Orléans Dec

2-4. IMG:content-0119.png:[blocks in formation] (1890), 5,640. Aurifaber (as L. a-ri-fa'ber, as G. ou-re-fä' ber) (Latinized from Goldschmied), Johann. Born at Breslau, Pru ia, Jan. 30, 1517: died at Breslau, Oct. 19, 1568. A German Luther an divine, appointed profe or of theology at Rostock in 1550, on the recommendation of Me lanch thon. Aurifaber (Latinized from Goldschmied), Johann. Born 1519: died at Erfurt, Pru ia, Nov. 18, 1575. A German Luther an divine, a friend and a istant of Luther, and editor of his works. with a kid on his left shoulder, this being doubtle an ancient constellation figure coincident in position with the Charioteer. part ment of Cantal, France, situated on the Jordanne in lat. 44° 56′ N., long. 2° 25′ E. It has diversified manufactures and an active trade. Annual horse-races occur here in May. Population (1891), 15,824. Aurinia (a-rin'i-a). The Roman name of Al derney. A uri villi us (a-ri-vil'i-us, in G. pron. ou-rêvēl'lē-ös), Karl. Born at Stockholm, 1717: died 1786. A Swedish Orientalist. Auronzo (ou-ron'dzō). A commune in the province of Belluno, Italy, near the Austrian frontier 31 miles northeast of Belluno. Its chief town is Villa grande. Aurora (a-rō'rä). [L., the dawn, the godde of the dawn, earlier Ausosa , Gr. άώς (Doric), ἠώς (Ionic), έως (Attic), the dawn, godde of dawn, Skt. ushas , * ushāsā , dawn, from the root ush , burn.] In Roman mythology, the godde of the dawn: called Eos by the Greeks. The poets represented her as rising out of the ocean in a chariot, her rosy fingers dropping gentle dew. Aurora. 1. A fresco by Guido Reni, in the. attended by the Hours. is Palazzo Rospigliosi, Rome. Aurora, scattering flowers, advances before the chariot of Phoebus, who 2. A fresco by Guercino, on the ceiling of a casino of the Villa Ludovisi, Rome. The dawn godde advances through the air in a chariot, pursuing the fleeing Night. The Hours scatter dew before her, and genii flowers. Aurora. A city in Kane County, Illinois, situated on the Fox River 39 miles west of Chicago. It has railroad shops, and manufactures of machinery, flour, etc. Population (1890), 19,688. Aurora. A manufacturing town in Dear born County, Indiana, situated on the Ohio River 22 miles southwest of Cincinnati. Population (1890), 3,929. Aurora Leigh (a-rō'ra lē). A narrative poem by Mrs. Browning, published in 1857, named from its heroine. It was written at the Casa Guidi in Florence. Aurungabad. See Aurangabad . Aurung-Zeb (a'rung-zeb'), or Aurang-Zebe, or Aureng-Zebe. [Hind., 'ornament of the throne.'] Born Oct. 20, 1619: died at Ahmednuggur, Feb. 21, 1707. Emperor of Hindu stan 1658-1707, surnamed "Alum-Geer" or "AlamGir" ('conqueror of the world'): third son of the emperor Shah Jehân. He became governor of Deccan in 1638, and usurped the throne in 1658, after having murdered his two elder brothers Dara and Shuja and imprisoned his father and younger brother. He incorporated the va al states Bejapoor and Golconda in the empire 1683-87, and is regarded by the Mu ulmans of India as one of their greatest monarchs, although his religious intolerance impaired the resources of the country. Aurva (our' wä). In Hindu mythology, a rishi, son of Urva, grandson of Bhrigu. In a persecution of his race, which did not spare even the unborn child, Aurva Bhargava was miraculously preserved and brought to birth. The fire of his wrath threatened to destroy the world, when at the interce ion of the manes of his ancestor he sent this fire into the ocean, where it has since remained. Au Sable (ō sä'bl). A river in Michigan which flows into Lake Huron north of Saginaw Bay. Au Sable. A small river in northeastern New York which flows from the A dir on dacks and empties into Lake Cham plain. Au Sable Chasm. A deep, esque chasm formed by the Au Sable River near Keeseville, New York. Auscha (ou'shä). A small town in northern A deep, narrow, and pictur Bohemia, east of Leitmeritz. Auschwitz (ou's hvits), Pol. Oswiecim (os-vyeat'sēm). A town in Galicia, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Sola 31 miles west of Cracow, the seat of the Polish duchies of Auschwitz and Zator until 1773. Population (1890), 5,414. Ausci (a'si), or A us censes (a-sen'sēz). An A quit an i an an tribe conquered by P. Cra us in 56 B. C. They gave name to August a Auscorum, the modern Auch. A us on i a (a-so'ni-ä). In