BERLIN

(anciently Berk — uncultivated Iand\ E. by the capital of the Pru ian dominions and of the w. by German Empire, the residence of the Emperor <A on Germany and foreign amba adors, provinoe of Bran* of denbtirg; lat. (new observatory) 52 30' 16* v.: Ion. 13** 23' 53" B.; the largest town in Germany, and, for central the beauty and size of its buildings, the regularity of being its streets, the importance of its institutions of science its apand art, and its activity, industry, and trade, one of of the first cities in Europe. It is situated on a dreary of chalk sandy plain, about 126 feet above the level of th« county sea, on both sides of the Spree, a sluggish stream, to the here about 200 feet broad, which winds through the gigantic city from 8.E. to N.w., and near its centre forms an of the island by the division of its channeL It is surrounded to with a wall 16 feet high and 12 miles in cir cum fer of the ence, having nineteen gates besides minor outlets. It has water communication to the North Sea by the pas- Spree, which flows into the Elbe, and to the Baltic Timber by canals connecting with the Oder. The dty is at present divided into the following twelve miarten: extent — (1) Kolln, on the south of the Spree, divided into Old and New Kolln; (2) Old Berlin proper, betwet^^n com the Spree and Konigsgraben; (3) The Luisenstadt, of the consisting of the old Kopenikra: suburb in the south wild east; (4) Fricdrichstadt, in the south-west; (5) Frie«Ihave richswerder, between Kolln and Friedrichstadt; C'^ are the The Dorotheenstadt, between Friedrichstadt and the and Spree, which bounds it on the north; (7) Friedridi* about a Wilhelm-Stadt, lying north from the preceding, and the on the right bank of the Spree; (8) The Stralaoer quarter; (9) The Eonigatadt; (10) The Spandauer quarter; (11) The Oranienbuig-Boaenthal suburb (Wedding and Voigtland); (12) The New Precinct (with Moabit, the Schonbeiger Straase, .) The original portion of the city lies on the right bank of the river, and is veiy irregularly built, consisting for the most part of narrow crooked streets and very indifferent houses. The more recent portion rose up, as if by magic, at the orders of Frederick the Great; who, having previously adopted a plan subdividing the intended site by straight and spacious streets, partly parallel and partly at right angles to each other, caused them to be lined by handsome houses of uniform appearance, and, for the purpose of occupying a larger space, of only two stories in height, for a long time part of the space within the walls was unoccupied; the whole is now covered with buildings, and there are considerable suburbs outside the walls. The houses are built of white freestone, or brick covered with a coating of plaster or cement. The drainage of the city, however, owing to the flatne of the ground on which it stands, and to the sluggishne of the Spree, is so bad that, in hot weaUier, the most offensive odours pollute the air and render it unhealthy. The streets are now well paved and well lighted with gas, and many of them are lined with lofty and elegant buildings. Hackney coaches and other street conveyances are numerous, and under excellent surveillance. The houses generally are heated with stoves. Of the numerous bridges, the finest is the Castle Bridge, very spacious, being 104 feet wide, and having its eight piers surmounted by colo al groups of sculpture in marble. The dty has many fine churches and several synagogue ten s; theatres; about thirty hospitals, ., public and private; slicteen barracks; ten or twelve cemeteries, mostly without the walls. Its principal and most frequented street, the Unter den Linden, is in some respects unsurpa ed. It is situated in the new portion of the city, and traverses it from E. to w. It is above a mile in length, and of remarkable width, the centre being occupied by a double avenue of lime trees, which give it its name and form a fine shady promenade; while on either side of the trees is a carriage-way, and beyond each carriage-way, in front of the houses, a spacious foot-pavement. At the E. end of this street, and in the Lustgarten, with which it is connected by the bridge already mentioned, are clustered the principal public buildings of the dty, and diveiging from it are several fine squares; while at the w. end it terminates magnificently with the Brandenbui^ Grate, a noble structure, modelled on a grand scale after the Propylseum of Athens, and regarded as one of the finest portals in existence. The gateway is surmounted by a colo al Victory in bronze, mounted in a car drawn by four horses. Outside the walls, immediately beyond this portal, is the Thiergarten, an extensive and well-wooded park, intersp^sed with ponds, shrubberies^ and trees, and oontaimng the palace of Bellevue, as well as elegant villas and places of public amusement. The piindpal public buildings are the royal castle or Schloas, a vast rectangular pile, more remarkable for a certain air of grandeur than architectural beauty. It is sumptuously furnished, and contains a large and richly decorated chapel, first opened in 1853, whose lofty dome forms the most strildng external feature of the building. On the opposite side of the garden, in front of the Schloes, is the museum, a fine building in pure Grecian taste, with its extensive collection of sculpture and painting; and behind it the new museum, containing extensive collections of Egyptian and other antiquities, and also the celebrated mural paintings by Kaulbach. The royal theatre, in the Gensdarmenmarkt, is a fine Grecian edifice, one of the most important works of the eminent architect Schinkel. The royal library and palace of King William I. are united; the former contains above 700,000 volumes and 15,500 manuscripts and charts. The arsenal (Zeughaus) contains heavy artillery, about 150,000 stand of *arms, together with flags and other trophies, many of them of great antiquity. The palace of Prince Albert, the university, the new exchange, the Italian opera-house, the principal Jewish synagogue, the town-hall, and the architectural academy, are all beautiful structures. The prevailing style of the newer buildings, both public and private, is Grecian, or an Italianized adaptation of that style. One of the most remarkable of modem monuments, is that erected in 1851 to Frederick the Great in the Unter den Linden — the chtf cPceuvre of Bauch and his pupils. The colo al statue of the king on horseback is placed on a lofty pedestal, around which are grouped bronze figures representing his prindpal generals, ministers, and eminent men of lus time — in all thirty-one portrait statues the size of life, those at the four comers being on horseback. In front of the arsenal are statues in bronze of Bliicher, and of Generals York and Gneisen — ^the former by Kauch, and the two latter by FreibeL Two marble statues by Bauch — one of Billow and another of Schamhorst — ^and an equestrian statue in bronze of the great elector, Frederick William, are well deserving of notice. The literary institutions of the dty are numerous and respectable; they include the university, attended by 2000 students in summer and 2300 in winter, exclusive of 1200 to 1400 who do not matriculate, and numbering among its profe ors many names of European reputation; the academy of sdenoes; the gymnasia or high-schools, of which there are eight, with a number of le celebrated academies; an institution for instructing the deaf and dumb, an academy of fine arts, the GewerbC' Schule, or artisan school, where promising young artisans tuitously. are taught drawing, modelling, ., gra- Berlin is the literary and sdentific metropolis of Germany, and, in the various walks of literature, philosophy, sdence, and art, can show a galaxy of names such as few dties can equaL Since the time of Frederick the Great it has been the policy of the Pru ian kings to attract to their capital, dther through profe orships in the university or otherwise, learned men in every department ■ of knowledge. Consequentiy, though but a city almost of yesterday, the number of eminent men who have laboured, or who still labour, within the walls of Berlin is very great. Of those who are world-renowned may be named Leibnitz, who founded the Academy of Sciences in 1700, and became its first president; the pious Spener; the historian Puffendorf; the philosophers flchte, Schleiermacher, F. A. Wolf, and Hegel; the theologians Neander, De Wette, and Hengstenberg; the hutorians Bank^ and Yon Baumer; the geographers Bitter and Leipsius; the linguists Bopp, Zumpt, the brothers Grimm; and many others. In the natural sdenoes the unrivalled Alexander von Humboldt; and after him are many brilliant names, as Poggendorf, Ermann, Mitscherlidi,Boee, Erichson, Ehrenbeig, Link, and Von Buch. Many others might be mentioned; but it may suffice, fiuther, to name tiie poets Tieck and BUckert, the famous sculptors Bauch and Schadow, and the composers Felix Mendel ohn and Meyer beer. The charitable institutions indude the hospital of charity, the royal institution for providing for widows, the hospital for invalids, the hospital of St. Dorothy, th^ new royal hospital, ., with a great number besides for aU kinds of benevolent purposes. The manufactures of Berlin are various and exten- BERMUDAS eive. For silks and cotton goods, caipets, and woollen goods, it is the first place in Germany; fringes, hosieiy, ., are also largely made. numufactares of tobacco, chemicals, leather leather goods, mirrors, cast-iron, tin and lackered wares, f umitinre, carriages, china and stone ware, important, as are also the gold, silver, and wares, the works in plaster and marble, . Machines are made on a great scale; the establishment of alone employs nearly 8000 hands. In the iron-foundxy busts, statues, ba -reliefs, ., are together with a great variety of ornaments rivalled delicacy of workmanship. The society the upper da es of Berlin is difficult of acce , their hospitality limited. Music is here extensively and succe fully cultivated. The performance ■acred vocal music, in particular, has attained ordinary perfection. The opera and theatres the most respectable footing, and are liberally oouraged, the taste for such entertainments pervading all cla es. BailwayB. — ^Berlin is well supplied with railways. It communicates w. direct with Hambuig; Stettin; £. with Cracow, Warsaw, and Austria; with Leipzig and Dresden, . Hutory. — ^The oldest parts of the dty are and Berlin proper, which were originally poor inhabited by fishermen, and first rose to some* portance under Markgraf Albert (1206-20), grandson of Albert the Bear. The Elector Frederick 11. with the Iron Teeth built a castle at KoUn the banks of the Spree in 1442; and from the of John Cicero the town became the permanent sidence of the electors. About two centuries Berlin was still a place of little importance. confined to the immediate bank of the Spree the island which divides its channel, and consisted a series of villages, which have gradually into each other, and now form its different quarters. The first important improvement was made great elector Frederick William, who planted Unter den Linden, and otherwise enlai^ed and tified the town; so that in his time it already bered 20,000 inhabitants. He may be considered the second founder of the city. His succe or. Frederick I., seconded his efforts; but Berlin a umed the appearance of a capital till the Frederick the Great, who, determined to worthy of his extended dominions, inclosed space within the walls, and proceeded to build it, to supply the wants, not so much of actual, an anticipated population. He was twice interrupted in the work, and almost driven from his when in 1757 the city fell into the hands Austrians, and in 17G0 into those of the Austrians and Ru ians. But he soon repaired the and his succe ors having followed ardently steps, Berlin has rapidly risen to be the first Germany in respect of population, and also in respect of architectural grandeur and influence. Pop. in 1846, 408,502; in 1871, of whom about nine-tenths were Protestants. 171