Cooperage

Workshop of a cooper. - Vocation or trade of a cooper. - Price paid for cooper's work. (Arts and Trades.) C. is the mechanical art by which casks, tubs, barrels, and all kinds of wooden ve els bound together with hoops, are made. It is a very ancient art, and its invention is ascribed by Pliny to the people who lived at the foot of the Alps. On account of the abundance of wood, the fabrication of casks was early introduced into France, and from that country it was imported into Britain. The occupation of the modern cooper is divided into several distinct branches. The dry cooper makes casks for containing all kinds of goods not in a liquid state; such as sugar, flour, . The wet or tight cooper makes ve els for holding liquids; and this branch is subdivided into large and small work, which are kept quite distinct. There are, also, white coopers, or those who make tubs, pails, churns, .; and there are coopers in general , who undertake every variety of work. The upright pieces which form the sides of a barrel or cask are called staves , and the shaping and planing of these is the most difficult and the most important part of a cooper's work. Each stave must form part of a double conchoid; it must be broader in the middle, and gradually become narrower, but not in straight lines, towards the two extremities. The outside of the staves, acro the wood, is wrought into segments of a circle, and is made thickest in the middle, growing gradually thinner toward the ends. When the staves are dre ed and arranged in a circular form, the cooper can make their edges coincide perfectly tomathar, In the shape of the staves, and in giving the proper curve, consists the principal part of the cooper's art. The best work is made of Virginia oak. All wood employed ought to be thoroughly dried before being put together. Co-op'erant, a. Working together; laboring to the same end. Co-op'erate, v. a. [Fr. coopérer; Lat. con, and operor, operatus, to work, to operate, from opus, work. See applied to a society formed among the industrial cla es for some commercial purpose. The prevailing belief that the laborer does not work for himself, but for the capitalist, that the latter obtains all the profit of his labor, has led to the natural conclusion, that if he could work for himself, if he could supply capital as well as labor, then the whole of the profit would be his own. This has led, chiefly in France and England, to the formation of societies among the working-cla es where, by each contributing a small sum to the general fund, they have obtained capital for the purpose of embarking in some commercial undertaking, the profits of which being afterwards divided among them, or going to increase their capital and enlarge the sphere of their operations. Thus, instead of putting their savings into a bank, or investing them in other securities which yield only a small interest, -as the capital is employed by others, who must have their profit out of it, they employ it for themselves, and thus obtain the whole of the profits. Co-operation differs from communism, socialism, or any other fanciful scheme of civil society. It is simply a joint-stock company, carrying on some commercial enterprise. "The form of a ociation," says J. S. Mill, "which, if mankind continue to improve, must be expected in the end to predominate, is not that which can exist between a capitalist as chief, and work-people without a voice in the management, but the a ociation of the laborers themselves on terms of equality, collectively owning the capital with which they carry on their operations, and working under managers elected and removable by themselves. There is a capacity of exertion and self-denial in the ma es of mankind which is never known but on the rare occasions on which it is appealed to in the name of some great idea or elevated sentiment." The system of co-operation is one of great benefit to the working-cla es, if properly carried out. It fosters provident habits, and encourages industry. Each individual is as much as ever dependent upon his own exertions, which are also more suitably rewarded. It leads, also, to strict inquiry into the moral character of such as are desirous of admi ion into their society. C. S. are frequently formed in Europe, and of late in this country, for supplying its members and others with articles of daily consumption. The goods are purchased with the money of the society, and sold at the ordinary