ancient geography, the country of the Ausones, Italy, restricted in historical times to a territory on the borders of Camp an i a and Latium; poetically, the Italian A us on i us A us on i us (a (a-sō'ni-us), Decimus Magnus. Born at Burdigala (Bordeaux, France) about 310 A. D.: died about 394. A Latin Christian poet and man of letters. He was appointed tutor to Grat i an us, and later to political offices, including the consulate (379). A us pic i us (a-spish'ius), Saint. Died about 474. Bishop of Toul, said to have been one of the most learned prelates of his time. An epistle Austin, Stephen Fuller in Latin verse addre ed by him to Count Arbogastes is extant. Auspitz (ou's pits). A town in Moravia, Austria-Hungary, 54 miles northeast of Vienna. Population (1890), commune, 3,654. Au a (ou'sä). A place in Adal, eastern Africa, about lat. 11° 30′ N. Au ee (ou'sā). A small town in Styria, Austria-Hungary, on the head streams of the Traun 38 miles southeast of Salzburg. It has noted salt-works, and is a watering-place. Au ig (ou's ig), or Labem (lä-bem'). A town in Bohemia, situated at the junction of the Biela and Elbe 44 miles north of Prague. It has an important trade in coal, and manufactures of chemicals, woolens, etc. Here, June 15, 1426, the Hu ites defeated the Saxons. Population (1891), 23,646. Austen (as'ten), Jane. Born at Steven ton, Hants, England, Dec. 16, 1775: died at Winchester, July 18, 1817. A famous English novelist, daughter of George Austen, rector of Deane and Steven ton. She lived in Bath (1801), Southampton (1805), Chawton near Alton (1809), and Winchester (May, 1817), and was buried in Winchester Cathedral. Her works are "Sense and Sensibility" (published 1811), "Pride and Prejudice" (1813), "Mans field Park" (1814), "Emma" (1816), "North anger Abbey" (1818), “Persuasion" (1818). Her letters were edited by Lord Bra bourne in 1884. Auster (as'ter). [L.] The south wind. Austerlitz (ous'ter-lits). A town in Moravia, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Littawa 12 miles east of Brünn. Here, Dec. 2, 1805, the French (about 60,000) under Napoleon (Soult, Lannes, Murat, Bernadotte) overthrew the Ru o-Austrian army (over 80,000) under Kutus off: called the "Battle of Three Emperors," from the presence of the emperors Alexander I., Francis, and Napoleon. The lo of the French was about 12,000; that of the Allies over 30,000. The battle was fol lowed by the Peace of Presburg between France and Austria. Population (1890), commune, 3,475. Austerlitz, Sun of. The bright sun which dispersed the clouds and mist on the morning of the battle of Austerlitz, proverbial as a symbol of good fortune. Austin (as'tin), Alfred. [ Austin and Austen are ult. contracted forms of Augustine .] Born at Head in gley, near Leeds, May 30, 1835. An English poet, critic, journalist, and lawyer. He was graduated at the University of London in 1853; was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1857; was correspondent at Rome of the London "Standard" during the ecumenical council of the Vatican in 1870, and at the headquarters of the King of Pru ia during the Franco-German war; and became editor of the "National Review" on its establishment in 1883. Among his works are "The Human Tra gedy" (1862), "Savonarola" (1881), "At the Gate of the Convent," etc. Appointed laureate Dec., 1895. Austin, Mrs. (Jane Good win). Born 1831: died March 30, 1894: married Loring H. Austin in 1850. An American authore . She has published, among other works, "Outpost" (1866), "Cipher" (1869), "A Namele Nobleman" (1881), "Nantucket Scraps" (1882). at Austin, John. Born at Creeling Mill, Suffolk, March 3, 1790: died at Wey bridge, in Surrey, Dec., 1859. A noted English lawyer and writer on jurisprudence, profe or of jurisprudence the University of London (University College) 1826-32. He wrote "Province of Jurisprudence Determined" (1832), "Lectures on Jurisprudence" (1861-63). Austin, Jonathan Loring. Born at Boston, Jan. 2, 1748: died at Boston, May 10, 1826. An American Revolutionary patriot. He was sent to Paris, 1777, with despatches to Dr. Franklin announcing the surrender of General Burgoyne, and remained two years with Franklin as his private secretary. Austin, Moses. Born at Durham, Conn., about 1764 (1): died June 10, 1821. An American pioneer in Texas. He obtained about 1820 permi ion from the Mexican government