), ἠώς (Ionic), ἕως (Attic), the dawn, godde of dawn, Skt. ushas , * ushāsā , dawn, from the root ush , burn.] In Roman mythology, the godde of the dawn: called Eos by the Greeks. The poets represented her as rising out of the ocean in a chariot, her rosy fingers dropping gentle dew. Aurora. 1. A fresco by Guido Reni, in the Palazzo Rospigliosi, Rome. Aurora, scattering flowerse advances before the chariot of Phœbus, who 2. A fresco by Guercino, on the ceiling of a casino of the Villa Ludovisi, Rome. The dawn godde advances through the air in a chariot, pursuing the fleeing Night. The Hours scatter dew before her, and attended by the Hours. is genii flowers. Aurora. A city in Kane County, Illinois, situated on the Fox River 39 miles west of Chicago. It has railroad shops, and manufactures of ma chinery, flour, etc. Pop. (1900), 24,147. Aurora. A manufacturing city in Dear born County, Indiana, situated on the Ohio River 22 miles southwest of Cincinnati. Population (1900), 3,645. Aurora Leigh (a-rō'ra lē). A narrative poem by Mrs. Browning, published in 1857, named from its heroine. It was written at the Casa Guidi in Florence. Aurungabad. See Aurangabad. Aurung-Zeb (a'rung-zeb'), or Aurang-Zebe, or Aureng-Zebe. [Hind., 'ornament of the throne.'] Born Oct. 20, 1619: died at Ahmednuggur, Feb. 21, 1707. Emperor of Hindu stan 1658-1707, surnamed "Alum-Geer" or "AlamGir" ('conqueror of the world'): third son of the emperor Shah Jehân. He became governor of Deccan in 1638, and usurped the throne in 1658, after and imprisoned his father and younger brother. He inc or having murdered his two elder brothers Dara and Shuja porated the va al states Bejapoor and Golconda in the empire 1683-87, and is regarded by the Mu ulmans of India as one of their greatest monarchs, although his reli. gio us intolerance impaired the resources of the country. Aurva (our' wä). In Hindu mythology, a rishi, son of Urva, grandson of Bhrigu. In a persecution of his race, which did not spare even the unborn child, Aurva Bhargava was miraculously preserved and brought to birth. The fire of his wrath threatened to destroy the world, when at the interce ion of the manes of his ancestor he sent this fire into the ocean, where it has since remained. Au Sable (ōsä'bl). A river in Michigan which flows into Lake Huron north of Saginaw Bay. Au Sable. A small river in northeastern New York which flows from the A dir on dacks and empties into Lake Cham plain. Au Sable Chasm. A deep, narrow, and picturesque chasm formed by the Au Sable River near Keeseville, New York. Aurich (ou'rich). A governmental district of is province of Hanover, Pru ia. Population Auscha (ou's ha). A small town in northern (1890), 218,004. Bohemia, east of Leitmeritz. Pru ia, in lat. 53° 28′ N., long. 7° 27′ E.: the chief town of East Fries land. Population at'sēm). A town in Galicia, Austria-Hungary, (1890), 5,640. situated on the Sola 31 miles west of Cracow, and Zator until 1773. Population (1890), 5,414. divine, appointed profe or of theology at Rostock in 1550, on the recommendation of Me lanch thon. Aurifaber (Latinized from Goldschmied), Johann. Born 1519: died at Erfurt, Pru ia, Nov. 18, 1575. A German Luther an divine, a friend and a istant of Luther, and editor of 56 B. C. They gave name to August a Auscorum, A us on i a (a-so'ni-ä). In ancient geography, the country of the Ausones, Italy, restricted in historical times to a territory on the borders of Camp an i a and Latium; poetically, the Italian peninsula. A us on i us (a-sō'ni-us), Decimus Magnus. Born at Burdigala (Bordeaux, France) about 310 A. D.: died about 394. A Latin Christian poet and man of letters. He was appointed tutor to Gra- tian us, and later to political offices, including the consul. his works. Auriga (a-rīga). [L., a charioteer; as con- stell at i on, the Wagoner.] A northern cons tell a- tion, the Charioteer or Wagoner, containing the splendid star Capella. It is supposed to represent a charioteer kneeling in his vehicle. He is often represented A us pic i us (a-spish'ius), Saint. Died about 474. with a kid on his left shoulder, this being doubtle an Ancient constellation figure coincident in position with Bishop of Toul, said to have been one of the most learned prelates of his time. An epistle the modern Auch. the Charioteer. ate (379). Au ig (ou's ig), or Labem (lä-bem'). A town in Bohemia, situated at the junction of the Biela and Elbe 44 miles north of Prague. It has an important trade in coal, and manufactures of chemicals, woolens, etc. Here, June 15, 1426, the Hu ites defeated Saxons. Population (1891), Autention, 23,646 Steven ton, Hants, England, Dec. 16, 1775: died at Winchester, July 18, 1817. A famous English novelist, daughter of George Austen, rector of Deane and Steven ton. She lived in Bath (1801), Southampton (1805), Chawton near Alton (1809), and Winchester (May, 1817), and was buried in Winchester Cathedral. Her works are "Sense and Sensibility" (published 1811), "Pride and Prejudice" (1813), "Mans field Park" (1814), “Emma” (1816), "North anger Abbey" (1818), “Persuasion" (1818). Her letters were edited by Lord Bra bourne in 1884. Auster (âs'ter). [L.] The south wind. Austerlitz (ous'ter-lits). A town in Moravia, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Littawa 12 miles east of Brünn. Here, Dec. 2, 1805, the French (about 60,000) under Napoleon (Soult, Lannes, Murat, Bernadotte) overthrew the Ru o-Austrian army (over 80,000) under Kutus off: called the "Battle of Three Em perors," from the presence of the emperors Alexander I., Francis, and Napoleon. The lo of the French was about 12,000; that of the Allies over 30,000. The battle was followed by the Peace of Presburg between France and Austria. Population (1890), commune, 3,475. Austerlitz, Sun of. The bright sun which dispersed the clouds and mist on the morning of the battle of Austerlitz, proverbial as a symbol of good fortune. Austin (as'tin), Alfred. [ Austin and Austen are ult. contracted forms of Augustine .] Born at Head in gley, near Leeds, May 30, 1835. An English poet, critic, journalist, and lawyer. He was graduated at the University of London in 1853; was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1857; was correspondent at Rome of the London "Standard" during the ecumenical council of the Vatican in 1870, and at the headquarters of the King of Pru ia during the Franco German war; and became editor of the "National Review" on its establishment in 1883. Among his works are "The Human Tragedy" (1862), "Savonarola" (1881), "At the Gate of the Convent," etc. Appointed laureate Dec., 1895. Austin, Mrs. (Jane Good win). Born 1831: died March 30, 1894: married Loring