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io Angesle Liverpog o Ta Ne Braloh-y Pe tiL— i Zee | {> Alain Seenray a | } OB isn sn ee Cardigan ee i, ‘o; 0 2 st Frode (S_= d | “A\S f ° The aS W fatne 4 as, Qe RNY, ° Py S) = ves London y, Brig 1 2 oy hames i, Soy, _otrtyy: Bristol Ch er dary Je ROLE Oo, Luady a nel Hinge ae os ~ WAR Wad Mendian o* of Green wich Longitude West 4° of Green wich 161 ENGLAND AND WALES Pembroke, ENGLAND & WALES Vegetatibn and Agriculture English Miles © 19 20 30 49 50 Enixea Agriculture & Stock rearing Hill Pasture & Sheep ZA Chief Wheat Districts eg Hops & Fruit growing “SH RS, 162 ENGLAND AND WALES 159 ENGLAND AND WALES —————————————— Area in Statute Gants i a Census Population. and and In- Ciotinties. land Water). Counties, including \County Counties, in- Boroughs, cluding County Boroughs. 1921. 1931. ENGLAND. Bedford shire on OG 302,942 206,462 220,474 Berks hire ° a 463,830 294,821 311,334 Bucking hams hire hes 479,360 236,171 271,565 Cambridge shire.. Aso 315,168 129,602 140,004 Isle of Ely os a 238,073 73,817 77,705 Cheshire.. ae 5D 652.383 1,020,257 1,087,544 Cornwall.. 40 868,167 320,705 317,951 Cumber land. 973,086 273,173 262,897 Derby shire. 647,824 714,634 TatGoon Devons hire = 1,671,364 709,614 732,869 Dor sets hire A anc 622,843 228,160 239,347 Durham.. ar ae 649,420 1,479,033 1,485,175 E ex: i ne 979,532 1,470,257 1,755,459 Gloucestershire le as 804,638 756,574 785,656 Here ford shire = ie 538,924 113,189 bg We (fosis3 Hertfordshire Sic 59 404,520 333,195 401,206 puniuedonshine: ies 233,985 54,741 56,204 Kent - - se 975,965 1,141,666 1,219,273 Lancashire ae oe 1,200,122 4,932,951 5,039,455 Leicestershire ie og 532,779 494,469 541,794 Lincoln shire. The parts of Holland 268,992 85,870 92,313 The parts of Kest even 463,505 107,643 110,059 The parts of reset 972,796 408,698 422,181 London.. s 74,850 4,484,523 4,397,003 Middle sex. Sie ue 148,691 1,253,002 1,638,728 Mon mouths hire |. ash 349,569 450,794 434,821 Norfolk.. aha 1,315,064 504,293 504,846 North amp tons hire. 585,148 302,404 309,428 The Soke of Peter- 53,464 46,959 51,845 borough North umber land ONO 1,291,978 746,096 756,723 Nottingham shire 5 540,015 641,149 712,681 Oxfords hire ic ne 479,224 189,615 209,599 Rut lands hire oF Be 97,273 18,376 17,397 Shropshire Ns Be 861,800 243,062 244,162 Somersets hire.. AS 1,036,818 465,691 475,120 Southampton ae a 961,665 913,681 1,014,115 Isle of Wight.. AA 94,146 94,666 88,400 Staff ords hire te 5G 737,886 1,353,014 1,431,175 Suffolk, East 515 Lis 551,300 291,073 294,977 Suffolk, West a site 390,916 108,985 106,137 Surrey Se ar we 461,833 930,086 1,180,878 Su ex, East ais ais 530,555 532,187 546,942 Su ex, West ob ot 401,916 195,810 223,136 War wicks hire.. Phe 624,676 1,394,741 1,535,007 West mor land ae ae 504,917 65,746 65,398 Wilts hire.. me ne 860,829 291,838 303,258 Worcesters hire.. es 447,678 397,910 420,156 York, City of ae w¢ 3,730 84,039 84,813 Yorkshire, East Riding.. 750,115 460,880 483,058 - North Riding 1,362,058 456,436 469,389 A West Riding 1,776,064 3,181,202 35 352, 555 Totals.. ate 32,559,868 35,681,019 37,789,738 163 ENGLAND AND WALES 160 ENGLAND AND WALES Area in Statute| Acres, 1931 (Land and In- Census Population. Counties, including County Counties. land Water). Cornice: 28 Boroughs, cluding County Boroughs. 1921. 193%. WALES. Anglesey.. on 176,630 51,744 49,025 Brecknockshire.. es 469,281 61,222 ants (al Caernarvonshire,. ae 364,108 128,183 120,810 Cardigans hire.. Ss 443,189 60,881 55,164 Car mar then shire we 588,472 175,073 179,063 Denbighshire ais 6 427,977 157,634 157,645 Flints hire 5 ane 163,707 106,617 112,849 Glam organs hire.. we 520,456 1,252,481 1,225,717 Meri on eths hire.. 422,372 45,087 43,198 Montgomery shire 510,110 51,263 48,462 Pembrokes hire.. 393,003 91,978 87,179 Rad nor shire ae 301,165 23,517 21,314 Totals, Wales 4,780,470 2,205,680 2,158,193 Totals, England and Wales 37,339,215 37,886,699 39,947,931 summit of Northern England, Scawfell (3,210 feet). The Pennine chain, with its appended Cum brian range, is suceeeded by one which surpa es both these in loftine and extent, but has its great nucleus