market-rate, the profit being periodically divided among the members, or going to increase the capital. Such societies are very useful in obviating the practice of adulterating commodities, which we are told prevails to so serious an extent among many shopkeepers, especially those whose busine lies chiefly with working people. As the dealers are also the buyers, the interests of honesty are thus on the side of the shop, and the motives of adulteration are eliminated. No man would willingly sell himself inferior, disguised, or unwholesome commodities. Down to this day (1897) the cooperative system has not been received with marked favor in the U. States. Many co-operative stores have been established in almost all parts of the country; but, excepting Ma achusetts, where their management seems to be better understood, relatively few of them have met with decided and durable succe . Co-operator, n. One who co-operates. Coop'er Island, in the British W. Indies, 5 m. S.E. of Tortola. Coop'er River, in S. Carolina , rises in Charleston dist., flows S.E. to the Ashley River, below Charleston. Coop'er's Creek, in New Jersey, traverses Camden co., and enters the Delaware River near Camden City. Cooper's Mills, in Maine , a P. O. of Lincoln co, Cooper's Plains, in New York , a P.O. of Steuben co Coopers town, in Illinois , a post-township of Brown co., on the Illinois River, about 22 m. W.N.W. of Jacksonville. Coopers town, in N. J. , a v. of Camden co., 6 m. E. of Camden. A village of Burlington co., 3 m. S. W. of Burlington. Coopers town, in New York , a town of Otsego twp. and the cap. of Otsego co., on the Otsego lake, 69 m. S.W. of Albany. It takes its name from Judge William Cooper, father of James Feni more Cooper, the novelist. A radius of 40 miles in and around C. produces more than half the hops raised in the U.S. Pop . about 3,000. Coopers town, in Pennsylvania , a p.v. of Venango co., on Sugar Creek, 75 m. N. of Pittsburg. Coopers town, in Tenne ee , a vill. of Robertson co. Coopers town, in Wis ., a p. v. and twp. of Manito- woc co. on Benton Creek, about 65 m. S. of Milwaukee. Coopersville, in Iowa , a village of Wapello county. Coopersville, in Michigan , a post-village of Ottawa co., about 15 m. W.N.W. of Grand Rapids. Coopersville, in New York , a P. O. of Clinton co. Coopersville, in Pennsylvania , a village of Lancaster co., 55 m. S.E. of Harris burg. Cooper's Wells, in Mi i ippi , a favorite watering- place in Hinds co. Coop'ery, a . Pertaining to a cooper. Co-optation, n. [Lat. cooptatio .] Adoption; a ump- tion. Co-ordinance, n. Joint ordinance. Co-ordinate, a. [Lat. con , and ordino , ord in at us , to set in order, to arrange, to regulate, from ordo , order, q. v.] Holding the same order, rank, or degree; equal; not subordinate; as, co - ordinate powers. OPERATE.] To act or operate jointly with another or -v. a. To make co-ordinate or equal. same rank, condition, or authority. others to the same end; to use mutual efforts to promote -n. One of two or more persons or things, holding the the same object; to concur in producing the same effect. Co-operation, n. [Fr.] Act of co-operating; joint operation; concurrent effort or labor. works have been translated into all European, and, it Co-operative, a . Operating jointly to the same end. is said, into some of the Oriental languages. They Co-operative Society, n . (Pol. Econ.) The name -n.pl. ( Math .) In Geometry, lines, angles, ., ranged in order; a system of lines to which points under consideration are referred, and by means of which their position is determined. In the Theory of Curves, any The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia IMG:content-0364.jpg:[graphic][subsumed][subsumed] Coos (or CoOSE) River, in Oregon , a small stream of Coos co., flowing W. into a bay of the same name. Coo'sa, in Alabama , an E. central co.; area , about 860 sq. m. It is bounded on the S.W. by Coosa River. The So chap a toy and other smaller creeks traverse it. The surface is elevated and broken; soil fertile. Cap . Rock- ford. In its N. part is an immense quarry of beautiful marble, said to be superior to any other in the U. States, and equal to the finest specimens of Italian marble. Pop . (1890) 16,006. Coosa, in Georgia , a post-office of Floyd co. Coosa River, formed by the confluence of the Etowah and Ostenaula rivers, which unite at Rome, in Georgia. Its course is S.W., and then nearly S., until it joins the Tall a poos a to form