H. Austin in 1850. An American authore . She has published, among other works, "Outpost" (1866), "Cipher" (1869), "A Namele Nobleman (1881), "Nantucket Scraps" (1882). Austin, John. Born at Creeling Mill, Suffolk, March 3, 1790: died at Wey bridge, in Surrey, Dec., 1859. A noted English lawyer and writer on jurisprudence, profe or of jurisprudence at the University of London (University College) 1826-32. He wrote "Province of Jurisprudence Determined" (1832), "Lectures on Jurisprudence" (1861-63). Austin, Jonathan Loring. Born at Boston, Jan. 2, 1748: died at Boston, May 10, 1826. An American Revolutionary patriot. He was sent to Paris, 1777, with despatches to Dr. Franklin announcing the surrender of General Burgoyne, and remained two years with Franklin as his private secretary. at Conn., Austin, Moses Born Durham, conn about pioneer in Texas. He obtained about 1820 permi ion American colony of 300 families, but died before the project could accomplished. The colony was, however, founded by his son Stephen Faustin Austin, Samuel. Born at New Haven, Conn., Oct. 7, 1760: died at Glastonbury, Conn., Dec. 4, 1830. An American Congregational clergyman, president of the University Vermont 1815-21. Austin, Mrs. (Sarah Taylor). Born at Norwich, England, 1793: died at Wey bridge, Surrey, Aug. 8, 1867. An English writer, wife of John Austin, best known as a translator from the French and German (of Ranke, Guizot, Niebuhr, etc.). Austin, Stephen Fuller. Born at Austinville, Va., Nov. 3, 1793: died at Columbia, Tex., Dec. 25, 1836. The founder of the State of Texas, son of Moses Austin. He established in 1821 the colony contemplated by his father; was sent as a commi ioner to Mexico, 1833, to urge the admi ion of Texas into the Mexican Union as a separate State, and was imprisoned there from February to June, 1834; and was appointed in 1835 a commi ioner to the United States to secure the recognition of Texas as an independent State Austin, William Austin, William. Born 1587: died Jan. 16, 1634. An English lawyer and writer on religious and miscellaneous subjects. His works, published posthumously, ar are "Devotion is August in i an Flamma, or Certayne Devout, Godly, and Lerned Meditations, etc." (1635), “Hæc Homo, wherein the Excellency of the Creation of Woman is described by way of an E ay (1637), and a translation of Cicero's "Cato Major." Austin, William. Born at Charles town, Ma ., March 2, 1778: died there, June 27, 1841. An American lawyer and writer, author of the tale "Peter Rugg, the Mi ing Man," etc. Austin. The capital of Mower County, Minnesota, situated on Cedar River 97 miles south of St. Paul. Population (1900), 5,474. Austin. The capital of Lander County, Nevada, 146 miles northeast of Carson City. ty. Population (1900), precincts 1 and 2, 702. Austin. The capital of Texas and of Travis County, situated on the Colorado River in lat. 30° 18' N., long. 97° 40′ W. It is a railroad center and the seat of a State university and other institutions. Population (1900), 22,258. Austin Friars. The monastery of the Friars Eremite of the order of St. Augustine, on the north side of Broad street, Old London, founded by Humphrey Bohun, earl of Here ford and E ex, in 1253. The ground was considered especially sacred, and the tombs were equal in beauty to those of Westminster Abbey. Here were buried Hubert de Burgh; Edmund Plantage net, half-brother of Richard II.; those who fell in the battle of Barnet; Richard Fitz Alan, earl of Arundel, beheaded 1397; the Earl of Oxford, beheaded 1463; and Edward Stafford, duke of Bucking ham, beheaded 1521. At the di olution the spire was destroyed and the monuments sold by the Marquis of Winchester. The nave was walled up, and is now used as a church by the Dutch residents of London. was damaged in 1862. Little of the old church remains in the present building. The order is also called August in i ans . Austral Islands (as'tral i'landz). See Tubuai Islands . customs, rules of marriage, and etiquette are of a complexity apparently more ancient than even the similar among North American Indians, Kaffirs, and PolyLang, Myth., etc., II. 1. nesians. Australian Alps. A mountain-range in the eastern part of Victoria and New South Wales, nearly parallel with the coast, containing the highest point in Australia, Mount Kosciusko, 7,336 feet. Australian Pyrenees. See Pyrenees , Austra lian . Austrasia (âs-tra'şia or-zia). [ML., from OHG. ōstar , eastern. See Austria .] The eastern kingdom of the Me roving i an Franks from the 6th to the 8th century A. D. It embodied an extensive region on both sides of the Rhine, with Metz as its capital. Austria (as'tri-ä). [G. Österreich , F. Au triche , ML. Austria ; from OHG. Ostarrih, G. Oesterreich , eastern kingdom.] 1. An archduchy in the western part of Austria-Hungary, comprising the crownlands of Upper and Lower Austria (which see): the nucleus of the Hapsburg dominions. The emperor is its hereditary arch duke. It was originally the Östmark formed by Charles the Great 799, destroyed by the Magyars, reërected by Henry I. in 928, and made a duchy in 1156. Until 1246 it was under the Babenberg dynasty (which see), and came under the rule of the Hapsburgs in 1282. Salzburg was united with it administratively from 1814 until 1849. 2. The eastern division of the ancient Caroling i an kingdom of Italy, corresponding to the later Venetia. - 3. The Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, comprising Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Salzburg, Tyrol and Vorarlberg, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Görz and Gradiska, Istria, Trieste, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Galicia, Bukowina, and Dalmatia.-4. The dominions of the house of Hapsburg, called officially the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. See Austria - Hungary .