to establish in Texas an American colony of 300 families, but died before the project could be accomplished. The colony was, however, founded by his son Stephen F. Austin. Austin, Samuel. Born at New Haven, Conn., Oct. 7, 1760: died at Glastonbury, Conn., Dec. 4, 1830. An American Congregational clergyman, president of the University of Vermont 1815-21. Austin, Mrs. (Sarah Taylor). Born at Norwich, England, 1793: died at Wey bridge, Surrey, Aug. 8, 1867. An English writer, wife of John Austin, best known as a translator from the French and German (of Ranke, Guizot, Niebuhr, etc.). Austin, Stephen Fuller. Born at Austinville, Va., Va., Nov. 3, 1793: died at Columbia, Tex., Dec. 25, 1836. The founder of the State of Texas, son of Moses Austin. He established in 1821, on the site of the present city of Austin, the colony contemplated by his father; was sent as a commi ioner to Mexico, 1833, to urge the admi ion of Texas into the Mexican Union as a separate State, and was imprisoned there from February to June, 1834; and was appointed in 1835 a commi ioner to the United States to secure the recognition of Texas as an independent State. Austin, William Austin, William. Born 1587: died Jan. 16, 1634. An English lawyer and writer on religious and miscellaneous subjects. His works, published posthumously, are "Devotion is August in i ansæ Flamma, or certaine Devout, Godly, and Lerned Medita tions, etc." (1635), "Hæc Homo, wherein the Excellency of the Creation of Woman is described by way of an E ay" (1637), and a translation of Cicero's "Cato Major." Austin, William. Born at Charles town, Ma ., March 2, 1778: died there, June 27, 1841. An American lawyer and writer, author of the tale "Peter Rugg, the Mi ing Man," etc. Austin. The capital of Mower County, Minnesota, situated on Cedar River 97 miles south of St. Paul. Population (1890), 3,901. Austin. The capital of Lander County, Nevada, 146 miles northeast of Carson City. Population (1890), 1,215. Austin. The capital of Texas and of Travis County, situated on the Colorado River in lat. 30° 18' N., long. 97° 40′ W. It is a railroad center and the seat of a State university and other institutions. It was founded by Stephen F. Austin, pioneer (1793-1836). Population (1890), 14,475. Austin Friars. The monastery of the Friars Eremite of the order of St. Augustine, on the north side of Broad street, Old London, founded by Humphrey Bohun, earl of Here ford and E ex, in 1253. The ground was considered especially sacred, and the tombs were equal in beauty to those of Westminster Abbey. Here were buried Hubert de Burgh; Edmund Plantage net, half-brother of Richard II.; those who fell in the battle of Barnet; Richard Fitz Alan, earl of Arundel, beheaded 1397; the Earl of Oxford, beheaded 1463; and Edward Stafford, duke of Bucking ham, beheaded 1521. At the di olution the spire was destroyed and the monuments sold by the Marquis of Winchester. The nave was walled up, and is now used as a church by the Dutch residents of London. It was damaged by fire building. The order is also called August in i ans . in 1882. Little of the old church remains in the present Austral Islands (as'tral i'landz). See Tubuai Islands . Austral asia (as-tra-lā'sha or -zhä). [NL., 'southern Asia,' from L. australis , southern, and Asia .] A division of Oceanic a, compris ing Australia, Papua, Tasmania, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Bismarck Archipelago, and some le er islands: often regarded as comprising only the Australian colonies of Great Britain, including New Zealand, Tasmania, and Fiji: sometimes equivalent to Oceanic a . Austral asian Federation. A proposed federal union of the British Australian colonies. A deliberative body, the Federal Council, met in 1886. A national convention at Sydney in 1891, under the presidency of Sir Henry Parkes, adopted resolutions and drafted a "Bill to constitute a Commonwealth of Australia." This bill is (1893) under consideration by various colonial parliaments. Australia (as-trā'liä), formerly New Holland. IMG:content-0120.png:[blocks in formation] Australian Alps. A mountain-range in the eastern part of Victoria and New South Wales, nearly parallel with the coast, containing the highest point in Australia, Mount Kosciusko, 7,336 feet. Austrian Succe ion, War of the mans about one fifteenth. There are also Jews, Bul