the Alabama River, about 10 m. N. of Montgomery. It is about 350 miles long. Coosau'da, in Alabama , a village of Autauga co., on the Alabama River, abt. 8 m. N. by W. of Montgomery. Coosawat'tee, in Georgia , a small river rising in the Blue Ridge, in Gilmer co., and joining the Conn as aug a in Murray co., to form the Ostenaula. Coos a what'chie, in S. Carolina , a township, cap. of Beaufort dist., abt. 100 m. S. of Columbia. Coo's aw River, in S. Carolina . See ASHAPOO. Coot, n. [W. cwt , a short tail; cwtias , a water-hen.] ( Zool .) See FULICA. -A colloquialism for a thick-headed fellow; a dolt. Coote hill, a town of Ireland, co. Cavan, on the Coote- hill River, 28 m. from Dundalk; pop . 3,200, Coote's Store, in Virginia , a P. O. of Rocking ham co. Cop, n. [A.S. copp .] The cone of thread or yarn formed on the spindle of a spinning-wheel. -A conical pile of hay. See Соск. -The summit of a hill; as, Mow- cop . -A police-officer. (Vulgar.) Copai'ba, Copai'va, Capiv'i, n. [Braz. cupaiba .] (Med.) A balsam obtained by making incisions on the stem of Copaifera muttynga , and other species. It acts on the body as a diuretic, expectorant, and in large doses as a purgative; and exercises a direct and special induence on the mucous membrane of the body. species are natives of tropical America, and several yield the valuable oleo-resin which is used in medicine under the name of balsam of copaiba . Most of the copaiba of commerce is brought from Brazil, a very little being imported from Guiana and the West-Indian islands. The timber known as the purple-heart, or purple-wood of Guiana, is the produce of C. pubiflora , and probably of C. bract eat a also. It is largely employed for orna- mental purposes. Copa'is, in Greece. See TOPOLIAS. Co'pake, in New York , a post-village and township of Columbia co., about 50 m. S. of Albany. Copake Iron Works, in New York , a post-office of Columbia co. Co'pal, n . ( Chem .) A peculiar substance, often improp- erly called gum copal . It is very difficultly soluble in alcohol; hard, brittle, and inodorous; its specific gravity varies from 104 to 1:13. It is the product of the Rhus cop all in a. Brazilian C. is the product of several species of Hymenea , and of Trachylobium mortianum . Indian nishes. Co'palche-bark, n. See CROTON. Copan', in Central America, a ruined city of Guatemala, abt. 30 m. E. of Chiquimula. For more than 2 m. its ruins extend along the Copan River (a tributary of the Mo- tagua), among which are the remains of a supposed temple nearly 650 ft. in length, and monolithic statues elaborately carved. Copa'no, in Tezas , a post-village of Refugio co., on Aransas Bay. Copar'cenary, n . ( Law . ) Joint heirship, or succe ion IMG:content-0365.jpg:[blocks in formation] Cop art ment, n . See COMPARTMENT. Copart'ner, n. [ Con and partner .) A joint partner; an a ociate; a sharer. Copartnership, Copartnery, n. Joint partner- ship, or concern in busine ; the persons who carry on a joint concern. See PARTNERSHIP. Copat'riot, n. Same as COMPATRIOT, q. v. Cope, n . [W. cob , a cloak or mantle, from cop , coppa , the top of anything, the crown of the head; A. S. cæppe , a cap; Ger. Lopf , the head; allied to Lat. caput ; Fr. chape. A cover for the head. ( Eccl .) An ecclesiastical vest- ment worn during the cele- bration of ma , and at pro- ce ions, vespers, and other solemnities. The C. was orig- inally a cloak worn for ord i- nary purposes. In form it is a semicircle, without sleeves, and with a hood. It is fastened acro the breast with a clasp or morse. С. soon began to be ornamented with embroidery, and even with jewels; and so early as the 13th cent. they became the most magnificent and Fig . 677. COPE. costly of all the vestments of the priesthood. -Anything extended over the head, as the roof or cover- ing of a house; the arch over a door, the arch or con- cave of the sky, . "A very large bridge... made of wood, and coped overhead." Add is on . -v.i. To jut out, as a wall. Cope, v . n. [Icel. kapp , fervor of spirit, contention; Lapp. kappa i , with contention; Swed. and Goth. kapp , contest. Junius thinks that the word is from the A. S. ceapian , L. Ger. koopen , to bargain, chaffer, from the emulation between buyer and seller.] To strive or contend on equal terms, or with equal strength; to match; to op- pose with succe ; to contend; to strive or struggle; to compete; followed by with ; as, to cope with a ruffian. "Host cop'd with host, dire was the