-5. Same as Austrasia . Austrian Succe ion, War of the mans about one fifteenth. There are also Jews, Bul garians, Armenians, Italians, Gipsies, Ladins. The religion the majority is Roman Catholic: there are several millions of Protestants, and about an equal number be- long to the Greek Church. The country produces grain all kinds (especially wheat), beets, potatoes, fruits, timber, hemp, flax, tobacco; has manufactures of iron, gla , cotton, linen, wool, and silk; and is very rich in mineral resources, including gold, silver, quicksilver, iron, coal, lead, copper, salt, zinc, and coal. It is on the whole unfavorably situated for commerce. The south and west of Austria belonged to the Roman Empire. The country was at various times overrun by the Goths, Iluns, Lombards, Avars, etc. The nucleus was the March of austria, which was erected by Charles the Great, remade To this Styria was united in 1192. The Babenberg dynasty (which see) was extinguished in 1246, and was followed after some years by the Hapsburg line. (See Hapsburg .) Rudolf of Hapsburg (the ruler of various districts in Switzerland, Alsace, Swabia, and Breisgau) was elected emperor of Germany in 1273. In 1282 he conferred Austria, Styria, and Carniola (having wrested them from Ottocar II. of Bohemia in 1276) upon his sons. Carinthia was acquired in 1335, Tyrol in 1363, and Trieste in 1382. The continuous line of Hapsburg emperors of Germany began in 14:38. Austria was made an archduchy in 1453. Bohemia, with Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia, was added to the Hapsburg dominions in 1526. In the same year began the rule of the Hapsburgs in Hungary, at that time mainly in the po e ion of the Turks, who were not completely dispo e ed until 1718. Austria took the leading part in the Thirty Years' War, and at its close (1648) had to cede her po e ions in Alsace to France; she also took part in the War of the Spanish Succe ion, and acquired in 1714 the Spanish (Austrian) Netherlands, Milan, Mantua, Naples, and Sardinia (the latter was exchanged for Sicily in 1720). By the treaties of 1735 and 1738 Naples and Sicily were ceded to the Bourbons, part of northwestern Italy was ceded to Sardinia, and Austria received Parma and Piacenza. The acce ion of Maria The res a in 1740 led to the War of the Austrian Succe ion. The greater part of Silesia was ceded to Pru ia in 1742; and by the treaty of 1748 and Guastalla were ceded to Don Austral asia (âs-tra-lā'shä or -zhä). [NL., 'southern Asia,' from L. australis , southern, Austria, Lower. [G. Nieder - Österreich or and Asia .] A division of Oceanic a, compris- Österreich - unter - der - Enns .] ing Australia, Papua, Tasmania, New Zealand, the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, Sturt, Eyre, Wills, Stuart, War burton, For rest, Giles, etc. Area, 2,946,691 square miles. Popu- gines, about 55,000. The natives of Australia were all, when discovered, and still (when uninfluenced by the teaching of mi ionaries) remain, on much the same low level of civilisation. The men, like the animals of this continent, appear in some respects to belong to an older world than ours. They are not only in an extremely rudimentary stage of material culture, but they show few if any signs of ever having been in a much higher condition. No people have le settled homes; destitute of the forms of agriculture practised by the natives of the other South Sea Islands, the tribes wander over large expanses of country, urged by the nece ities of the chase, and attracted, now here, now there, by the ripening of wild berries or by the presence of edible roots. Houses they have none, and their tem porary shelters or gunyehs are of the rudest and most fragile character. Nothing can more clearly demonstrate their barbarous condition than the entire absence of native pottery and of traces of ancient pottery in the soil. They have scarcely made any progre in domesticating animals. Their government is a democracy of the fight ing men, tempered by the dictates of Birraark or sorcerers, and by the experience of the aged. Yet their social A crownland in forming the eastern portion of the archduchy of Austria. It is bounded by Bohemia and Moravia on the north, Hungary on the east, Styria on the south, and Upper Austria on the west. It is mountainous in the south, and is traversed by the Danube. The chief city is Vienna. The prevailing language is German, and the prevailing religion Roman Catholic. Area, 7,654 square miles. Population (1890), 2,661,799. Austria, Upper. [G. Ober-Österreich or Ös terreich - ob - der - Enns .] A crownland in the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, capital Linz, forming the western portion of the archduchy of Austria, bounded by Bavaria and Bohemia on the north, Lower Austria on the east, Styria and Salzburg on the south, and Bavaria and Salzburg on the west. It is moun tainous, especially in the south, and is traversed by the Danube. The inhabitants are Germans, and the prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. Area, 4,631 square miles. Population (1890), 785,831. Austria, House of. See Hapsburg , House of . Austria-Hungary (as'tri-a-hung'ga-ri) (officially, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; loosely and popularly, Austria). [G. Öster reich - Ungarn , or Österreichisch - Ungarische Mon archie .] An empire of Europe, capital Vienna, one of the "Great Powers," bounded by Germany (partly separated from it by the Erzgebirge and Sudetic Mountains) and Ru ia (partly separated from it by the Vistula) on the north, Ru ia and Rumania on the east, Rumania (separated from it by the Car path i ans), Servia (partly separated from it by the Danube), and Monte negro on the south, the Adriatic Sea and Italy (mainly separated from it by the Alps) on the southwest, and Switzerland and Germany (partly separated from it by the Inn and the Böhmerwald) on the west. It extends from lat. 42° to 51° N., and from long. 9° 30′ to 26° 20′ E. Politically the monarchy is divided into the Cisleithan division, comprising Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Tyrol and Vorarlberg, Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Küstenland, Dalmatia, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Galicia, and Bukowina, which are represented in the Reichsrath, which meets at Vienna, and is composed of an Upper House, and a Lower House of 425 members; and the Transleithan division, comprising Hungary (including Transylvania), Croatia-Slavonia, and Fiume, represented at Budapest by the Diet, composed of a House of Magnates, and a House of 453 Representatives. Legislation for the monarchy as a whole is vested in the Delegations (60 members from each of the two parliaments). Bosnia and Herzegovina are admin istered by Austria-Hungary. The government is a constitutional hereditary monarchy. The inhabitants belong to various races whose relations are exceedingly complicated. The Slavs (Czechs, Poles, Ruthenians, Slovaks, Slovens, Servians, and Croatians) lead, numerically forming about one half of the whole; the Germans constitute one fourth, the Magyars le than one sixth, and the Ru Philipaustriacenzo, took using are the on Years' War. By the first partition of Poland, 1772, she acquired Galicia and Lodomeria. Bukowina was acquired in 1777, and Bavaria ceded the Innviertel in 1779. War was waged with France 1792-97. By the treaty of CampoFormio, 1797, Austria lost the Austrian Netherlands and Lombardy, but received Venice, Venetia, Istria, and