Arnica

a genus of plants belonging to the Composite, the tincture of one species of 4, montana, a native of Central Europe, a powerful action in exciting the circulation the skin without blistering, and is, therefore, for bruises. Internally it is an acrid The flower is a dark golden yellow, and from about June to August. Arnim, (1) Lupwiag AcHIM von, a German and novelist, born in 1781. He began life a doctor, but soon adopted letters as a profe ion. stories are gloomy and fantastic, like those of the best known being Counte Dolores, of Eqypt, and The Winter Garden (a col of sketches). He published a number of songs and a few dramas, dying in 1831. (2) HARRY KARL EDOUVARD, Count von, born in He entered the Pru ian diplomatic service, after holding several minor posts was sent, in as Amba ador to Rome, where he remained Pius IX. was deprived of his temporal power 1870. During the famous CXcumenical Council supported Dr. Déllinger and the Old Catholics, opposed the doctrine of Papal Infallibility. In he was sent to Paris, and is said to have foiled policy. In 1874 he was recalled, and pracbanished to Constantinople; but before he started thither the anonymous publication of correspondence with Dr. Déllinger and his des from Rome gave so much annoyance that was detained. He was then charged with having away from the Paris Emba y important papers relating to the Papal succe ion. He tried for this offence and condemned to three imprisonment, and on his appeal the was raised to nine months. Later Arnim again brought to trial, and condemned, in his to: five years’ penal servitude. Though made some attempts at a reconciliation, he returned to Germany, and died at Nice in Arno (cla ic Arnis), a river of Italy, which, in Monte Falter on a, in the A pennines, flows south, then north, then west, and, after a of 180 miles, enters the Mediterranean by an channel eight miles below Pisa. It has tributary, the Elsa. The valley of the Arno is of the most beautiful and fertile in Italy, but winter the stream becomes a dangerous and torrent. Florence occupies a charming on both banks about 50 miles from the sea. Arnobius, (1) THE ELDER, an African convert Christianity, born in Numidia about the middle the third century. He wrote a Latin treatise iu of his new faith (Disputationum adversus libri vii.). Lac tanti us was his pupil. 2. THE YOUNGER, was a Gallic bishop or preswho flourished at Marseilles about 440 a.v. 226 He tinged some mous the returning the ecclesiastics. and strongly po e ion lished ro a, captured battle of sacrificing men, with on versy its harsh like into He never his toriographer made died severely 1741 British Revolution haven. volunteer under the career reckle ne be of him at André André lines, escaped, vears England educationalist, (q.v.), 24th Rugby, the graduated Fellow Lay Council Arnold. ( 204 wrote a commentary on the Psalms which is with Pelagian ism, and this fact has induced to believe that he was the author of an an ony treatise entitled Pre des tin at us. Arnold, (1) of Brescia, a religious reformer of twelfth century. He was a pupil of Abelard, and to Italy as a monk began to denounce corruptions of the Church and the greed of Though condemned by Innocent II. the Later an Councils in 1139, he was so supported that from 1144 to 1154 he held of Rome, drove out the popes, and estaba republic. Adrian IV., a isted by Barb a forced him to fly Into Tuscany, where he was and put to death. (2) Of Winkelried, a Swi hero, who at the of Sempach in 1386 rushed upon the spears an impenetrable Austrian phalanx, and by thus his life opened a pa age for his country- ‘The result was a total rout of the Austrians fearful slaughter, ‘This story, however, rests late evidence, and there has been much controin Switzerland and Germany since 1860 as to truth, (3) GOTTFRIKD, an earnest, active, but somewhat and gloomy religious reformer, who strove, Arndt, Spener, and Francke, to infuse new life the effete orthodoxy of German Protestant ism. was born in 1665, and held a variety of posts, retaining any for long owing to his pietism and temper. In 1704 he was appointed royal his by Frederick I., and was subsequently pastor and inspector of Perleberg, where he in 1713. He wrote a Church History, which was handled by Mosheim. (4) BENEDICT, an American general, born in in a humble station. He twice enlisted in the army, and twice deserted. When the broke out he was in busine at New- After the battle of Lexington he raised a corps, was appointed colonel, served Allen at Ticonderoga and Montgomery in march to Quebec, and after rather a stormy got the governorship of Philadelphia. His and perhaps dishonesty caused him to reprimanded, whereupon he entertained the idea guing over to the enemy. Washington, who valued for his pluck and dash, gave him the command West Point; and Sir Henry Clinton sent Major to negotiate for the surrender of the fortre . was caught on his way back to the British and was executed. [ANDRE.] Arnold joined the British army, fought for some against his former comrades, and died in in 1801. (5) MATTHEW, poet, critic, theologian, and the eldest son of Dr. Arnold born at Laleham, near Staines, on the December, 1822. Educated at Winchester, and Balliol College, Oxford, he carried off Newdigate prize for English verse in 1843, in honours in 1844, and was elected of Oriel in 1845. In 1851 he was appointed Inspector of Schools under. the Committee of on Education. an office which he served ) for Daring signal Continental were The His ance In pre Empedocles mously. few produced work poet dated Poetry Homer cism ture being Lord his fixed sympathetic; is over work thinker found ant (1873), on political (1870), died in He the Westminster which and Prodigal services, ductions, edition Early Theatre 1802 great where He brilliant settled himself deacon, Articles 1828, School. done, in briefly the Arnold. nearly thirty-five years, resigning in 1886, this period he did the cause of education service, especially by his investigations into education, of which some of the results given to the public in 1868 under the title Schools and Universities of the Continent. public carcer as a poet began with the appear in 1843 of his Newdigate poem, Crommell. 