CALIFORNIA

state. U.S., on Pacific W.); bounded N. by Oregon, E. by Nevada, Arizona, 8. by Mexico, and W. by Pacific. Surface generally consists of two great mountain systems running lengthwise through the state, with 2 broad valley between them. These mts. are the Sierra Nevada in the E. and the Coast Range along the coast; chief peaks of former, Mt. Whitney, Fisherman Peak; of latter, San Bernard i no, San Jacinto. In the S. is the Tehachapi range, uniting the two great systems. — The central valley is remarkable for | beauty, and is called the Great Valley of — California; it is over 500 m. long and from 40 to 60 m. wide. It is drained by © the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, — 1 A af which flow respectively through the N. and §., and, uniting in lat. 38° 3’ N., enter Suisun Bay to N. of San Francisco. The famous Yosemite Valley breaks through the E. branch of the Sierra Nevada. Chief lakes are Tulare, Owens, Mono, Tahoe, Honey, Goose, Klamath. In the S. are depre ed desert regions. Chief towns are San Francisco, Los Angeles, Oakland, Sacramento (cap.), San Diego, Pasadena, San José, Alameda. Climate is cold and wet in N., but in S. dry and semi-tropical Flora includes redwood and mammoth trees, wild oats, alfalfa, and great variety of flowering shrubs. Fauna indeer, lizards, woodpeckers, quails. Resources. — Gold is _ extensively mined; quicksilver, lead, silver, copper, jron, antimony, chromium are found in considerable quantities, as well as rock salt, borax, asphalt, soda, sulphur, and china, clay; petroleum abounds, but there is little coal. Agricultural wealth js remarkable, though in places irrigation is nece ary; wheat and barley exing likely to be discontinued owing to prohibition), oranges, lemons, olives, and other fruits largely produced; sugar beet, cotton, tobacco, hops also cultivated. There are immense forests with fir, cedar, pine, and other trees; and lumbering is an important industry. Sheep and cattle raised; ostrich farming -earried on; silk produced; fisheries important. Industries include canning of fruits and vegetables, meat packing, flour milling, brewing, dairying, distilling, shipbuilding, tanning; exports, fresh, dried, and canned fruit, cereals, timber, wool, sugar, mineral products, ' petroleum, tobacco. California is con- ' nected with eastern states by four Inhabitants include persons of Brit., Ger., Canadian, Ital., Fr., and Swed. extraction; there are also Chin., Jap., _ JInd., and negro inhabitants; but 75 per _ cent. of pop. is Amer. by birth. Area, pop. 3,119,400. Executive is in hands of governor, as_ sisted by lieutenant-governor and five - ministers; legislative power vested in senate of 40 members and a embly of _ 80 members, former elected for four, | latter for two years. California has ‘woman suffrage. The state sends 2 ' senators and 11 representatives to _. Congre , Education is free and obligatory. The Univ. of California superseded Coll. of California; established at Oakland 1869, having obtained charter 1868; removed to present site, Berkeley, 1873; fine situation by San Francisco Bay, with large grounds on slopes of Berkeley Hills; handsome buildings raised; besides colleges at Berkeley Univ., now includes Lick astronomical department near San José, art department, formerly ‘Mark Hopkins Institute of Art’, in San Francisco, univ. farm at Davisville, botanical laboratory at_Whittier, biological laboratory at La Jolla, an other branches; noted library. The Leland Stanford Junior Univ. at Palo Alto is also famous.