Williams

(Zthics) defines conscience as a “ moral instinct,” slowly developing from many instincts and fed by increasing light. Butler calls it “a principle of reflexion, whereby men distinguish between, approve or disapprove, their own actions”: while Shaftesbury and others think of it as an “emotional” faculty. Prot. Bain says that it grows out of the Utilitarian theory [All these seem to mean the same—namely, that it represents perception, more or le accurate, of reality—Ep.] The germ of this consciousne —whether hereditary (or as otherwise called “ instinctive”) or due to individual education—exists not only in man but in other animals as well: we see that beasts even appear to be ashamed, as the dog is when it does what it knows it should not do, even when not punished, This clearly is due to intellectual, not to what we call “ moral ” faculty. [We should define what we mean by moral, which originally referred only to mores, or “manners” of treating fellow men,—Ep, ] All faculties, whether for learning the facts of geology, or those of our true relations to other men, are increased by cultivation, and grow by the renovation of the sensations, becoming more capable of easy use by repetition of the le on. 513