HUNGARY

— | Austria, Surface is mainly plains of | middle Danube and its trib. the Tisza (Thei ); the smaller, called the Little | Hungarian Alfdld,’ or Pre burg Basin, covers an area of c. 6,000 sq. m., and lies W. of Bakony or Mavra, which separ tes | j¢ from the Great Hungarian Alfold, the largest plain in Hurope, extending over 37,000 sq. m., and with an average | height of 300 to 350 ft.; the Lower Hungarian Highlands extend between in|the Danube and Lake Balaton, and attain an altitude of c. 2,200 ft. in Mesek Hills. The Danube enters republic | below Pozsony (Pre burg), turns S, in traversing Bakony Forest, and cro es into Jugo-Slavia, near Baja; it forms several large islands—e. g., Czallok ve els drawing 6 ft.; Tisza rises in Car cro es 8. boraer below Szegedin; navigable for steamers to Tokaj, but, not country subject to river floods; many | marshes. Largest lakes are Balaton (265 sq. m.) and Fert6; small lakes | numerous. The Aggtelek or Baradla Cave in GOmor co., and Fonacza Cave Bihar, with fo il remains, are among many interesting caverns. Climate is continental; maximum rainfall of early summer is followed by remarkably dry period. The greater part of the Alfold consists of wide open, treele steppes called pusztas, where graze vast herds of horses, cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and swine; but many acres have recently been converted to the plough, the soil being excellently adapted for the growing of wheat. Agriculture is important, and wheat, rye, barley, oats, and maize of excellent quality are grown; the land is divided among peasant propric- | tors, who engages largely in bee-keeping and silk culture; tae forests yield oak, beach, and pine, fruits, especially apples, and pears, are largely produced; tobaceo, sugar beet, and hops are grown; chief | minerals are gold, silver, lead, copper, quicksilver, fron, coal, antimony, and Ma-|sulphur; salt is a state monopoly. | Industries include brewing and distilling, sugar and flour milling, and tobacco. Population and Area.—The none Aryan Magyars came from the Ural Mts. c. 890; they form almost the entire pop., estimated, 1919 at 12,000,000. Education and Religion.— chy 60 per cent. of Magyars could read and write. A national system of education on non-sectarian lines is under consideration; there are universities at Budapest (cap.), Pozsony, and Debreczen. All onst i tut i on since 1918.—After the debacle of Nov., 1918 (see Worzup Wank,), &@ republic was proclaimed under Karolyi, but ignoring President Wilson’s Czecho-Slovakia, and Jugo-Slavia seized ae of Hungarian territory. On arolyi’s resignation, March, 1919, the Hungarians, influenced by Bela Kun (or Cohen), who had been Lenin’s secretary, set up a Soviet government. Bolshevism was fanned by Jewish refugees and repatriated prisoners from Ru ia. Rumanian forces occupied Budapest, and a Socialist government (Aug. 1-7). gave way to the Archduke Joseph as provisional president. On a protest by the delegates of the League of Nations he resigned, Admiral Horthy being elected provisional chief of state in March, 1920. —See map CzmcHo-SLovania, AUSTRIAHuneary. History.—See AusTRia-HUNGARY. Literature of Hungary was for a long time confined to Latin, under the influence of the Catholic clergy; at the close of the 18th cent., however, the natural language was revived, and Hungarian literature is now in a healthy state; the Magyars have no lack of dramatic art and excel in belles-lettres; Owing to their strong political character, legal and constitutional questions have long been a popular subject with writers, statesmen, and scholars; there are many writers on jurisprudence, one work, The Theory of Law and Civil Society, by Prof. Pulsxky, being written English. The Magyars have been no le succe ful in literature of an _ historical nature, especially in monographs; these histories, written in early times in Latin, have of late made very good progre , bnt the tendency is to lean towards monographs, with a resulting dearth of more general histories; there is the same want in literary histories; the monographs, however, are of an excellent standard. A favorite subject of study is that of aesthetics, and 20th cent. writers have also made excellent progre in the departments of science proper.