din of war." - Philips . Johnson. Copai'fer a, n . [From copuiba , and Lat. fero , I bear.] To encounter; to interchange kindne or sentiment. ( Bot .) A genus of plants, sub-order Cesalpiniece. The -v. a. To pit one's self against; to accost. "I love to cope him in these sullen fits." - Shaks. -To reward; to give in return for. "We freely cope your courteous pains withal." Co'peck, Ko'peck, n . A Ru ian copper coin, 100 of which form a silver rouble, q. v. Cope land, in Georgia , a post-village of Telfair co., 75 m. S. of Milledgeville. Cope'land Islands, a small group on the N.E. coast of Ireland, nearly opposite Belfast Lough. There is a light-house here, 131 feet above the sea; Lat. 54° 4′ 44" N.; Lon. 5° 32′ W. Copenhagen, [Danish Kiobenshavn, "merchants' haven,"] a handsome, well-buiit, and fortified city and sea-port of N. Europe, cap. of the kingdom of Denmark; lying partly on the oast of the island of Zealand, in the Sound of the Baltic Sea, and partly on the small, contignous island of Amak; the channel between them forming the port. The city is divided into the Old Town , the New Town, and Christianshavn. The first division is the most populous: the second, the hand- somest quarter of the city. The section called Chris- IMG:content-0366.jpg:[graphic] Copernicus, NICHOLAS, a celebrated Pru ian astrono- mer, and mathematician; founder of the modern system of astronomy, B. at Thorn, 1473. He was educated at Cracow, where he became a doctor in medicine, then travelled into Italy, for the purpose of becoming acquainted with the great astronomer Regiomontanus, and became a profe or of mathematics at Rome. On his return, after several years' absence, to his native country, his uncle, the bishop of Warmia, gave him a canonry; and being thus at ease as to fortune, he diligently labored to improve the science of astronomy. He studied the va- rio us systems of the ancient astronomers, and compared them with each other, when, astonished and di atisfied with the complexity and improbability which he found in them, he applied himself to the construction of a system at once more simple and more symmetrical. The fruits of his researches appeared in his Latin treatise On the Re- volutions of the Celestial Orbs , in which he represented the sun as occupying a centre round which the earth and the other planets revolve. This great work re- mained in MS. for 13 years after he had completed it, so diffident was he as to the reception it might meet with; and it was only a few hours before his death that a printed copy was presented to him, giving him a ur- ance that his opinions would see the light, though he would be beyond the reach of po ible censure and per- secution. D. 1543. Cope'-stone, n. ( Arch .) The head or top stone of a wall; a coping. (Sometimes called coping -stone.) Copho's is, n. [From Gr. kophos , deaf.] A difficulty of hearing. It is often symptomatic of some disease. Cop'ley, in Ohio , a post-village and township of Sum- mit co., abt. 124 m. N. E. of Columbus. Copo'pa, in Ohio , a post-office of Lorain co. Copos, n. [Gr. kopos , fatigue.] ( Med . ) A morbid la itude. Copped ( kopt ), a. Rising to a top or head; as " copped like a sugar-loaf."- Wiseman . Coppe'-house, n. An ancient term for a tool-house. Coppe'i, in Washington , a village of Walla Walla co. Cop'pel, n. See CUPEL. Cop'per, n. [Gr. kupfer ; Lat. cuprum, from Cyprus , which abounded in copper-mines.] ( Min . ) An important metallic element called Venus by the alchemists, who gave to it the symbol of that planet, 2. C. is a hard, sonorous, ductile and malleable metal, of a character is- tic reddish-brown color. Very thin films have been obtained, which were of a beautiful green color by trans- mitted light, although of the natural color by reflected light. It is one of the best conductors of heat and electricity, and expands one part in 582 between the freezing and boiling points of water. By slow voltaic reduction, it may be obtained in cubes and octohedral forms, which are also taken by several deposits of native C. The melting-point of C. is 1996 Fahr.; and by exposing it to a very intense heat, it boils and volatilizes, burning with a brilliant green flame. Heated to redne in the open air, C. combines rapidly with oxygen; but even moist air, at ordinary tempera- tures, has but little effect on it. In sea-water it becomes gradually corroded by the formation of an oxy chloride of copper. Nitric acid oxidizes and di olves it