Dalmatia. New Galicia (afterward lost) was obtained in the third partition of Poland, 1795. War with France was carried on 1799-1801, resulting in the treaty of Lunéville (1801), by which the previous treaty was confirmed. Members of the Hapsburg family received ce ions in the arrangements of 1803. The emperor Francis took the title of "Emperor of Austria" in 1804. A disastrous war with France broke out in 1805, and Austria was forced to cede (1805) Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Breisgau, various territories in Swabia, etc., Venetia, Dalmatia, etc., to France and French allies, and received Salzburg and Berchtesgaden. The di olution of the German Empire took place in 1806. War with France again occurred in 1809, and Austria ceded in the same year Carniola, Trieste, Croatia, part of Carinthia, etc., Salzburg, the Innviertel, etc., and part of Galicia, to Napoleon. Austria joined the Allies against Napoleon in 1813. By the Congre of Vienna (1815) she regained many of her former dominions, including Tyrol, the Illyrian territories, Venetia, and Lombardy. She became the head of the German Confederation (1815-66), a member of the Holy Alliance, and a leader in the European reactionary movement. Revolutionary movements in Austrian and Italian dominions 1848-49 were repre ed, and a rebellion in Hungary which took place at the same time was sub• dued with the aid of Ru ia. The Republic of Cracow was annexed in 1846. By the war of 1859 against France and Sardinia, Austria lost Lombardy and her influence in Italy. She joined with Pru ia in a war against Denmark in 1864. In 1866 Pru ia, in alliance with Italy, made war upon Austria, and completely defeated her at Königgrätz. was obliged to retire from the Germanic Confederation and to cede Venetia to Italy. The formation of the dual monarchy took place in 1867. In 1878 the administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina was given to Austria Hungary. In 1882 Austria entered into the Triple Alliance with Germany and Italy. Area, 240,942 square iniles. Population (1900), 45,242,889. Austrian Hyena, The. A nickname given to Julius Jakob von Haynau, from his cruelties in Italy and Hungary. His flogging of women at the capture of Brescia, and his severity to the defeated Hungarians in 1849, roused such indignation that he barely escaped with his life when on a visit to the brewery of Austrian Rigi. A name sometimes given to rm . and Perkins, London. the Schafberg in Austria. Austrian Succe ion, War of the. The war between Austria and England on the one side, and France, Bavaria, Pru ia, Spain, Sardinia, etc., on the other, which broke out on the succe ion of Maria The res a (daughter of the emperor Charles VI.) to the Austrian lands in 1740. The states whose adhesion to the Pragmatic Sanction (which see) Charles VI. had secured took up arms to despoil Maria The res a of her dominions. The conflict with Pru ia which was terminated in 1742 is known as the first Silesian war (which see). England became allied with Austria 1741, and King George II. defeated the French at Dettingen 1743. The second Silesian war, in which Saxony, originally the ally of Pru ia, joined Austria, followed in 1744-45. French victories were gained at Fontenoy 1745, Raucoux 1746, and Lawfeld 1747. The American phase of the war between England and France is known as King George's war. The expedition of the Young Pretender in Scotland and England 1745-46 was a diversion in the French favor. Ru ia joined Austria in 1747. The war was ended by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748, and a mutual restitution of con. Austrian Succe ion, War of the quests, except in regard to Austria, which came out of the struggle with the lo of Silesia, as well as of Parma and Piacenza. Austrian Switzerland. A name sometimes given to the Salzkammergut in Austria, on account of its picturesque scenery. Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. [G. Österreich isch-Ungarische Monarchie .] The official name (since 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Austro-Pru ian War. See Seven Weeks War . Austro-Sard in i an War. See Italian War of 1859. Auteuil (ō-tėy'). A former village, now a portion of Paris, situated on the right bank of the Seine east of Boulogne, noted as the place of residence of Boileau, Molière, Helvetius, Talleyrand, Thiers, and other distinguished Authentic Doctor, The. A title given to the schoolman Gregory of Rimini (died 1358). people. Author (a'thor), The. A comedy by Foote, produced and printed in 1757. See Cad wall a der . Author's Farce, The. A play by Fielding, produced in 1730, and revived in 1734, with amusing ridicule of the Cibbers. Autire (ou-ti-rā'), or Hoteday (hō-te-dā'). A tribe or division of North American Indians which lived in the valley of the Shasta River, California. In 1851 it had 19 villages with an estimated population of 1,140. See Sastean . Autocrat of the Breakfast-table, The. A series of papers by Oliver Wendell Holmes, published serially in the first twelve numbers of the "Atlantic Monthly," and together in 1858. The autocrat (Holmes himself) discourses on matters in general with a genial philosophy from his position at a boarding-house breakfast-table. He used this signa ture also in other works. Autodidact us (a"to-di-dak'tus), The, or the Natural Man. [Ar. Hai - Ibn - yogtán ; L. autodidact us, 'self-taught."] A psychological romance by the Arabian philosopher Ibn-Tofail (died 1188). In it the author "supposes a child thrown upon a desert island at its birth, and there growing to manhood, who comes by himself to the knowledge of nature, not only in its physical but also in its metaphysical aspect, and even of God." A Latin translation was published in Europe by the English Orientalist Edward Pococke under the title "Philosophus Autodidact us" (1671). It was translated into English by S. Ockley (1711), and into German by J. G. P. (Prilius), 1726. Autolycus (a-tol'i-kus). [Gr. Αυτολύκος .] Born at Pitane, in Æolis: lived about 350 в. с. A Greek astronomer, author of treatises "On the Motion of the Sphere" and "On Fixed Stars." Autolycus. In Greek legend, a son of Hermes (or Dædali on) and Chione, and father of Antieleia, the mother of Ody eus. He was a famous thief, and po e ed the power of making himself and the things that he stole invisible, or of giving them new forms. Autolycus. In Shakspere's "Winter's Tale," a witty thieving peddler, a "snapper up of unconsidered trifles." He indulges in grotesque self-raillery and droll soliloquizing on his own sins. Auto med on (a-tom'e-don). [Gr. Αὐτομέδων .] In Greek legend, the son of Diores, and, according to Homer, the comrade and charioteer of Achilles. In another account, he had an independent command of ten ships in the Trojan war. Vergil makes him the companion in arms of Pyrrhus, son of Achilles. 