SEVEN YEARS WAR

war primarily between Britain and Pru ia on one side and France and Austria on the other, carried on in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, 1756-63. Chief causes Brit. and Fr. colonial jealousy and continental mistrust of Pru ia. In 1754-55, Brit. and Fr. colonists warred on each other in N. erica, but France hesitated to declare war; Pru ia, expecting French to aid Austria to recover Silesia, made Treaty of Wesiminster, Jan. 1756, aid Britain, should France attack Hanover; France replied by Treaty of Vers a tiles with Austria, whereupon Frederick the Great, without declaring war, invaded Saxony, occupied Dresden in Sept., shut up Saxon. army in Poina, and defeated Austrian force at Lobositz. Saxony was conquered, but Frederick was unable to proceed against Austria. Britain and France had meanwhile declared war. French captured Minorca, 1756. France, Sweden, Austria, Ru ia, and Saxony signed treaties for partition of Pru ia, May 1757, France neglecting danger from Britain, which proceeded to conquest of Canada. Louis burg fell, 1758; [Quebec 1759; Montreal, 1760; while Boscawen, Hawk, and Rodney invasion of Britain, and prevented crushing victories at Lagos, won Quiberon Bay, etc., and Clive _(q.v.) defeated coalition at Prague, but Pru ia defeated at Kolin and forced to was retreat, June 1757; Hanover invaded; defeated by Estrées and Cumber land capitulated at Kloster Seven; Ru ians victory of Gro -Jagersdorf, Aug., won fortunately for Pru ia did not and follow up advantage; A: Berlin, Oct., and Silesia; Frederick recovered position at Ro bach; French expelled from Germany; Frederick recovered Silesia after battle of Leuthen, D ec. Britain, inspired by Pitt, a isted Pru ia with all her power. Ru . force occupied E. Pru ia, Jan. 1758, but Frederick determined to strike at heart of coalition, which was now Austria; he failed in siege of Olmutz, May to July, on account of skill of Loudon, but performed skilful retreat, arrived in Brandenburg in time to face Ru , invasion and fought bloody battle of Zorndorf, Aug.; defeated at Hochikirchen, Oct.; Frederick retained Silesia. Duke of Brunswick, who had aided in expulsion of French, was defeated at Bergen, but won victory of Minden, 1759; Frederick was defeated by double numbers of Ru ians and Austrians at Kunersdorf, Aug., but again victory was not followed up; Austrians merely occupied Saxony. Loudon, the only great general on that side, after several victories in Silesia was defeated at Liegniiz, Aug. 1760; Frederick recovered Saxony by victory of Torgau, Nov. Brunswick won fresh victory over French at Vill ings hausen, July 1761, but Pru ia again lost Saxony and Silesia. Ru ia came over to side of Pru ia after death of QOzarine Elizabeth, Jan. 1762, and helped to drive Austrians from Silesia, while they retreated from Saxony after defeat at Wilhelmstal, June. _ Peace, 1763, gave Britain colonial and Pru ia European preponderance, 20’ E.), ancient coast road, Ttaly, between Ostia and Terracina. |’ and Lower Avon, Teme, length, 210 miles; navigable to Welsh pool; noted for its ‘eagre’ or ‘bore.’ (A.D. 146-211), Rom. emperor; preetor, 178; provincial governor of Gallia Lugdunensis and other provinces; on hearing of murder of Emperor Pertinax and acce ion of Julian us, 193, himself to be proclaimed emperor, marched to Rome at head of his legion; Julian us defeated Pescennius 195; Byzantium fell after three years’ siege; revolt of Clodius Albinus put down, 197; Parthians defeated and Ctesiphon sacked, 198; marched through Britain to stamp out revolt, 203; commenced wall which bears his name between Tyne and Solway, thus ae abandonment of much territory Christian author; 6. in Aquitaine, then seat of Lat. culture; friend of St. Martin, who induced him to lead life of piety and renunciation; wrote Chronic a, valuable for his own times, as describing Priscillianism; Life of St. Martin, relating his ticism, and some letters.