with great rapidity; sulphuric acid does not act on it at ordinary temperatures, but di olves it rapidly if heated; sul- phurous acid being evolved and oxide of copper formed, which unites with the exce of acid to form the sulphate. Hydrochloric acid di olves it with acce of air; if the air is excluded, no action takes place. It is but little affected by the fixed alkalies; but with acce of air, ammonia slowly oxidizes it. The uses of C. are very important, large quantities being used for sheathing ships, and in the manufacture of boilers and utensils for domestic purposes. With zinc it forms bra , and with different proportions of tin it forms bronze, bell-metal, gun-metal and speculum-metal. Its oxides and salts are largely used as pigments and in pharma- ceutical preparations. C. unites with oxygen in four proportions:-1. The sub-oxide or dinozide , Cu2O; 2. The protozide or black oxide , CuO; 3. The binoxide , Cuo; and 4, cupric acid , the composition of which is not known. Sub-oxide of C. may be obtained in several ways:-1. By calcining the sub-chloride with carbonate of soda and washing the residue; 2. By heating four parts of copper filings and five parts of protoxide of copper in a close crucible; 3. By boiling a solution of sulphate of copper with grape-vinegar, and adding po e ed of strong hydroscopic qualities. When strongly Cop'per Creek, in Illinois , a former post-office of heated, it fuses and parts with a portion of its oxygen, Rock Island co. a compound of sub-oxide and protoxide being formed. Copper Creek, in low a , a village of Jackson co., abt. Oxide of copper is easily reduced at a moderately high temperature by carbon, hydrogen, or organic matter, a property which renders it peculiarly valuable in the ultimate analysis of organic bodies. It is also used to give a green color to gla . It is quite insoluble in water, but di olves freely in acids, yielding very im- portant salts. The hydrated oxide , CuOHO, is obtained by decomposing a solution of a copper salt with an ex- ce of pota a. The pigment known as blue verditer consists of a hydrated oxide of copper. Boiled with water, it becomes black and anhydrous. It is soluble in ammonia, forming a deep blue solution. Binoxide of copper, CuOg, has been obtained by the action of binox- ide of hydrogen, or hydrated oxide of copper. It is a yellowish-brown powder, easily decomposed into oxygen and oxide of copper by heat or acids. Cupric acid , the formula for which has not been determined, is known only in combination with pota a, and is formed when finely-divided copper is heated to redne with caustic potash and nitrate of potash. Digested in water, the ma yields a blue solution, supposed to consist of cuprate of potash . The salts of C. are characterized by their green or blue color. They are nearly all soluble, and have a strong, disagreeable, metallic taste, acting as poisons on the human system. The symptoms of poison- ing by copper are, violent and irrepre ible purgings and vomitings, followed by exhaustion and death. The best antidote is albumen, or white of egg, with which they form an insoluble and almost inert compound. In med i- cine, sulphate of C. is used as a tonic, and is antispasmodic in cases of dyspepsia and Asiatic cholera. It is also used as an outward application to wounds which present the granulated appearance known as proud flesh. In five- grain doses sulphate of C. acts as a powerful emetic. The other salts of C. are seldom used. The most char- act eristic reactions of C. salts are as follows: Ammonia in exce gives a dark-blue solution; yellow pru iate of potash gives a red-brown precipitate. A strip of bright metallic iron precipitates copper from acid solutions in a metallic form. Of late years, C. has been used some- what extensively to give a bright green color to pickles and preserves. Its presence may be readily detected by incinerating the suspected article, washing the ashes in water, and filtering. If on the addition of liquid am- monia, the solution strikes a deep blue color, copper is present. Oxide of C. forms four compounds with acetic acid: neutral acetate (known in commerce under the name of VERDITER, q. v.); subsesquiacetate , diacetate (or VERDIGRIS, q. v.), and the triacetate , which is the most stable of the acetates of C. C. forms two chlorides, two simple compounds with cyanogen; Wurtz obtained a compound hydride of copper; and there is another im- portant salt termed nitrate of copper. The C. of com- merce is very nearly pure, containing only traces of arsenic, iron, lead, tin, and silica. C.