August us

first known as CAlus OCTAVIUS, and as CAIUS JULIUS C48SABR OCT AVIAN US, the honorary title of August us, was the first of Rome. His father was the senator his mother, Atia, the niece of Julius who adopted his grand-nephew and left him greater part of his wealth. At the time of murder the young Octavius was studying in He returned to Rome and.at the age of 20 made consul in 43 B.c., having first taken up against Antony and then been reconciled with ‘The two avengers of Cesar, forming with a triumvirate, defeated Brutus and Ca ius Philippi, and then divided the empire betwecn Octavius taking the west. In the proscript hat ensued, the future August us, though afterwards for his kindline of heart, seems have been no more scrupulous than his colleagues. next had to quell the rising of Sex. Pompeius in and whilst this was going on he contrived to Lepidus into private life. Antony was now only rival, and at the instigation, it was thought, Fulvia Octavius began hostilities, but the quarrel patched up for a time, and on Fulvia’s death married Octavia, his colleague's sister. influence over Antony, however, soon a pretext for renewing strife, and at the of Actium (31 B.c.) Octavius crushed his and stood alone at the head of the Roman Three years later he received the title of He profe ed a desire to retire from life owing to weak health, but Miecenas and di uaded him. Whatever faults of licenor ambition may have stained his early he was certainly an active, painstaking, and ruler. He visited most parts of the empire, solely for the public good, and preserved peace of his vast. dominions for nearly half a His patronage of art and letters caused lustre to be reflected on his reign and his character. It is, indeed, probably true that, his position was a ured, he displayed affection, and fidelity. The praise of and courtiers turned his head in later years, he a umed divine honours. Though four married he had but one daughter, Julia, a to his house. He adopted Tiberius, the of his wife Livia by her former husband, and his death (14 A.D.) bequeathed to him the purple. August us I., Elector of Saxony, was born in and began to reign in 1553. He was fortunate to enjoy till his death a period of profound the only discords being those between the and the Luther ans, between whom he to create a modus virendi. He took in the Diet of Augsburg. His virtues were such to earn him the appellations of ‘ Pious” and Just in i an of Saxony.” He did much to imand adorn Dresden, and bi‘it the palace of He died in 1586. August us IT. (Frepenick), Elector of Saxony, King of Poland, was born in 1670, and succeeded brother as elector in 1695. He fought on the of the empire against the French and the and at the death of John Sobieski in 1697 283 forced joined All. deposed He resign finally organised traordinary His Marshal He gallery ceding, he the son-in-law, for led fited. Frederick dominions Maria the Charles fecblene 1763 son the the his especially commerce, Posen, from which He Rhine, the from peril. by continued preceding, He statesman, mander-in-chief framing in died family perate Auks, of the are cult, land. swimming food, August us rit. ¢ 255 himseli into the throne of Poland. Having Peter the Great in his opposition to Charles of Sweden, he was defeated by the latter and (1704) in favour of Stan is las Leczinski. drove out his rival, but was again compelled to in 1706. At the fall of Charles XII. he was restored, but his kingdom was utterly disnor was he capable of restoring it. Of exphysical strength, he was morally weak, life was spent in licentious indulgences, and Saxe was one of his many natural sons. dicd in 1738. The porcelain factory and picture at Dresden owe their origin to him. August us IIT, (Frepenrick), son of the prewas born in 1696. On the death of his father had some difticulty in establishing his claim to Polish crown, for Stan is las was supported by his Louis XV. It would have been better that country had he failed, for his incapacity to the complications by which Ru ia has pro- He allied himself with Austria against the Great, and twice his electoral were wrested from him. His daughter, Joseph a, married the dauphin and became mother of Louis XVI., Louis XVIII, and X., who inherited perhaps an element of from their grandsire. August us died in equally disliked by Poles and Saxons, August us I, (Freperick), first King of Saxony, of the Elector Frederick Christian, succecded to electorate as a minor in 1763. He was one of most enlightened princes of his age, and devoted best energies to the improvement of his country, from the point of view of education, and judicial reform. After the peace of 1506, he wag recognised as king and received Napoleon the duchy of Warsaw, in return for he lent his aid against Prn ia and Ru ia. afterwards joined the Confederation of the but was never looked on very favourably by Continental powers. In 1815 Warsaw was taken him and his entire kingdom was in imminent However, the danger was tided over chiefly the influence of England, and the King of Saxony to reign until his death in 1827. August us II. (Krepenick), nephew of the was born in 1797 and succeeded in 1836, had been carefully trained as a soldier and as a and had for several years acted as coin besides taking an active part in a liberal constitution. He was succe ful tiling over the revolutionary troubles of 1848, and in 1854, having won the affection of his subjects.