much farther to the west, where it covers the greater part of Wales, deriving from this its name, the Cam brian range. Its principal ridge stretches through Caernarvonshire from N.N.E. to 8.S.W., with Snowden (3,560 feet) as the culminating point of South Britain. Acro the Bristol Channel from Wales is the Devonian range. It may be considered as commencing in the Mendip Hills of Somerset, and then pursuing a south-westerly direction through that county and the counties of Devon and Cornwall to the Land’s End, the wild and desolate tract of Dartmoor forming one of its most remarkable features (highest summit, Yes Tor, 2,028 feet). Other ranges are the Cotswold Hills, proceeding in a north-easterly direction from near the Mendip Hills; the Chiltern Hills taking a similar direction farther to the east: and the North and South Downs running eastward, the latter reaching the south coast near Beachy Head, the former reaching the south*ast coast at Folk est one. A large part of the surface of England consists of wide valleys and plains. Beginning in the north, the first valleys on the east side are those of the Coquet, Tyne, and Tees; on the west the beautiful valley of the Eden, which, at first hemmed in between the Cum brian range and Pennine chain, gradually widens out into a plain of about 470 sq. miles, with the town of Car lisle in its centre. The most important of the northern plains is the Vale of York, which has an area of nearly 1,000 sq. miles. Properly speaking it is still the same plain which stretches, with scarcely a single interruption, acro the counties of Lincoln, Suffolk, and E ex, to the mouth of the Thames, and to a considerable distance inland, comprising the Central Plain and the region of the Fens. On the west side of the island, in South Lancashire and Cheshire, is the fertile Cheshire Plain. In Wales there are no extensive plains, the valleys generally have a narrow rugged form favourable to romantic beauty, but not compatible with great fertility. Wales, however, by giving rise to the Severn, can justly claim part in the vale, or series of almost unrivalled vales, along which it pursues its romantic course through the counties of Montgomery, Salop, Worcester, and Gloucester.- Southeast of the Cotswold Hills is Salisbury Plain, but it is only in name that it can be cla ed with the other plains and level lands of England, being a large elevated plateau, of an oval shape, with a thin chalky soil only suitable for pasture. In the southwest the only vales deserving of notice are those of Taunton in Somerset and Exeter in Devon. A large portion of the south-east may be regarded as a continuous plain, consisting of what are called 164 ENGLAND AND WALES 161 ENGLAND AND WALES ENGLAND & WALES Mean_Annual Rainfall English Miles © 10 20 30 40 50 — ee fez] Under 25 inches...25 to 30 inches..80 to 40-inches BEA 40 10 60 inches €0 to 80 inches Over 80 inches Bristol Channel a ins Langitude West 4° of Green wich ie Meridian 0° of Green wich ome F 165 ENGLAND AND WALES the Wealds of Su ex, Surrey, and Kent, between the North and South Downs, and containing an area of about 1,090 sq.miles. The south-east angle of this district is occupied by tho Romney Marsh, an extensive level tract composed for the most part of a rich marine deposit. Extensive tracts of a similar nature are situated on the east coast, in Yorkshire and Lincoln, where they are washed by the Humber; and in the counties which either border the Wash, or, like North amp ton, Bedford, Hunting don, and Cambridge, send their drainage into it by the Nene and the Ouse. Many of these lands are naturally the richest in the kingdom, but have been utilized only by means of drainage.: England is well supplied with rivers, many of them of great importance to industry and commerce. Most of them carry their waters to the North Sea. If we consider the drainage as a whole, feur principal river basins may be distinguished, those of the Thames, Wash, and Humber belonging to the North Sea; and the Severn belonging to the Atlantic. The basin of the Thames has its greatest length from east to west, 130 miles, and its average breadth about 50 miles, area 