-plates are used in engraving, the impre ion being very sharp and delicate. The most important alloys of C. are: C. and zinc (see BRASS), and C. and tin (see BRONZE). Equivalent, 63; sp. gr., 8-921 to 8:952; symbol, Cu (from cuprum ). 76 m. E.N.E. of Iowa City. Cop'per-faced, a . Faced with copper; as, a copper- faced die. Cop'per-fastened, a . ( Naut .) Fastened with copper bolts, as the planks and ribs of a ship. Cop'per Falls Mine, in Michigan , a post-office of Keweenaw co. Cop'per-green, n. ( Painting .) The appellation of a cla rather than of an individual pigment, under which are comprehended verdigris, verditer, malachite, min- eral green, green bice, Scheele's green, Schweinfurt or Vienna green, Hungary green, emerald green, true Brunswick green, lake green, mountain green, African green, French green, Saxon green, Persian green, patent green, marine green, Olympian green, . The general characteristic of these greens is brightne of color, well suited to the purposes of house-painting, but not adapted to the modesty of nature in fine art. Copper Harbor, in Michigan , a thriving post village and township of Keweenaw county, on Lake Superior. Cop'per-head, n. (Zool.) Ancestrodon contort riz, a dangerous serpent of the Rattlesnake family. It is abt. 2 feet long, and its color is light chestnut, with darker transverse bars. It inhabits the Southern States, and lives in dark, shady places, or in meadows of high gra . -A cant term which originated in the U. States during the civil war; intended to denote one who, while belong- ing to, or resident in, the N. States of the Union, was yet an open sympathizer with the Southern cause. Cop'per Hill, in New Jersey , a post-village of Hunter- don co., about 3 m. S. of Fleming ton. Cop'per Hill, in Virginia , a P. O. of Floyd co. Cop'pering, n. Act of covering or sheathing with copper; as, the ship underwent fresh coppering . Copper Ores. The ores of C. are somewhat numerous, and widely spread over the earth's surgace. Native C. is occasionally found crystallized in cubes, octo- hedra, or dendritic crystals, or in amorphous ma es, in Siberia, and in many parts of the U. S., which country has now become the greatest producer of C. in the world. The three principal C. producing sections of this country are the Lake Superior region, Butte, in Montana, and Arizona. It is obtained in smaller quantities in New Mexico, Colorado, Vermont and some other States. The rich mines of Lake Superior contain native C., of which formerly large ma es were obtained. It is now generally found in nodules or sheets distributed through the beds. The C. veins of Montana occur in granite, usually in connection with silver. The Arizona ores are oxides and carbonates. The product in the census year was: Montana, 98,222,444 lbs.; Michigan, 87,455,672 lbs.; Arizona, 31,586,185 lbs.; total, U. S., 226,055,962 lbs. Sulphate of C., known as blue - vitriol , blue - stone , and blue- copperas, occurs in beautiful prismatic crystals. It is formed in the preparation of sulphurous acid, and is also manufactured by roasting copper pyrites with free ac- ce of air. As found in commerce, the crystals are usual- ly opaque, but if they are di olved in hot water and allowed to crystallize slowly, they become perfectly transparent. The S. of C. is largely employed by the dyer and calico-printer, and in the manufacture of pigments. It is also occasionally used in medicine, in the electro- type proce , and in galvanic batteries. Form . CuO.SO3. Cop'per, n. A ve el made of copper, particularly a large boiler used in kitchens. Hot coppers. A cant term, used in England to denote the dry, parched condition of the mouth, with feverish- ne of the general system, after a drinking-bout. -a. Consisting of copper; pertaining to copper; resem- bling copper; as, "a copper sky." -Cole ridge. -v. a. To cover or sheathe with sheets of copper; as, to copper a ship's bottom. rose; It. copparosa.) A term applied, with the prefixes blue and green, to the sulphates of copper and iron re- spectively. Copperas Hill, in Vermont , a P. O. of Orange co. Copper-bottomed, a . ( Naut . ) Said of a ship when IMG:content-0367.png:[blocks in formation] Coppet, ( kop - pa ' ,) a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, district of Nyon, on the lake, and about 9 m. from the city, of Geneva. It is celebrated on