garians, Armenians, Italians, Gipsies, Ladins. The reli. gion of the majority is Roman Catholic: there are several millions of Protestants, and about an equal number be long to the Greek Church. The country produces grain all kinds (especially wheat), beets, potatoes, fruits, timber, hemp, flax, tobacco; has manufactures of iron, gla , cotton, linen, wool, and silk; and is very rich in mineral resources, including gold, silver, quicksilver, iron, coal, lead, copper, salt, zinc, and coal. It is on the whole unfavorably situated for commerce. The south Austrasia (as-trā'sia or-zia). [ML., from OHG. ōstar , eastern. kingdom of the Me roving i an Franks from the 6th to the 8th century A. D. It embodied an extensive region on both sides of the Rhine, See Austria .] The eastern with Metz as its capital. Austria (as'tri-ä). [G. Österreich , F. Au triche, ML. Austria; from OHG. Ostarrih , G. Oesterreich, eastern kingdom.] 1. An archduchy in the western part of Austria-Hungary, comprising the crownlands of Upper and Lower Austria (which see): the nucleus of the Hapsburg dominions. The emperor is its hereditary archduke. It was originally the Östmark formed by Charles the Great 799, destroyed by the Magyars, reërected by Henry I. in 928, and made a duchy in 1156. Until 1246 it was under the Babenberg dynasty (which see), and came rule 1282. Salzburg was united with it administratively from 1814 until 1849. 2. The eastern division of the ancient Caroling i an kingdom of Italy, corresponding to the later Venetia. - 3. The Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, comprising Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Salzburg, Tyrol and Vorarlberg, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Görz and Gradiska, Istria, Trieste, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Galicia, Bukowina, and Dalmatia.-4. country was at various times overrun by the Goths, Huns, Lombards, Avars, etc. The nucleus was the March of Austria, which was erected by Charles the Great, remade by Henry the Fowler, and constituted a duchy in 1156. To this Styria was united in 1192. The Babenberg dynasty (which see) was extinguished in 1246, and was followed after some years by the Hapsburg line. (See Hapsburg .) Rudolf of Hapsburg (the ruler of various districts in Switzerland, Alsace, Swabia, and Breisgau) was elected emperor of Germany in 1273. In 1282 he conferred Austria, Styria, and Carniola (having wrested them from Ottocar II. of Bohemia in 1276) upon his sons. Carinthia was acquired in 1335, Tyrol in 1363, and Trieste in 1382. The continuous line of Hapsburg emperors of Germany began in 1438. Austria was made an archduchy in 1453. Bohemia, with Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia, was added to the Hapsburg dominions in 1526. In the same year began the rule of the Hapsburgs in Hungary, at that time mainly in the po e ion of the Turks, who were not completely dispo e ed until 1718. Austria took the leading part in the Thirty Years' War, and at its close (1648) had to cede her po e ions in Alsace to France; she also took part in the War of the Spanish Succe ion, and acquired in 1714 the Spanish (Austrian) Netherlands, Milan, Mantua, Naples, and Sardinia (the latter was exchanged for Sicily in 1720). By the treaties of 1735 and 1738 Naples and Sicily were ceded to the Bourbons, part of northwestern Italy was ceded to Sardinia, and Austria received Parma and PiaThe acce ion of Maria The res a in 1740 led to the cenza. War of the Austrian Succe ion. The greater part of Silesia was ceded to Pru ia in 1742; and by the treaty of 1748 Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla were ceded to Don Philip. Austria also took a leading part in the Seven Years' War. By the first partition of Poland, 1772, she called officially the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. See Austria - Hungary .