6,160 sq. miles. The river itself, which is the chief of English rivers, has a length of 210 miles. The basin of the Wash consists of the subordinate basins of the Great Ouse, Nene, Well and, and With am, which all empty themselves into that estuary, and has an area computed at 5,850 sq. miles. The basin of the Severn consists of two distinct portions, that on the right bank of an irregularly oval shape, and having for its principal tributaries the Teme and the Wye; and that on the left of which the Upper Avon is the principal tributary stream. The area of the whole basin is 8,58) sq. miles. The next basin, that of the Humber, the largest of all, consists of the three basins of the Humber proper, the Ouse, and the Trent, and its area is 9,550 sq. miles, being about one-sixth of the whole area of England and Wales. Other rivers unconnected with these systems are the Tyne, Wear, and Tees in the north-east; the Eden, Ribble, Mersey, and Dee in the northwest. The south-coast streams are very unimportant except for their estuaries. For the minerals, climate, agriculture, manufactures, ., of England, see the article BRITAIN. Civil History. The history of England proper begins when it ceased to bea Roman po e ion. (See BRITAIN.) On the withdrawal of the Roman forces, about the beginning of the fifth century A.D., the South Britons, or inhabitants of what is now called England, were no longer able to withstand the attacks of their ferocious northern neighbours, the Scots and Picts. They applied for a istance to Aétius, but the Roman general was too much occupied in the struggle with Attila to attend to their petition. In their distre they appear to have sought the aid of the Saxons; and according to the Anglo-Saxon narra-~ tives three ships, containing 1600 men, were dispatched to their help under the command of the brothers Hengist and Horsa. Vortigern, a duke or prince of the Britons, a igned them the Isle of Thanet for habitation, and, marching against the northern foe, they obtained a complete victory. The date a igned to these events by the later Anglo-Saxon chronicles is A.D. 449, the narratives a erting further that the Saxons, finding the land desirable, turned their arms against the Britons, and, reinforced by new bands, conquered first Kent and ultimately the larger part of the island. Whatever the credibility of the story of Vortigern, it is certain that in the middle of the fifth century the occasional Teutonic incursions gave place to persistent invasion with a view to settlement. These Teutonic invaders were Low German tribes from the country about the mouths of the Elbe and the Weser, the three most prominent being the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. Of these the Jutes were the first to form a settlement, taking po e ion of part of Kent and the Isle of Wight; but the larger conquests. of the Saxons in the south and the Angles in the north gave to these tribes the leading place in the kingdom. The struggle continued 150 years, and at the end of that period the whole southern part of Britain, with the exception of Strathclyde, Wales, and West Wales (Cornwall), was in the hands of the Teutonic tribes. This conquered territory was divided among a number of small states or petty chieftaincies, seven of the most conspicuous of which are often spoken of as the Heptarchy. These were: 1 The Kingdom of Kent; founded by Hengist in 455; ended in 823 2 Kingdom of South Saxons, containing Su ex and Surrey, founded by Ella in 477, ended in 689. 3 Kingdom of East Angles, containing, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, Ely (Isle of), founded by Uffa in 571 or 575, ended in 792. 4 Kingdom of West Saxons, containing Devon, 166 ENGLAND AND WALES Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, Hants, Berks, and part of Cornwall, founded by Cedric 519, swallowed up the rest in 827. 5 Kingdom of Nor thumb ria, containing York, Durham, CumberJand, West mor land, North umber land, and the east coast of Scotland to the Firth of Forth, founded by Ida 547, absorbed. by We ex in 827. 6 Kingdom of East Saxons, containing H ex, Middle sex, Hertford (part), founded by Erchew in 527, ended in 823. 