Bach

the name of a family of musicians, the illustrious member of which was Johann Se- Bach, who is rightly counted among the musicians which the world has ever seen. founder of the family was Veit Bach, a baker miller, who left his native land, Hungary, in to escape from the persecution of the Turks, were then masters of the soil. He had two son a, 317 who ove istic shrough of name me of salled not. second hours as kept at the music. of Loémmerhirt. March, lost year, was who the beautiful mained brother music. sired case, draw whole months, when after 1700 to Michael’s. Reinken, to as walked Although reputation offers hausen, the Weimar residence Dresden chand, and at cepted Cothen, pointed of mained wife, of bittered full but Bach. ( 289 ELD displayed great talent for music, in fact the for the art was the distinguishing character of the whole family, so that for two centuries, six generations, no le than sixty members the family became eminent in the art. The of Bach and music were at one time and in place synonymous. At Erfurt, where one branch the family settled, the town musicians were “ Bachs,” whether they bore that name or Veit’s eldest son followed his father’s trade, his son became a carpet maker. Their lei:ure were devoted to music, and in course of time, the family increased and became scattered, they up their connection by a yearly meeting, either Arnstadt, Erfurt, or Eisenach, where they spent day in exchanging experiences, and making Johann Sebastian Bach was the youngest son Johann Ambrosius by his first wife, Elisabeth He was born at Eisenach, on the 21st 1685, and died on the 28th July, 1750. He his Neb before he had completed his tenth and his musical education, begun by his father, continued by his brother, Johann Chris toph, was his senior by fourteen years, and who held post of organist at Ohrdruf, one of the most of the Thu ring i an valleys. Here he refive years, and excited the jealousy of his by the remarkable progre he made in A book of organ studies which the boy deto po e was locked up in a latticed book but young Bach, by rolling it up, managed to the precious volume forth, and copied the by the light of the moon during several only to have his labour taken from him it was completed. It was restored to him his brother's death a few months later. In he went to Liineburg to sing in the choir, and pursue his musical studies at the School of St. He often journeyed to Hamburg to hear the most famous organist of his time, and learn by hearing. When i removed to Weimar violinist, and afterwards to Liibeck, he once 250 miles to hear Buxtehude the organist. pinched by poverty, he had earned a great as an organist himself, and had many from different churches. He selected Miihland settled there for a time, and married daughter of Michael Bach, his cousin. He found a more suitable place, and he took up his there. On one occasion he travelled to for a “musical tournament” with Mara French artist. He defeated the Paris i an, a second trial was arranged, but March and the last moment failed to appear. Bach act he pos i of chef Worchestre to the Duke of and upon the death of Kuhnau was apmusical director and choirmaster or cantor St. Thomas’s School of Leipzig, and here he reuntil his death. Bach married his second Anne Magdalene, the daughter of Wiilkens, one the Court musicians. His last days were emby the lo of sight. His compositions are of ingenuity and power, and are in many styles, he is chiefly pre-eminent for his wonderful 19 ) mastery conformity ing bility also genius, Emanuel, to comfort. “ the they The “ age genius one years chus), 30 Ages ruined edifice boy murdered miraculously Bliicher Low-Lat. Low-Latin from first tenant tioners who in adopted candidates sity were other meant French generally degree sity arts master’s London. term bationers the cup of black of roughly twice those or Bacillus. of the fugal form as well as for his strict to law. He improved the art of play up on keyed instruments, and taught the po iof playing in all keys. His sons by his first wife, Wilhelm Friedemann, called the “ Halle” Bach, a musician of great was the father’s favourite; but Philip the second son, the Berlin Bach, musician Frederick the Great of Pru ia, was his greatest His other sons, Johann Chris toph, the Biickeburg Bach;” Johann Christian, known as “English Bach,” all from the places in which settled, continued the genius of the family. last descendant, William Bach, son of the Biickeburg Bach,” died in Berlin in 1845, at the of ninety, and with him ended the current of which had flowed with varying strength in family for a period of nearly three hundred in an uninterrupted line. Bacharach (Latin Ara Bacchi, altar of Bacan old town in Rhenish Pru ia, on the Rhine, miles S.E. of Coblentz by rail. In the Middle it was a great market for Rhine wine. The church of St. Werner, an elaborate Gothic in the form of a trefoil, commemorates a saint who (according to the legend) was by the Jews in 1293, and whose body floated up the river to this