-5. Same as Austrasia . in 1777, and Bavaria ceded the Innviertel in 1779. War was waged with France 1792-97. By the treaty of CampoFormio, 1797, Austria lost the Austrian Netherlands and Lombardy, but received Venice, Venetia, Istria, and Dalmatia. New Galicia (afterward lost) was obtained in the third partition of Poland, 1795. War with France was carried on 1799-1801, resulting in the treaty of Lunéville (1801), by which the previous treaty was confirmed. Mem Austria, Lower. [G. Nieder-Österreich or Österreich -unter-der- Enns .] A crownland in the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, forming the eastern portion of the archduchy bers of the Hapsburg family received ce ions in the ar of Austria. It is bounded by Bohemia and Moravia on the north, Hungary on the east, Styria on the south, and Upper Austria on the west. It is mountainous in the south, and is traversed by the Danube. The chief city is Vienna. The prevailing language is German, and the prevailing religion Roman Catholic. Area, 7,654 square miles. Population (1890), 2,661,799. Austria, Upper. [G. Ober - Österreich or Ös terreich-ob-der-Enns.] A crownland in the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, capital Linz, forming the western portion of the archduchy of Austria, bounded by Bavaria and Bohemia on the north, Lower Austria on the rangements of 1803. The emperor Francis took the title of "Emperor of Austria" in 1804. A disastrous war with France broke out in 1805, and Austria was forced to cede (1805) Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Breisgau, various territories in Swabia, etc., Venetia, Dalmatia, etc., to France and French allies, and received Salzburg and Berchtesgaden. The di olution of the German Empire took place in 1806. War with France again occurred in 1809, and Austria ceded in the same year Carniola, Trieste, Croatia, part of Carin thia, etc., Salzburg, the Innviertel, etc., and part of Galicia, to Napoleon. Austria joined the Allies against Napoleon in 1813. By the Congre of Vienna (1815) she regained many of her former dominions, including Tyrol, the Illyrian territories, Venetia, and Lombardy. She became the head of the German Confederation (1815-66), a member of the 'Southland,' from L. australis , south, southern.] An island-continent and po e ion of Great Britain, south of Asia, extending from lat. 10° 41' to 39° 8' S., and from long. 113° to 153° 30′ E. It is bordered by the Pacific on the east, by the Indian Ocean on the northwest, west, and southwest, and is separated from Papua by Torres Strait on the north, and from Tasmania by Ba Strait on the south. Its principal natural features are mountains along the eastern and southern coasts (Australian Alps, Blue Mountains, Liverpool Range, etc.), the Murray River system in the southeast, the lake district in the south, and extensive desert regions in the interior. The chief products are wool, wheat, maize, and other cereals, hay, cotton, sugar, wine, etc. It is also rich in gold, silver, copper, and coal. Its political divisions are Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia (with Northern Territory), and Western Australia; and its chief cities, Melbourne and Sydney. In 1606 it was vis ited by Spanish and Dutch explorers, and was explored by Cook 1770-77. The first settlement was at Port Jackson in 1788. Gold was discovered in 1851. Among the Store Leica Burkina Oxley, Sturt, Eyre, Leichardt, Wills, Stuart, War burton, For rest, Giles, etc. Area, 2,944,628 square miles. Popula tion, chiefly of British descent (1891), 3,118,125; abori Bavaria and Salzburg on the west. It is mountainous, especially in the south, and is traversed by the Danube. The inhabitants are Germans, and the prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. Area, 4,631 square miles. Population (1890), 785,831. Austria, House of. See Hapsburg , House of . Austria-Hungary (as'tri-a-hung-ga-ri) (officially, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; loosely and popularly, Austria). [G. Öster reich-Ungarn, or Österreichisch - Ungarische Mon archie .] An empire of Europe, capital Vienna, one of the "Great Powers," bounded by Germany (partly separated from it by the Erzgebirge and Sudetic Mountains) and Ru ia (partly separated from it by the Vistula) on the north, Ru ia and Rumania on the east, Rumania (separated from it by the Car path i ans), Servia (partly separated from it by the Danube), and Monte negro on the south, the Adriatic Sea and Italy (mainly separated from it by the Alps) on the southwest, and Switzerland and Germany (partly separated from it by the Inn and the Böhmerwald) on the west. It extends from lat. 42° to 51° N., and from long. 9° 30' to 26° 20′ E. Politically the monarchy is divided into the Cisleithan division, comprising Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Tyrol and Vorarlberg, Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Küstenland, Dalmatia, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Galicia, and Bukowina, which are represented in the Reichsrat, which meets at Vienna, and is composed of an Upper House, and a Lower House of 353 members; and the Transleithan division, comprising Hungary (including Transylvania), Croatia-Slavonia, and Fiume, represented at Budapest by the Diet, composed of a House of Magnates, and a House of 453 Representatives. Legislation for the monarchy as a whole is vested in the Delegations (60 members from each of the two parliaments). Bosnia and Herzegovina are admin istered by Austria-Hungary. The government is a constitutional hereditary monarchy. The inhabitants belong to various races whose relations are exceedingly complicated. The Slavs (Czechs, Poles, Ruthenians, Slovaks, Slovens, Servians, and Croatians) lead, numerically forming about one half of the whole; the Germans constitute one fourth, the Magyars le than one sixth, and the Ru movement. Revolutionary movements Austrian Italian dominions 1848-19 were repre ed, and a rebellion in Hungary which took place at the same time was subdued with the aid of Ru ia. The Republic of Cracow was annexed in 1846. By the war of 1859 against France and Sardinia. Austria lost Lombardy and her influence in Italy. She joined with Pru ia in a war against Denmark in 1864. In 1866 Pru ia, in alliance with Italy, made war upon Austria, and completely defeated her at Königgratz. She was obliged to retire from the Germanic Confederation and to cede Venetia to Italy. The formation of the dual monarchy took place in 1867. In 1878 the administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina was given to Austria Hungary. In 1883 Austria entered into the Triple Alliance with Germany and Italy. Arca, 240,942 square miles. Population (1890), 41,359,204. Austrian Hyena, The. A nickname given to Julius Jakob von Haynau, from his cruelties in Italy and Hungary. His flogging of women at the capture of Brescia, and his severity to the defeated Hungarians in 1849, roused such indignation that he barely escaped with his life when on a visit to the brewery of Austrian Rigi. A name sometimes given to Austrian Succe ion, War of the gines, about 55,000. The natives of Australia were all, when discovered, and still (when uninfluenced by the teaching of mi ionaries) remain, on much the same low level of civilisation. The men, like the animals of this continent, appear in some respects to belong to an older world than ours. They are not only in an extremely rudimentary stage of material culture, but they show few if any signs of ever having been in a much higher condition. No people have le settled homes; destitute of the forms of agriculture practised by the natives of the other South Sea Islands, the tribes wander over large expanses of country, urged by the nece ities of the chase, and attracted, now here, now there, by the ripening of wild berries or by the presence of edible roots. Houses they have none, and their temporary shelters or gunyehs are of the rudest and most fragile character. Nothing can more clearly demonstrate their barbarous condition than the entire absence of native pottery and of traces of ancient pottery in the soil. They have scarcely made any progre in domesticating animals. Their government is a democracy of the fighting men, tempered by the dictates of Birraark or sorcerers, and by the experience of the aged. Yet their social Austrian Succe ion, War of the. The war between Austria and England on the one side, and France, Bavaria, Pru ia, Spain, Sardinia, etc., on the other, which broke out on the succe ion of Maria The res a (daughter of the emperor Charles VI.) to the Austrian lands in 1740. The states whose adhesion to the Pragmatic Sanction (which see) Charles VI. had secured took up arms to despoil Maria The res a of her dominions. The conflict with Pru ia which was terminated in 1742 is known as the first Silesian war (which see). England became allied with Austria 1741, and King George II. defeated the French at Dettingen 1743. The second Silesian war, in which Saxony, originally the ally of Pru ia, joined Austria, followed in 1744-45. French victories were gained at Fontenoy 1745, Raucoux 1746, and Lawfeld 1747. The American phase of the war between England and France is known as King George's war. The expedition of the Young Pretender in Scotland and Eng land 1745-46 was a diversion in the French favor. Ru ia joined Austria in 1747. The war was ended by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748, and a mutual restitution of con quests, except in regard to Austria, which came out of the struggle with the lo of Silesia, as well as of Parma and Piacenza. Austrian Switzerland. A name sometimes given to the Salzkammergut in Austria, on account of its picturesque scenery. Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. [G. Österreich isch-Ungarische Monarchie.] The official name (since 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Austro -Pru ian War. See Seven Weeks War . Austro-Sard in i an War. See Italian War of 1859. Auteuil (ō-tėy'). A former village, now a portion of Paris, situated on the right bank of the Seine east of Boulogne, noted as the place of residence of Boileau, Molière, Helvetius, Talleyrand, Thiers, and other distinguished Authentic Doctor, The. A title given to the people. schoolman Gregory of Rimini (died 1358). Author (a'thor), The. A comedy by Foote, produced and printed in 1757. Cad wall a der . Author's Farce, The. A play by Fielding, produced in 1730, and revived in 1734, with amusing ridicule of the Cibbers. Autire (ou-ti-ra'), or Hoteday (hō-te-dā'). A tribe or division of North American Indians which lived in the valley of the Shasta River, California. In 1851 it had 19 villages with an estimated population of 1,140. See Sastean . Autocrat of the Breakfast-table, The. A series of papers by Oliver Wendell Holmes, published serially in the first twelve numbers of the "Atlantic Monthly," and together in 1858. The autocrat (Holmes himself) discourses on matters in general with a genial philosophy from his position at a boarding-house breakfast-table. He used this signa ture also in other works. Autodidact us (ato-di-dak'tus), The, or the Natural Man. [Ar. Hai - Ibn -yoqtán; L. autodidact us, 'self-taught.'] A psychological romance by the Arabian philosopher Ibn-Tofail (died 1188). In it the author " supposes a child thrown upon a desert island at its birth, and there growing to manhood, who comes by himself to the knowledge of nature, not only in its physical but also ir. its metaphysical aspect, and even of God." A Latin translation was published in Europe by the English Orientalist Edward Pococke under the title "Philosophus Autodidact us" (1671). It was translated into English by S. Ockley (1711), and into German by J. G. P. (Prilius), 1726. Autolycus (a-tol'i-kus). [Gr. Αυτολύκος .] Born at Pitane, in Æolis: lived about 350 в. C. A Greek astronomer, author of treatises "On the Motion of the Sphere" and "On Fixed Stars." Autolycus. In Greek legend, a son of Hermes (or Dædali on) and Chione, and father of Antieleia, the mother of Ody eus. He was a famous thief, and po e ed the power of making himself and the things that he stole invisible, or of giving them new forms, Autolycus. In Shakspere's "Winter's Tale," a witty thieving peddler, a "snapper up of unconsidered trifles." He indulges in grotesque self-raillery and droll soliloquizing on his own sins. Auto med on (a-tom'e-don). [Gr. Αὐτομέδων .] In Greek legend, the son of Diores, and, according to Homer, the comrade and charioteer of Achilles. In another account, he had an independent command of ten ships in the Trojan war. Vergil makes him the companion in arms of Pyrrhus, son Achilles. Autran (ō-tron'), Joseph Antoine. Born at Marseilles, June, 1813: died there, March 6, 1877. A French poet, author of "La Fille d'Eschyle," a tragedy which gained him a seat in the Academy. Autriche (ō-tresh'). The French name of Austria. Autricum (a'tri-kum). The Roman name of a town of the Celtic Carnutes: the modern Chart res. Autronia gens (a-trō'ni-ä jenz). In ancient Rome, a clan or house whose only known family name is Pætus. The first member of this gens who obtained the consulate was P. Autronius Pætus, 65 B. C. Autun (ō-tun'). A city in the department of Saône-et-Loire, France, situated on the Arroux 42 miles southwest of Dijon: the ancient Augustodunum (whence the name). It contains many Roman antiquities, the medieval Cathedral of St. Lazare, theological seminaries, and collections, and has varied manufactures and some trade. The Roman town, which was the seat of a noted school of rhetoric, was destroyed by Tetricus in 270, and rebuilt by Constant i us Chlorus and Const an tine: later it was sacked by northern invaders, Saracens, Normans, etc. The cathedral is in great part early Romanesque, with fine western pyramid capped towers flanking a beautiful porch of two bays, in which opens the round-arched portal, with an impre ive Last Judgment in its tympanum. The ornamental details of the interior are largely copied from the local Roman remains. There is a lofty 15th-century spire at the cro But the special glory of which Autun was specially to boast itself, the po e ion of the Flavian name, has ut- terly pa ed away; but for the witne of Eumenius itself, the world might have wholly forgotten that Autun had ever borne it. Autun has been for ages as little used to the name Flavia as Trier has been used to the name of August a. Freeman , Hist. E ays, 4th ser., p. 97. Autunois (ō-ti-nwä'). A former division of Burgundy, corresponding in general to the mod- ern department of Saône-et-Loire and part of Côte-d'Or. Shakspere's "Henry VI.," part 1. Auvergne, Mountains of. A branch of the Cévennes Mountains, situated chiefly in the de- partments of Cantal and Puy-de-Dôme, France. They are volcanic ir structure. The chief peaks are Puy- Dôme. Auverney (ō-ver-ne'), Victor d'. A pseudonym used by Victor Hugo about 1829. Aux Cayes. See Cayes . Avedik Avallon (ä-väl-lon'). A town in the department of Yonne, France, on the Cousin 27 miles southeast of Auxerre: the Roman Aballo. Gives name to a red Burgundy wine. Population (1891), commune, 6,076. Avalokiteshvara (a"va-lō-ki-tāsh' wa-ra). [Skt., 'the Lord who looks down from on high.'] One of the two Bodhisattvas (see that word), the other being Manjushri, who had become objects of worship among the followers of the Great Vehicle at least as early as 400 A.D. They are not mentioned in the Pitakas, or in the Lalita Vistara, or in the older Nepalese and Tibetan books, and are the invention of Buddhists seeking gods to replace those of the Hindu Pantheon. Avalokiteshvara is the personification of power, the merciful protector of the world and of men. Somewhat later his power was separated from his pro tecting care, and the former more specially personified as the Bodhisattva Vajradhara, 'the bearer of the thunderbolt,' or Vajrapani, he who has the thunderbolt in his hand, both formerly epithets of Indra. This new being, with the other two Bodhisattvas, forms the earliest triad of northern Buddhism, Vajrapani being the Jupiter Tonans, Manjushri the deified teacher, and Avalokiteshvara the spirit of the Buddhas present in the church. These beings and one or two other le conspicuous Bodhisattvas had become practically gods, though the original teaching of Gautama knew nothing of God, taught that Arahats were better than gods, and acknowledged no form of IMG:content-0121.png:[blocks in formation] Of all the qualities of Tir Tairngire abundance of apples, the only important fruit known to the northern nations, seems to have been the only one which conveyed the highest notion of enjoyment. Hence the soul-kingdom was bishop of Milan 355-374, who was condemned by the synod held at Rome 370, although he enjoyed the favor of the imperial court. He sustained himself in his see till his death. Auxerre (ō-sar'). The capital of the department of Yonne, France, situated on the Yonne in lat. 47° 48′ N., long. 3° 32′ E.: the Roman Auti iodurum (whence the name), a town of the Senones; later the capital of the ancient Auxerrois. It is noted for its wines, and has varied manufactures. The cathedral of Auxerre is a beautiful 13th-century building with some later modifications. The transepts have magnificent portals and great traceried windows. The piers of the portals of the façade are covered with panels bearing reliefs of Old Testament subjects, and the interior is beautifully proportioned and ornamented. It po e es splendid medieval gla . The length is 330 feet, the height of vaulting 92 feet. Popu lati on (1891), 18,036. Auxerrois (o-sar-wä'). An ancient county of France, capital Auxerre, formerly part of the France under Louis XI. duchy of Burgundy. It was incorporated in Auxois (ō-swä'). A medieval countship in Burgundy, corresponding to the arrondi ement of Avallon in the department of Yonne and the arrondi ement of Sémur in the department of