1848 The Strayed Reveller was sent to the as the work of “A,” followed in 1853 by and other Poems, published anony- Here his poetical life ended, save for a casual effusions for the magazines. If he too little to rank as a great poet, his was of a very choice order, and his fame as a is still growing. As a critic his career may be from 1857, when he was elected Profe or of at Oxford. His lectures On Translating appeared in 1861; his E ays on Critiin 1865; and his Study of Celtic Liter a in 1868; a second series of Critical E ays published posthumously in 1888, edited by Cole ridge. His primacy among the critics of day was undisputed. While working from principles, he was always catholic and and to him more than to anyone else due the more genial spirit which has come English criticism. His very considerable as a theologian, which showed him to be a of quite uncommon originality, with pro ethical insight, is represented by St. Paul Protestant ism (1871), Literature and Dogma God and the Bible (1875), and Last E ays Church and State (1877); his contributions to and social criticism by Culture and Anarchy and Jrish E ays and Others (1882). He quite suddenly on April 15th, 1888. (6) SAMUEL, Mus.D., an English musician, born 1740, came early under the influence of Handel. was director of music at Covent Garden and Hay market, organist of the Chapel Royal and Abbey. He wrote several operas, of Zhe Maid of the Mill was the most popular, a number of oratorios, amongst them The Sen, not to mention a profusion of songs, sonatas, concertos, etc. None of his pro. however, show any great talent, and his of Handel's works did him little credit. in the 19th century he built the Lyceum as a home for English opera, but died in before it was opened. He was buried with solemnity in Westminster Abbey. (7) THoMAS, D.D., was born at East Cowes, his father was collector of customs, in 1795, went from Winchester to Oxford, and after a career at the university married and at Laleham near Staines in 1819, supporting by private tuition. Though ordained his scruples as to signing the Thirty-Nine prevented his taking priest’s orders till when he was appointed head-master of Rugby It was there that the work of his life was and that work wrought a complete revolution English education. It is not easy.to explain the way in which this was effected. Perhaps most powerful agency that Arnold employed 227 was basis fluence, boys, and gradually views with pa ed as He Thucydides, ment, was In Modern following the seized hours His Dean his country and Composition, science, having to busine , mechanics, upon appeared once appointed London the he and on henceforth his Exhibition Rumford 1874. phalia, is the the up turning white stances are cularly group po e ing etc.), quently Arnold. ( 205 the cultivation of a sense of honour as the of discipline. But his own personal in and his ince ant care and sympathy for account in a large measure for his succe , the standard which he set a erted itself in all the public schools. His religious were characterised by breadth combined genuine and cheerful piety. In politics he from Toryism to such pronounced Liberalism destroyed his chances of Church preferment. wrote his Roman History, his valuable edition of his Commentary on the New Test a and a treatise on Church and State which to serve as the foundation for a greater work. 1841 he was appointed Regius Profe or of History at Oxford, and his lectures in the year opened with an able discu ion of philosophy of history. In June, 1842, he was with angina pectoris, and died in a few on the eve of his forty-seventh birthday. Life and Correspondence, edited by the late Stanley, furnishes a sympathetic record of labours and achievements. (8) T. K., the educationalist, born 1800, was a rector. In 1838 he i ued his Greek Prose, in 1839 a companion volume on Latin Prose He died in 1853. Arnott, Dr. NEIL, a physician and man of was born at Arbroath in 1788. In 1811 completed his medical education he began practise in London. Though he soon got a fair he devoted himself to physics and lecturing as early as 1813, and _ hitting new inventions year after year. In 1827 the first edition of his Physics, which at took its place as a standard work. He was to the Senate of the newly created University, and busied himself in planning medical and scientific examinations. In 1838 was made physician extraordinary to the Queen, F.R.S., and in that year he published his work Warming and Ventilation, a subject to which he gave great attention. He won for hygienic inventions a gold medal at the Paris (1855), and for his smokele stove the Medal of the Royal Society. He died in Arnsberg, 4 district in the province of West- Germany, with its chief town. The latter built on a height near the river Ruhr, and was capital of the ancient duchy, and a member of Hanseatic League. A new quarter has sprung during the 19th century. There are works for out railway plant, and for making shot, lead, cloths, etc. Aromatic Series, in Chemistry. All sub whose molecules contain a benzine nucleus cla ed in the aromatic series; they are part i rich in carbon. The name was given to the on account of the number of substances an aromatic odour (balsams, gum-resins, which belong to it. Aromatic Vinegar, 2 strong perfume, freused as an excitant and disinfectant. It is of rises John made past between speedily lished years of not The be the Cicero Italy, Petrarch in ported of time with ment south-east -where by show here 1589. the in duced years division Bengal, Negrais. off south, studded > Arracan. made by adding to strong acetic acid a variety aromatic oils.