7 Kingdom of Mercia, containing Gloucester, Here ford, Worcester,’ Warwick, Leicester, Rutland, North amp ton, Lincoln, Hunting don, Bedford, Bucking ham, Oxford, Stafford, Derby, Salop, Nottingham, Chester, Hertford (part), founded by Cridda about 584; absorbed by We ex in 827. Each state was, in its turn, annexed to more powerful neighbours, and at length, in 827, Egbert, by his valour and superior capacity, united in his own person the sovereignty of what had formerly been seven kingdoms, and the whole came to be called England, that is Angle-land. While this work of conquest and of intertribal strife had been in progre towards the establishment of a united kingdom, certain important changes had occurred. The conquest had been the slow expulsion of a Christian race by a purely heathen race, and the country had returned to something of its old isolation with regard to the rest of Europe. But before the close of the sixth century Christianity had secured a footing in the south-east of the island. Ethelberht, King of Kent and suzerain over the kingdoms south of the Humber, married a Christian wife, Bertha, daughter of Charibert of So is sons, and this event indirectly led to the coming of St. Augustine. The conversion of Kent, E ex, and Hast Anglia was followed by that of North umber land and then by that of Mercia, of We ex, of Su ex, and lastly of Wight, the contest between the two religions being at its height in the seventh century. The legal and political changes immediately consequent upon the adoption of Christianity were not great, but there resulted a more intimate relation with Europe and the older civilizations, the introduction of new learning and culture, the formation of a written literature, and the fusion of the tribes and petty kingdoms into a closer and more lasting unity than that which could have been otherwise secured. The kingdom, however, was still kept in a state of disturbance by the attacks of the Danes, who had made repeated incursions during the whole of the Saxon period, and about half a century after the unification of the kingdom became for the moment masters of nearly the whole of England. But the genius of Alfred the Great, who had ascended the throne in 871, speedily reversed matters by the defeat of the Danes at Ethandune (878). Guthrum, their king, embraced Christianity, became the va al of the Saxon king, and retired to a strip of land on the east coast including Nor thumb ria and called the Danelagh. The two immediate succe ors of Alfred, Edward (901-925) and Athelstan (925-940), the son and the grandson of Alfred, both vigorous and able rulers, had each in turn to direct his arms against these settlers @ a8 { | | = P 22 Seas SOs = =f aa — = 9 & Pe —— one == (ee | pea g 2 { LE _"_ l c5C5U[U—zzPPPE SS ~ oo G, === —O——EEEES Se 4G, —————— Seer = 2 4 SSS sy Ge) 9 =u 4 aN aie — x SEEMS ri Ce) aa SS ine ea Bi ga oe —. jj fGroucester ay gs 2S Py, 2 And on 2 ae === nye © —————— x we ba — ——>,¢ == eo pS BRITAIN | —S after the coming of the Engli of the Danelagh. The reigns of the next five kings, Edmund, Edred, Edgar, and Edward the Martyr, are chiefly remarkable on account of the conspicuous place occupied in them by Dunstan, who was counsellor to Edmund, minister of Edred, treasurer under Edwy, and supreme during the reigns of Hdgar and his succe or. It was po ibly due to his policy that from the time of Athelstan till after the death of Edward the Martyr (978 or 979) the country had comparative rest from the Danes.; During the tenth century many changes had taken place in the Teu: tonic constitution. Feudalism was already taking root; the king’s authority had increased; the folkland was being taken over as the king’s personal property; the nobles by birth, or ealdormen, were becoming of le importance in administration than the nobility of thegns, tbs officers of the king’s court. 167 ENGLAND AND WALES 164 ENGLAND AND WALES Map of ENGLAND to illustrate the English Miles © 10 20 60 _=822. oy = = ot a, Manchester Y: y. oy, ly, Prue %,, Derby °>* ottidgham Ry 4 IMG:fig165_1.jpg: IMG:fig168_1.jpg: IMG:fig174_1.jpg: IMG:fig176_1.jpg: IMG:fig177_1.jpg: