Masséna

ANDRÉ, PRINCE D'ESSLING, and DUC DE RIVOLI, (mas-sa'nah,) a marshal of France, B. at Nice, 1758, after entering the French army during the revolutionary period, rose to the rank of general of division; in 1794-5, he defeated the Austrians at Tanaro and Loano; largely contributed to the succe es of Castiglione, Arcola, and Rivoli; and in 1797 was appointed to the chief command in the Papal States. In 1799 he held a similar position in Switzerland and on the Danube, defeated the Ru ians at Zurich; in 1804 received a mar.shal's baton, and in 1805 drove the Austrian Archduke Charles out of N. Italy. In 1806 his management of military operations in Calabria seated Joseph Bonaparte on the throne of Naples. After a term of brilliant service in Germany, especially at the battle of E ling, M. was appointed in 1810 to the chief command of the French in Portugal; but overpowered by the climate, and at the head of an army decimated by sick. ne , his campaign did not answer to the expectations | of Napoleon, and he resigned his command after the bloody but indecisive battle of Fuentes Onoro. D. 1817. [s. 583]