account of a château, which, after having been inhabited by the phi- losopher Bayle in the 17th century, became, at a later period, the property of Necker, and was for several years the place of residence of his daughter, the celebrated Madame de Staël. Coppice, Copse, ( kop'pis , kops ,) n. [O. Fr. coupeiz , wood newly cut, from Fr. couper , Ger. koppen , to cut; Gr. kopādes , trees cut down, from kop to , to cut.] A wood consisting of underwood, shrubs, or brushwood; under- wood cut down at certain times for fuel; as, coppice lands. Cop'pin, n. The conical ball of thread or yarn on the spindle of a spinning-wheel; a cop. Cop'ple-crown, n. The feathery tuft on a fowl's which was spoken in the Delta, but of which only a few fragments now exist. It is interesting from its sup- posed resemblance in some points to the language of the hieroglyphics. The C. literature is by no means rich or valuable; consisting for the most part of trans- lations of the sacred Scriptures, lives of saints, hom i- lies, and some Gnostic works. The translations of the Bible were probably made about the end of the 3d or beginning of the 4th century, and follow, as far as the Old Testament is concerned, the Septuagint version. The C. language has not been spoken in Lower Egypt since the 10th century, but it lingered for some centuries later in some parts of Upper Egypt. It is still, how- ever, employed by the Copts in their religious worship; but the le ons, after being read in C., are explained in Arabic. Cop'tis, n. [From Gr. kop to , to cut, from the numer- ous divisions of the leaves.) ( Bot .) A genus of plants, order Ranunculacea . They are low herbs, with radical leaves, and a long, slender, perennial, creeping rhizoma. The species C. trifoliata , the Gold-thread, is a native of N. America, from Pennsylvania to the Arctic circle. It is much prized for its root, which is a pure and powerful bitter, and forms an excellent stomachic and tonic. The root of C. teeta is found in the bazaars of India, under the names of mishmee bitter and mahmira. It is in- tensely bitter, and is a very valuable tonic. Cop'ula, n. [Lat. con, and root ap ; Sansk. ap , to ar- rive at.) ( Logic .) That part of the preposition which affirms or denies the predicate of the subject. The only true logical copula is the present tense of the verb to be, with or without the negative sign "is" or "is not." (Mus.) See COUPLER. Cop'ulate, v. i. [Lat. copulo , copulatus .] To come to- gether in sexual intercourse. Copula'tion, n. [Lat. copulatio .] Act of copulating; coition. - -Any conjunction; as, " a copulation of ideas." Cop'ulative, a. That which unites or couples. (Gram.) Noting a conjunction that connects two or more subjects or predicates. -n. (Gram.) A copulative conjunction. Cop'ulatively, adv . In a copulative manner. Cop'ulatory, a . Relating to copulation; uniting. Cop'y, n. [Fr. copie ; It. copia ; Arm. kop i ; W. cop i , a transcript: Ar. kufi , like, resembling.) An imitation, resemblance, or likene of any kind; -opposed to original . -v.a. [See COPPICE.] To preserve, or to plant, underwood. "The neglect of copsing wood cut down, hath been of very ser i- -A transcript of an original writing; a book printed ac- cording to the original; a single book or set of books; as, a copy of Shakspeare. "If virtue's self were lost, we might From your fair mind new copies write."- Waller . (Fine Arts .) A transcript from an original work of art. When an artist copies his own work, it is called a duplicate , or replica . Copt, n. [Probably from the city of Coptos , in Upper Egypt, to which, during the persecution that took place under the Roman emperor, many of the Christians had fled for refuge.) ( Hist .) The name given to the Chris- tian descendants of the ancient Egyptians. In Egypt they are called Kibt , which some are inclined to believe to be the root of the name Egypt. The number of C. in that country at present is not more than 150,000, and about 10,000 of them live in Cairo. They are not of large stature, have black eyes, rather curly hair, and in several other respects resemble the ancient Egyptians, from whom they have inherited also the custom of cir- cumcision. Their dre very much resembles that of the Moslems; but they are usually distinguished by a black turban. In character they are generally gloomy. deceitful, and avaricious. They have always been dis- tinguished for their expertne in figures, in consequence of which many of them fill important posts throughout -v.n. To do anything in imitation of something else; -v. a. To write, print, or engrave, according to an origi- nal; to form a like work or composition; to transcribe; to paint or draw according to an original; to follow or imitate an original or pattern in manners or life. (Some- times preceding out and off .) "Who writes a libel, or who copies out." -Pope. "To copy her few nymphs aspired."