GARHWAL

or GURWAL (i°_} India, on §. slope of Himalaya s; wh« opposed surface mountainous; chief rivers, Ala third nanda and other headstreams of Gang as a capital, Serin a gaur. Area, 5629 |: election miles. Pop. 430,000. to the opponent GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE (1807 -8 of A sailo they commanding appoint They defeated. enthusiasm for the Itali standing fired with movement. For his share in 1 Railroad national Jules outbreak at Genoa, office to flee to France. do Sul, and then that and Rio Grande burie d 1836-48, against the Argent dictator, Rosas. Returning part in the Sard in i an campai G. took the revolutionary gove and joining it against | ment at Rome defended Interior. Obliged French under Oudinot, 1849. James Austrian forces, G. 1 retreat before the Williams Ven: forced to land before reaching Columbia exhaust the bar senate, and exposure went as an exile to U.S., Civil Commis time in Staten Is. in Caprera Is., near Sardi Department and settled noting the results of Cavot 1903-07. eagerly fought for Sardi policy in Italy. He by protes against Austria in 1859, and last ce ion of Nice and Sar O. against the to Napoleon III. in 1860. After the peace of Villa franc a, secretly supported by Sardinia’s request, G. organized an expedition against the Two Sicilies, in the hope of bringing about the union This is, perhaps, his most famous undertaking. He landed at Marsala with his ‘you sand volunteers,’ defeating the Neapolitan troops, which far outnumbered his own, at Calatafimi, and thus opening the way to Palermo. G. became dictator of Sicily, and cro ing to Italy expelied Francis II. from Naples and entered the city in triumph. When Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, appeared with his Sard in i an troops in the kingdom of Naples, G. delivered up his army to his sovereign and absolute sway over the Neapolitan provinces, retiring to Caprera in 1860. He was severely wounded at As pro monte, 1862, fighting against the royal troops, and taken prisoner, but pardoned shortly _ afterwards. On his second attempt to oppose the papal power, 1867, he was utterly defeated by the papal and French troops at Mentana, but allowed to return in confinement to Caprera. In 1870-71 he attempted to help the French republic against the Germans, commanding the French volunteers in Bergundy. He entered the Italian parliament in 1874, finally consenting to accept an annual pension from it. G. wrote the novels Clelia and Cantoni il vol on i a rio, but had little literary talent.