Frames

Lining of a military mining gallery or shaft when the pieces are made of planks and supported at intervals by battens. The first, used in constructing a shaft, is the top frame; the others are shaft frames. The sheeting pa es outside of the shaft frames and prevents the earth from falling into the shaft from the sides. IMG:content-0152.jpg:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-0153.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-0154.png:[blocks in formation] Europe, wealth abundant, armies victorious, territories en- larged, larged, and literature brilliant. A changed policy inspired the latter half of this crucial reign. The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 1685, was followed by the extirpation of the ind us- trio us Huguenots, wars were unsucce ful, revenues were in- adequate to the prodigality of the court, distre was felt. Louis left a debt of 3,500,000,000 livres. Meanwhile the court had absorbed the state. The Estates had not met since 1614. Under Louis XV., 1715–1774, gro maladministration produced distre , and revolutionary ideas were fermenting in society. The cure of the evil seemed to require the removal of the cause, hence the Revolution, which overturned the court and govern- ment. A constitution was formed and accepted, but would not work; the Republic was declared Sept. 22, 1792; the King and Queen were deposed and beheaded; the Reign of Terror followed. The Republic under five executive officers (the Di- rectory) fell into confusion; Napoleon was welcomed as a deliverer Nov. 9, 1799. he became Emperor May 18, 1804, and was overthrown at Waterloo June 18, 1815. The monarchy was restored with Louis XVIII. The Bourbons proved unequal to the emergency. Charles X. was forced to abdicate; Louis Philippe accepted the crown 1830 as "Citizen King," a const i- tutional monarch, but became unpopular and was followed by a second Republic 1848. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon I., was elected President, and made himself Em- per or Nov. 4, 1852; he was overthrown and captured in the Franco-Pru ian War 1870, and the third Republic was pro- claimed with Thiers as President. It still exists and is growing in stability. Pop.. 1891, 38,343,192, or 185 to a sq. mile. France, ANATOLE. See THIBAULT, A. F. France, ISLE OF. See MAURITIUS. IMG:content-0155.jpg:[graphic] IMG:content-0156.jpg:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-0157.jpg:[graphic] Seal of the First Republic, 1792-1804 IMG:content-0158.png:[graphic][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][ocr errors][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed] and conscientious artist. Several works of his are in galleries of n. Europe.