- Swift . "When a painter copies from the life, he has no privilege to alter features or lineaments." -Dryden. Cop'y-book, n . A book in which copies are written or printed for learners to imitate. Cop'yer, n. A copyist; one who copies or transcribes. Cop'y-hold, n. ( Eng . Law . ) A holding, or a tenure of estate by copy of court-roll; a tenure for which the tenant has nothing to show except the rolls made by the stewards of the lord of the manor's court. -Land held by such tenure. Cop'y-holder, n. One who is po e ed of land in copy-hold. Cop'ying-pre , n. A machine by which duplicates of letters and manuscripts may be produced without having recourse to transcription. A copying-machine generally consists of a flat bed, upon which rests the letter to be copied, and the paper for the duplicate. Above these is a flat plate, called a platten , which, by means of a screw or lever, is made to produce the neces- sary pre ure. The ink with which the letter is written contains a certain amount of sugar or treacle, which is transferred to the paper laid upon it by the pre ure ex- erted. The copy made is, of course, reversed, but the paper is purposely made thin, in order that the writing may be read through it. Various contrivances have been invented for procuring the nece ary amount of pre ure, but the simple screw and lever appears to be the best of them all. The manifold - writer may be de- scribed under this head. It simply consists of a number of sheets of paper blackened with some composition that will come off when pre ed hard, but will not move at a slight degree of pre ure or friction. Blank sheets of paper are inserted between these, and the writing is performed with a hard stylus made of steel or agate; the whole being placed on a smooth copper or pewter plate. Cop'yist, n. A copyer; an imitator: a transcriber; as, a copyist of music, a copyist of the Old Masters. Copyright, n. The exclusive right of an author, or his representatives, to print, publish, and vend a literary work. This right extends also to lectures, musical com- Coquelicot, ( kōk'le -kō,) n. [Fr.] ( Bot . ) The red Corn- rose or wild poppy. -Poppy-color, a kind of bright-red. Coquet, ( ko - ket ',) v. n. [Fr. coqueter , to strut it as a cock among hens, from coq , a cock. To lay one's self out for admiration; to trifle or practise deceit in love; to en- deavor to attract notice and admiration, from motives of vanity. -To make a show of love towards, from vanity; to de ceive in love; to jilt. "Phillis... coquetting t'other night, In public, with that odious fright." - Swift . Coquetry, ( ko'ket -re,) n. [Fr. coquetterie .] An attempt to attract admiration, notice, or love, from motives of van- ity; affectation of amorous advances; trifling in love. Coquet'tishly, adv . In a coquettish manner. Coquilla-nut, (ko-keēl'ya,) n. [Sp. coquillo .] ( Bot .) See ATTALEA. Coquille River, ( ko - kēēl ' ,) in Oregon , a small stream in Coos co., flowing W. into the Pacific Ocean. Coquim'bite, n. ( Min .) A white species of copperas of sulphate of iron, found at Coquimbo, Chili. Coquimbo, ( ko - keem'bo ,) or LA SERENA, a sea-port town of Chili, in the N. part of the republic, cap. of prov. of same name, on the Chuapa, near its mouth, 270 miles N.N.W. of Santiago; Lat. 29° 53′ 43′′ S., Lon. 71° 18' 40" W. It is a well-built place of one-storied houses. C. is, to a great extent, the cap. of N. Chili, and its principal sea-port; its exports (chiefly copper) amounting, in 1864, to 678,041 Spanish dollars. The harbor is large and well sheltered, and secure at all seasons. Pop . 7,138. Co'ra, or CORY, in Iowa , a village of Fremont Co'ra, in low a , a village of Henry co., 25 m. W.N.W. of Burlington. Co'ra, in Ohio , a post-office of Gallia co. Co'ra, in Tezas , a post-village of Comanche co. Cora'cias, n. ( Zool .) The Rollers, a genus of birds of the order In se ores , allied to the crows and jays, from which they are distinguished by peculiar elegance and splendor of colors. The species are natives of Europe and the E. Indies.