6, Autran (ō-tron'), Joseph Antoine. Born at Marseilles, June, 1813: died there, March 1877. A French poet, author of "La Fille d'Eschyle," a tragedy which gained him a seat in the Academy. Autriche (ō-tresh'). The French name of Austria. Autricum (a'tri-kum). The Roman name of a town of the Celtic Carnutes: the modern Chart res. ing; its great stone pyramid is hollow from base to apex. Among the Roman remains are the Porte d'Arroux, a Roman gateway of fine masonry, with two large arches flanked by smail ones, and surmounted by an arcade of high, narrow arches between Corinthian pilasters; the Porte St. André, a Roman gateway of similar character to the Porte d'Arroux, but more two small arches below, and an upper arcade of ten arches displaying Ionic pilasters; and the temple of Janus, so called, a ma ive square Roman tower, in reality a defen. sive outwork of the ancient fortifications. It has two tiers of openings. Population (1891), commune, 15,187. more ma ive, with two large and But the special glory of which Autun was specially to boast itself, the po e ion of the Flavian name, has utterly pa ed away; but for the witne of Eumenius itself, the world might have wholly forgotten that Autun had ever borne it. Autun has been for ages as little used to the name Flavia as Trier has been used to the name of Freeman , Hist. E ays, 4th ser., p. 97. August a. Autunois (ō-ti-nwä'). A former division of Burgundy, corresponding in general to the modern department of Saône-et-Loire and part of Côte-d'Or. Auvergne (ō-varny'). [From Arverni.] An ancient government of France. It was bounded by Bourbonnais on the north, Lyonnais on the east, Langue doc on the southeast, Guienne on the southwest, and Limous in and Marche on the west; corresponding to the departments of Puy-de-Dôme and Cantal, and part of Haute-Loire. Capital, Clermont. It was a county and then a duchy, and was finally united to the French crown in 1532. Auvergne, Counte of. A minor character in Shakspere's "Henry VI.," part 1. Auvergne, Mountains of. A branch of the Cévennes Mountains, situated chiefly in the departments of Cantal and Puy-de-Dôme, France. They are volcanic in structure. The chief peaks are Puyde-Sancy (6,185 feet high), Plomb du Cantal, and Puy-de Dôme. Auverney (ō-ver-nē'), Victor d'. A pseudonym used by Victor Hugo about 1829. Aux Cayes. See Cayes . Avedik Avallon (ä-väl-lôn'). A town in the department of Yonne, France, on the Cousin 27 miles southeast of Auxerre: the Roman Aballo. Gives name to a red Burgundy wine. Population (1891), commune, 6,076. Avalokiteshvara (a"va-lō-ki-tāsh' wa-ra). [Skt., the Lord who looks down from on high.'] One of the two Bodhisattvas (see that word), the other being Manjushri, who had become objects of worship among the followers of the Great Vehicle at least as early as 400 A. D. They are not mentioned in the Pitakas, or in the Lalita Vistara, or in the older Nepalese and Tibetan books, and are the invention of Buddhists seeking gods to replace those of the Hindu Pantheon. Avalokiteshvara is the personification of power, the merciful protector of the world and of men. Somewhat later his power was separated from his pro tecting care, and the former more specially personified as the Bodhisattva Vajradhara, 'the bearer of the thunder bolt, or Vajrapani, he who has the thunderbolt in his hand, both formerly epithets of Indra. This new being, with the other two Bodhisattvas, forms the earliest triad of northern Buddhism, Vajrapani being the Jupiter Tonans, Manjushri the deified teacher, and Avalokiteshvara the spirit of the Buddhas present in the church. These beings and one or two other le conspicuous Bodhisattvas had become practically gods, though the original teaching of Gautama knew nothing of God, taught that Arahats were better than gods, and acknowledged no form of prayer. Avalon (av'a-lon), or Avallon, or Avelion (a-vel'ion), or Avilion (a-vil'ion). [W. Ynys yr A fall on , island of apples.] In Celtic mythology, the Land of the Ble ed, or Isle of Souls, an earthly paradise in the western seas. The great heroes, such as Arthur and Ogierle Dane, were carried there at death, and the fairy Morgan a or Morgan le Fay holds her court there. It is often called the Vale of Avalon or Avilion . Of all the qualities of Tir Tairngire abundance of apples, the only important fruit known to the northern nations, seems to have been the only one which conveyed the highest notion of enjoyment. Hence the soul-kingdom was bishop of Milan 355–374, who was condemned by the synod held at Rome 370, although he enjoyed the favor of the imperial court. He sustained himself in his see till his death. Auxerre (ō-sar'). The capital of the department of Yonne, Yonne, Fr France, situated on the Yonne in lat. 47° 48′ N., long. 3° 32′ E.: the Roman Auti iodurum (whence the name), a town of the Senones; later the capital of the ancient Auxerrois. It is noted for its wines, and has varied manufactures. The cathedral of Auxerre is a beautiful 13th-century building with some later modifications. The transepts have magnificent portals and great traceried windows. The piers of the portals of the façade are covered with panels bearing reliefs of Old Testament subjects, and the interior is beautifully proportioned and fore namented. It po e es gla . The length is 330 feet, the height of vaulting 92 feet. Popu lati on (1891), 18,036. Auxerrois (ō-sar-wä'). An ancient county of France, capital Auxerre, formerly part of the duchy of Burgundy. It was incorporated in France under Louis XI. Auxois (ō-swä'). A medieval countship in Burgundy, corresponding to the arrondi ement of Avallon in the department of Yonne and the arrondi ement of Sémur in the department of Côte-d'Or. Auxonne (ō-son'). A town in the department of Côte-d'Or, France, on the Saône 20 miles southeast of Dijon, strongly fortified by Vau- ban. Population (1891), commune, 6,695. Auxonnois (ō-son-wä'). A former small district of France, whose capital was Auxonne. Auzout (ō-zö'), Adrien. Died 1691. A French mathematician, astronomer, and maker of telescopes, inventor of the filar micrometer. Auzoux, Théodore Louis. Born at Saint Aubin d'Escroville in 1797: died at Paris, May 7, 1880. A French physician, inventor of a method of making paste models of anatomical prepara Autronia gens (a-trō'ni-ä jenz). In ancient Rome, a clan or house whose only known family name is Pætus. The first member of this gens who obtained the consulate was P. Autronius Pætus, 96° 1' E.: now largely in ruins. tions. Ava (ävä). The former capital of Burma, sit- uated on the Irawadi in lat. 21° 52′ N., long. Autun (o-tun'). A city in the department of Saône-et-Loire, France, situated on the Arroux 42 miles southwest of Dijon: the ancient Augustodunum (whence the name). It contains many Roman antiquities, the medieval Cathedral of St. Lazare, theological seminaries, and collections, and has varied manufactures and some trade. The Roman town, which was the seat of a noted school of rhetoric, was destroyed by Tetricus in 270, and rebuilt by Constant i us Chlorus and Const an tine: later it was sacked by northern invaders, Saracens, Normans, etc. The cathedral is in great part early Romanesque, with fine western pyramid capped towers flanking a beautiful porch of two bays, in Which opens the round-arched portal, with an impre ive Last Judgment in its tympanum. The ornamental details of the interior are largely copied from the local Roman remains. There is a lofty 15th-century spire at the cro Avallenau, The. [Poem of the apple trees. See quotation under Avalon .] A poem ascribed to the ancient Merlin. "The poem is considered by Mr. Stephens to be founded on a tradition of seven score chiefs who were changed to sprites in the Wood of Celyddon, to have been written in the latter part of the reign of Owain Gwynedd, and to contain distinct historical allusion to affairs of the years 1165-1170. It includes also a notion of the return of Cad wall a der, which was one of the inventions of Geoffrey of Mon mouth, set afloat by the wide popularity of his fictitious history. Apple-trees were chosen by the poet because, after Geoffrey's history ap peared, Fairy-land was known among the bards as Ynys yr Avallon, the Island of the Apple-trees, which English roman cists, not knowing the meaning of Avallon, or not being so much impre ed as the Welsh by the beauty of a blo oming apple-orchard, called 'the woody isle of Avalon." Morley , Eng. Writers, III. 256. and sometimes Ynysvitrin or Ynysgutrin , Gla Island, a name which identifies it with the Teutonic Glasberg . When these names pa ed into other languages untranslated, so that their meaning became obscured or forgot ten, the kingdom of the dead was localized at Glastonbury, the Anglo-Saxon Glaestinga burh . There, according to legend, Arthur lies buried; but another popular tradition has it that he was carried away to the island of Avallon by his sister the fairy Morgan a, the Morgue la Fae of French Romance. In the romance of Ogier le Danois, when Ogier, who Morgue la Fae determines shall be her lover, arrives at the palace of Avallon, he finds there besides Morgan a her brother King Arthur, and her brother Auberon, the Oberon of fairy romance, and Mallabron, a sprite of the sea. Encyc . Brit ., V. 325. Avalon Peninsula (av'a-lon pē-nin'sū-lä). The peninsula at the southeastern extremity of Newfoundland, on which St. John's is situated, connected with the rest of the island by a nar row isthmus. Avalos, Ferdinando Francesco d'. See Pes car a , Marquis of . Avalos, Gil Ramirez de. See Davalos . Avare, L'. [F., 'the miser.] A comedy by Molière, produced in 1668. The plot was borrowed from the "Aulularia" of Plautus. Fielding founded his "Miser" upon it. Avaricum (a-var'i-kum). The Roman name of the chief city of the Bituriges, a Gallic tribe: the modern Bourges, capital of the department Bituriges of Cher. Avars (ä'värz). 1. A people of Ural-Altaic stock, allied to the Huns, who appeared on the Danube about 555 A. D., and settled in Dacia. They aided Just in i an, and later a isted the Lombards against the Gepidæ; occupied Pannonia, and later Dalmatia, and invaded Germany, Italy, and the Balkan Peninsula. Their power was broken by Charles the Great about 796, and they disappeared with the establishment of the Moravians and Magyars. 2. A people, probably allied to the Lesghians, who dwell in Daghestan. Avasaxa (ä-vä-säk'sä). A mountain in Finland, near Torneå, resorted to by tourists in summer on account of the view obtained there of the midnight sun. Avatcha (ä-vä'chä), or A vat chins kay a (ä-vä IMG:content-0152.png:[ocr errors] Chen, lat. 53° 15′ N., long. 158° 50′ E., about 8,000 feet high. Avatcha Bay. A bay on the eastern coast of Kamtchatka, on which Petropaulovsk is situ IMG:content-0153.png:[blocks in formation] Avellino, Francesco Maria. Born at Naples, Aug. 14, 1788: died Jan. 10, 1850. An Italian archæologist and numismatist. He became pro- fe or of Greek in the University of Naples in 1815, direc- tor of the Museo Borbonico in 1839, and was editor of "Bollettino archeologico Napolitano" 1843-48. Avenare. See Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra . Avenbrugger. See Auenbrugger . Avenches (a-vonsh'), G. Wifflisburg (vif'lis- börg). A town in the canton of Vaud, Swit- zerland, 7 miles northwest of Fribourg: the Roman Aventicum, the ancient capital of the Helvetii. It has remains of an amphitheater, various other Roman relics (including a Corinthian column), and a castle. Avenel (āv'nel), Mary. One of the principal characters in Sir Walter Scott's novel "The Monastery," the wife of Halbert Glen dinning. She reappears in "The Abbot." Avenel, Julian. The usurper of Avenel Cas- tle and the uncle of Mary Avenel in Scott's novel "The Monastery." bert . Avenio (a-vēniō). The Roman name of a town of the Cavares, in Gallia Narbonensis: the mod- ern Avignon. Aventine (av'en-tin). [L. Mons A vent in us , It. Monte Aventino .] The farthest south of the seven hills of ancient Rome, rising on the left bank of the Tiber, south of the Palatine. Below it to the northeast lay the Circus Maximus, and to A vent in us (av-en-ti'nus) (originally Thur- mayr, Johannes). Born at Abensberg, Ba- varia, 1477 (?): died at Ratisbon, Bavaria, Jan. 9, 1534. A Bavarian historian, author of "An- nalium Boiorum libri VII.," etc. Averell (ā've-rel), William Woods. Born at Cameron, Steuben County, N. Y., Nov. 5, 1832: died at Bath, N. Y., Feb. 3, 1900. An American general and inventor. He was graduated at West Point in 1855; distinguished himself during the Civil War as a leader of cavalry raids in Virginia 1863 and 1864; and resigned May 18, 1865, with the brevet rank of major-gen- eral. Among his inventions are a proce of manufac- turing cast-steel directly from the ore, an asphalt pave- Averno (ä-ver'nō), L. lac us Avernus (a-ver'- nus). [Gr. Ἄορνος λίμνη, lit. 