place. cro ed the Rhine here on Jan. lst, 1814. Bachelor (Fr. bachelier, prebably from the bacca lari us, cowherd, bacca being the form of vacca, cow; but derived by some a Keltic root meaning small or yowng), a term used to denote a purticuiar kind of inferior of church lands; then applied to prob a for the monastic life; later on, to knights had not yet been able to raise their banner the field; and in the thirteenth century in the University of Paris to denote who had undergone their first uni ver trials and were authorised to lecture, but not yet full teachers. Later it was used in universities, and written bacca laureus (as if it “ crowned with laurel-berries”), whence the baccalawréat—" bachelor’s degree.” It now denotes the first degree taken, the lowest which exempts its holder from strict uni ver discipline. In practice the bachelor’s degree in at Oxford and Cambridge is followed by the without further examination, while few graduates proceed beyond it. Lastly, the came to be applied to unmarried men, as profor matrimony. Bachelor’s Buttons, the popular name for double-flowered variety of the common butter- (Ranunculus acris), sometimes applied to that the red campion (Lychnis diurna), or to the knapweed (Centaurea nigra). Bacillus (= a little rod), one of the divisions the group of Bacteria (q.v.). A bacillus may be characterised by saying that it is at least as long as it is broad, and it thus differs from forms of bacteria, cocci, which po e a more le rounded shape. Bacilli may be capable or 318 non-capable long may tant heat rods readily refrangibility, ing distinguish abnormal in be supposed ing man of known splenic bacillus sumption, (Wig. bacillus bacilli fever, fowl known of bacillus A of is simply bacillus Spirilla, was Royal remained he Expedition, with of 1836 fruitle Rear-Admiral the explorations. oa certain meaning battle), combined, players the played. 1631, Holland, doned style (290 Back. of movement; they often grow into threads, and in these rounded or oval spores be developed. These spores are very imp or bodies; they offer much greater resistance to and other destructive influences than do the from which they are developed. A spore may be easels ren a from a coccus by its high and its peculiar behaviour with stain reagents; it is not, however, always so easy to a spore from a vacuole, or from other developments in the bacterial protoplasm; cases of doubt the test of resistance to heat must applied, or it must be ascertained whether the spore is capable of sprouting and produca bacterium by germination. Certain bacilli are known to cause diseases in and animals. The bacillus anthracis (see Plate Bacteria, Vol. V., Fig. 8) uces the disorder as anthrax (woolsorter's disease of man, fever or splenic apoplexy of animals); the tuberculosis (Fig. 1) is the cause of con the bacilli of glanders (Fig. 9), leprosy 2), and typhoid fever (Fig. 6), the tetanus and the bacillus diphtherix, and among causing disease in animals, those of swine mouse septicemia, rabbit septicemia, and cholera may be mentioned. Other well bacilli are the hay bacillus, the bacilli lactic and butyric acid fermentations, the of blue pus, and the bacillus prod i gios us. curved form is often found a ociated with cases cholera, and may be the cause of that disease; it known as the comma bacillus of Koch, but is a curved rod, so that the expre ion comma is misleading. It really belongs to the and not to the group of bacilli at all, Back, 81k GEORGE, the great Arctic explorer, born at Stock port in 1796, and entered the Navy in 1808. Captured by the French, he a prisoner of war for five years. In 1818 volunteered to join Sir John Franklin in his Polar and his courage and endurance met high commendation. In 1833 he took charge the party sent in search of Sir John Ro , and in commanded the Terror in a dangerous but voyage. Knighted in 1837, and made in 1859, he took an active interest in Royal Geographical Society, and in more recent He died in 1878, leaving a sum of to be devoted to researches in the Polar eas. re Backgammon (apparently dack-game, from features in the play; or from Danish words tray game, or Welsh meaning little a well-known game of chance and skill played with dice and draughts by two on a special board. Po ibly it dates from tenth century. It is now not very largely Backhuysen, Lupour, born at Emden in son of the Secretary to the States General of was destined for official life, but he a ban this career for painting. He formed his own from the |practical study of marine nature, ) and waves death taking the his quadrant, gator. It consisted radius vanes about superseded 1731, the 1859), of were since St. Sir mother married Anthony, matriculated Little He and beth admitted Amyas mained in scantily of of representing pool anxious allow he reversion Chamber, years, cum stances, In sition of in pleasure. to favourite Attorney ployed was of again again in Bacon. acquired unrivalled skill in depicting agitated and ships lashed by wind and water. His occurred in 1709.