'the bird le lake': it being said that its exhalations killed the birds flying over it. But this is prob. a popular etym. due to the accidental resemblance of the name to the Gr. ἄορνος , bird le .] A small lake in Camp an i a, Italy, 9 miles west of Naples, anciently believed to be the entrance to the infernal regions. Its circumference is nearly 2 miles, and it is about 200 feet deep. Averroës (a-ver'ō-ez), or Averrhoës (Abul Walid Mohammed ben Ahmed ibn Roshd). Born at Cordova about 1126 (1120?): died at Morocco, Dec.12, 1198. A distinguished Spanish- Arabian philosopher, physician, and commen- tat or on Aristotle. He belonged to a noted family of jurists, and himself held judicial positions. His works are numerous, and cover the fields of medicine, philoso- phy, natural history, astronomy, ethics, mathematics, and jurisprudence. Many of them were translated into Latin and Hebrew. Avers (ä'vers), or A verser Thal (ä'ver-sertäl). An alpine valley in the southern part of the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, west of the Up- per Engadine: a tributary to the valley of the Hinter-Rhein. Aversa (ä-ver'sä). A town in the province of Caserta, Italy, 9 miles north of Naples, noted for its white wine and fruits. It was founded by the Normans, about 1029, near the site of the ancient Atella. Population, about 20,000. ern France, bounded by Cantal on the north, Lozère and Gard on the east, Hérault and Tarn on the south, and Lot, Tarn-et-Garonne, and Tarn on the west, formed from the ancient Rouergue (in Guienne). Its capital is Rodez. Area, 3,376 square miles. Population (1891), 400,467. Aveyron. A river in southern France which joins the Tarn 9 miles northwest of Montauban. Length, about 150 miles. On it are Rodez and Villefranche. Avezac (äv-zäk'), Auguste Geneviève Valen- tind'. Born in Santo Domingo, 1777: died Feb. 15, 1851. An American lawyer and diplomatist of French descent. He was chargé d'affaires at The Hague 1831 and 1845-49, and member of the New York legislature 1841-45; author of "Reminiscences of Edward Living stone." Avezzano (ä-vet-sä'nō). A town in the prov- ince of Aquila, Italy, on the border of Lago di Fucino (now nearly drained) 53 miles east of Rome. Population, 6,000. Aviano (ä-vē-ä'nō). A small town in the prov- ince of Udine, Italy, 46 miles northeast of Venice. the Aristotle of the Arabians; and certainly the most ex- traordinary man that the nation produced. In the course of an unfortunate and stormy life, occupied by politics and by pleasures, he produced works which were long revered as a sort of code of science. In particular his writings on medicine, though they contain little besides a compilation of Hippo crates and Galen, took the place of both even in the universities of Europe; and were studied as models at Paris and Montpellier till the end of the 17th century, at which period they fell into an almost complete oblivion. Whewell , Ind. Sciences, I. 279. Averulino, Antonio. See Filarete . Averysboro, or Averysborough (a'ver-iz- bur"ō). A village in Harnett County, North probably about 370 A. D. A Roman poet. He Carolina, 32 miles south of Raleigh. Here, March 16, 1865, the Federals under Sherman repulsed the Confed- erates under Hardee. Lo of Federals, 554; of Confeder- ates, 865. Aves (ä'ves). ['Bird' islands.] A group of small islands in the Caribbean Sea, belonging to Venezuela, southeast of Buen Ayre. Avesnes (ä-vān'). A town in the department of Nord, France, situated on the Helpe 26 miles southeast of Valenciennes. It was fortified by Vauban. Population (1891), 6,495. Avesta (a-ves'tä). The Bible of Zoroastrianism and the Parsis. The name comes from the Pahlavi avistak , which po ibly means 'knowledge.' The name "Zendavesta" arose by mistake from inverting the Pah- lav i phrase Avistak va Zand, 'Avesta and Zend,' or 'the Law and Commentary,' Zend, 'knowledge, explanation, referring to the later version and commentary in Pahlavi. The present Avesta is but a remnant of a great liter a- ture. It includes (1) the Yasna, a collection of liturgical fragments and of hymns or Gathas; (2) the Vispered, a li- turgical collection; (3) the Vendidad, a collection of re- ligious laws; (4) the Yashts, mythical fragments devoted to various Mazdayasnian divinities; and (5) different prayers known under the names Nyayish, Afringan, Gah, Sirozah, and six various other fragments. The Yasna, 'sacrifice, worship,' is the chief liturgical work. In it are inserted the Gathas, 'hymns,' verses from the sermons of Zoroaster. These are written in an older dialect. They form the oldest and most sacred part of the Avesta. The Vispered contains invocations to "all the lords" (vispe ratavo). The Yashts (from yashti, 'worship by praise') are twenty-one hymns to the divinities, "Yaza- tas or Izads." The Vendidad, or 'law against the daevas or demons' (vidaeva data), is a priestly code like the Pent a teuch. The present form of the Avesta belongs to the Sa an i an period. According to the record of Khusro A no shir van (A. D. 531-579), King Valkhash, one of the last of the Arsacidæ, ordered a search for all surviving writ- tion. The texts were reëdited under succe ive Sa an i an rulers, until under Shapur II. (A. D. 309-379) the final redaction was made by his prime minister Atur-pat Ma- Avesta (ä-ves'tä). A mining town in Koppar- berg län, Sweden, situated on the Dal-elf 38 miles southeast of Falun. Avestan. See Zend. 456. As master of the armies in Gaul he distinguished himself against the Huns and Vandals. He obtained the purple Aug. 15, 455, by the aid of Theodoric II., king of the West Goths, but was deposed by Ricimer after a reign of fourteen months. Avitus, Alcimus Ecdicius or Ecdidius, Saint. Died 523 (525?). Archbishop of Vienne 490-523, probably a nephew (grandson according to Wetzer and Welte) of the emperor Avitus. He was the chief spokesman of the orthodox in a religious disputation with the Arians 499; converted Sigismund, king of Burgundy, from Arianism; and presided at the Council of Epaone (Epaune) in 517. His works include letters, homilies, and poems. Aviz (ä-vēz'). A small town in the province of Alemtejo, Portugal, situated on a tributary of the Zatas 75 miles northeast of Lisbon. Aviz, Order of St. Benedict of. A Portu- guese order of knighthood, originating in a mil- itary order founded by Alfonso I., 1143-1147, to suppre the Moors. It received the papal confirm a- tion in 1162 as a religious order under the rules of St. Benedict. Aviz became the seat of the order in 1187. In 1789 it was transformed into an honorary order for the re- ward of military merit. Avize (ä-vēz'). A small town in the depart- ment of Marne, France, 20 miles south of Rheims. It is a depot for champagne. he was appointed to lead expedition region on the west coast, in search of gold. He provoked conflicts with the Indians, was unable to return, and, after terrible sufferings, made his way to Trujillo in Honduras tin Avlona (äv-lō'nä), It. Valona (vä-lō'nä). A Avilés (ä-ve-lās'). A seaport in the province of Oviedo, Spain, in lat. 43° 38′ N., long. 5o 56' W. Population (1887), 10,235. Avilés (ä-ve-lās'), Pedro Menendez de. See Menendez de Avilés . Avilés y del Fierro (ä-vēʻlathē del fé-er'rō), Gabriel, Marquis of Avilés. Born about 1745: died at Val para i so, Chile, 1810. A Spanish sol- dier and administrator. He was colonel and after seaport in Albania, Turkey, situated on the Gulf of Avlona, Adriatic Sea, in lat. 40° 28′ N., long. 19° 30′ E.: the ancient Aulon (Gr. Αὐλών ). Avoca (ä-vo'ka), or Ovoca (ō-vō'kä), Vale of. A valley in County Wicklow, Ireland, about and Avonbeg): celebrated for its picturesque the river Avoca (formed by the Avon more beauty. Avogadro (ä-vo-gä'dro), Count Amadeo. Born at Turin, Aug. 9, 1776: died there, July 9, 1856. A noted Italian chemist and physicist, profes- sor at the University of Turin. He was the discov gas or vapor at the same temperature and pre ure con- erer of the law (named for him that equal volumes on Avola (ä'vō-lä). A seaport in the province of Syracuse, Sicily, 12 miles southwest of Syra- cuse. Population, 12,000. Avon (a'von), or East Avon. [A common river-name, in other British forms Aven , Evan , Aune, Anne, Auney , Inney, etc.; from W. afon , Manx avn , Gael. abhuinn , water, cognate with AS. éa , Goth, ahwa , L. aqua , water, L. amnis , river. Cf. Aa . ] A river in Wilts and Hants, England, which flows into the English Channel at Christ church near the mouth of the Stour. It pa es Salisbury. Length, about 65 miles. Avon, or Lower Avon, or Bristol Avon. A river in Wilts and Somerset, England, and on the boundary between Somerset and Glouces- ter, flowing into Bristol Channel 7 miles north- west of Bristol. On it are Bath and Bristol. Length, about 80 miles: navigable for large ve els to Bristol. Avon, or Upper Avon. A river which rises near Naseby, North amp ton, England, forms part of the boundary between North amp ton IMG:content-0154.png:[ocr errors] 1781); in Worcesters hire, and joins the Severn at Tewkesbury in Gloucestershire. It pa es Rugby, IMG:content-0155.png:[ocr errors] Avisa (a-vi'sä). A volume of short poems by Henry Willobie or Willoughby. It was first printed in 1594, and prefixed to the second edition in 1596 are some Verses which allude to Shakspere's "Rape of Lucrece.' The poems exemplify the character of a chaste woman re- sisting all the temptations to which her life exposes her. The singular book known as Willoughby's Avisa, which, as having a supposed bearing on Shakes pere, and as con- taining much of that personal puzzlement which rejoices erities, has had much attention of late years, is not strictly a collection of sonnets; its poems being longer and of differing stanzas. Saints bury , Hist. of Elizabeth an Lit., p. 111. Warwick, Str at ford, and Evesham. Length, nearly 100 miles. Avondale (av'on-dal). A suburb of Cincin nat i, in Hamilton County, Ohio. Avon mouth (a'von-mouth). A small seaport in Gloucestershire, England, at the mouth of Avont (i'vont), Pieter van den. Mechlin, 1600: died at Deurne, near Antwerp, Nov. 1, 1652. A Dutch historical and landscape painter, master of Antwerp Gild 1622-23. Avranches (äv-ronsh'). A town in the depart- ment of Manche, France, situated near the Sée 30 miles east of St. Malo: the ancient In- gena, later Abrincatæ, a town of the Abrincatui, a Gallic tribe. It was formerly a bishop's seat and a fortre , and had a noted school under Lanfranc. The revolt of the Nu-Pieds (which see) broke out here 1639. Population (1891), commune, 7,785. Avisio (ä-vē'sē-ō). An alpine valley in south- em Tyrol, east of the Adige, and east and south of Botzen. It is subdivided into the Cembra, sion of Normandy, France, forming part of the Awadsi (a-wäd'zē), or Awaji (ä-wä'je). An island of Japan, lying between the main island and Sikoku. Awe (a), Loch. A lake in Argylls hire, Scot- land, 8 miles west of Inverary, bordered by Ben Cruachan on the north. Its outlet is by the Awe into Loch Etive. Its length is about 23 Avitus (a-vi'tus), Marcus Mæcilius. Died at miles. Auvergne, 456 A. D. Emperor of the West 455- Awo-Sima (ä'wō-sē'mä). A small island south IMG:content-0156.png:[blocks in formation] are "El tanto por ciento" (1861), "El nuevo Don Juan" (1863), "Consuelo" (1878), etc. Ayala, Pedro Lopez de. Born in Murcia, Spain, 1332: died 1407. A Spanish poet, prose- writer, and statesman. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Najera (1367) and carried to England. On his return he was made grand chancellor to Henry II. He was again made prisoner at the battle of Aljubarrota. "He was in some respects the first Spaniard of his age." (Ticknor.) His principal works are a history "Crónicas de palacio." de los reyes de Cast ill as, etc.," and a poem "El Rimado Ayamonte (ä-yä-mon'tā). A town in the prov- ince of Huelva, Spain, situated at the mouth of the Guadiana in lat. 37° 13′ N., long. 7° 26′ Ayasaluk Ayasaluk, or Ayasalouk (ä-yä-sä-lök'). A village which occupies the site of the ancient Ephesus, Asia Minor. Ayenbite of Inwyt, The. ['The again-biting of the inner wit,' or 'the remorse of conscience."] A translation into the Kentish dialect in 1340, by Dan Michel of North gate, Kent, a brother of the Cloister of St. Austin at Canterbury, from the French of Frère Lorens (called in Latin Laurentius Gallus ), of a treatise composed by the latter in 1279 for the use of Philip III. of France, called "Le Somme des Vices et des Vertus." There are other versions both prose and metrical. It is thought that Chaucer's "Parson's Tale" was partly taken from the French treatise, and that he was not ignorant of Dan Michel's version. Morris . Ayesha (ä-ye'shä). Born at Medina, Arabia, about 611: died about 678. The daughter of Abu-Bekr, and the favorite wife of Mohammed. She was married to the prophet when only nine years old, and survived him by forty-six years, dying at the age of sixty-seven. Her father, who derived his name (Abu-Bekr, 'father of the virgin') from her, became the first calif (succe or of Mohammed), and she herself was greatly revered by the Moslems, being called "the mother of the believers" ( Ummu - l - Mu'min in ), and exercised a considerable influence on the politics of Mohammedanism after the prophet's death. Ayhuttisaht. See Ehatisaht . Aylesbury (ālz'ber-i). Atown in Bucking hams hire, England, 38 miles northwest of London, noted for its laces and manufactures of straw. Population (1891), 8,674. Aylesford (alz'ford). A town in Kent, England, situated on the Medway 27 miles southeast of London. It is the birthplace of Sedley. There are British antiquities in the neighborhood. Here the