WALES

principality of United Kingdom of Great Britain (51° 20’—53° 30’ N., 3°-5° 20’ W.); bounded N. by Irish Sea, W. by St. George’s Channel, 8. by Bristol Channel, E. by Cheshire, Shropshire, Here ford, and Mon mouth. Country is divided into N. and S. Wales, each containing six counties; in former, Flint is smallest and Montgomery largest; and in latter, Radnor is smallest and Car mar then largest, Most important co. is Glam organ, which contains nearly half the pop. In N. W.. Anglesey forms an island cut off from mainland by Menai Strait. Only large towns are Cardiff, Swansea, and Merthyren in N. by opening of Dee and mouths of Clwyd and Conway, on W. by Carnarvon and Cardigan Bays, on 8. W. by St. Bride Bay and Milford Haven, and on 8S. by Car mar then and Swansea Bays. Drainage is carried off in N. by upper waters of Severn and Dee, and by Clwyd, Conway, and other streams; in W. by Dovey, Teifi; and in S. by upper waters of Wye and Usk, and by Taff, Tawe, and Towy. Anglesey is low and undulating, and there is a good deal of low ground in 8. W. peninsula, but elsewhere the country is uniformly hilly, rising to many peaks of from 2,000 to over 3,000 ft., and reaching extreme height of 3,560 ft. in Snowdon, the highest peak in United Kingdom outside Scotland. Climate resembles that of England, except that rainfall is greater. Arable land covers 935,000 ac., and and 1,791,000 ac. are under permanent pasture; crops are in rotation—gra es, oats, barley, turnips, potatoes; horses, cattle, and sheep raised. Great wealth lies in minerals and connected industries, especially in coal; there are two coalfields, one in N., in Denbigh and Flint, and one in §8., in Glam organ, Car mar then, Brecon, and Pembroke; there fs also large production of slate, limestone, fireclay, and a small quantity of lead, silver-lead, zinc, gold, and copper; extensive smelting of iron, copper, and tin in S.; flannels manufactured at New town and Montgomery; Swansea is centre of tin and copper industries. _ The principality is administered with England, and has the same system of education; the parl. secretary of. the Board of Education being specially responsible. The univ., founded in 1903, includes three colleges, at Aberystwith, Bangor, and Cardiff. The disestablishment and disendowment of the Church of England under Act of 1914 was carried out March 31, 1920; Wales is now separate archbishopric (1920). Most of the inhabitants are Nonconformists. Language belongs to Celtic group, and is generally spoken; it closely resembles the language spoken in Britt any. Area, 7,466 sq. m.; pop. (1921) 2,206,712. For map, see HENGLAND AND WALES. History.—The tribes inhabiting the districts of modern Wales figured promjnently in the wars of the Romans in Britain, and Welsh mineral resources were extensively exploited by Roman speculators. But Welsh history proper begins with the overthrow of the Romano-Brit. states by the A. S. tribes (5th to 7th cent.), despite the efforts of Cunedda in the N. and Ambrosius Aurelian us and Melgwn Gwynedd in the W. In 577 W. Wales fell away with the advance of the W. Saxons under Ceawlin, while in 613 Ethelfrith of Nor thumb ria drove the N. Welsh behind the Dee by the victory of Chester. This misfortune plunged the Welsh into chronic anarchy, which was prolonged by the attacks of Mercia, especially under Offa, and the predatory inroads of the Scand in avians in the 9th cent.; although Rhodri Mawr (844-78), and giver, sometimes enforced a transient unity. The Normans, unable to conquer Wales by campaigning, increased disunion by a proce of gradual penetration from Chester, Shrews bury, and Here ford, the prototypes of the Welsh lordships’ marches. But under Griffith ap Cynan (1075-1137) a consolidating tendency set in, having the warlike and inacce ible kingdom of Gwynedd (Snow don i a) as its nucleus, and Henry I. and Henry II. invaded the country in vain. Griffith’s descendants, Owen Gwynedd (1135-70), and especially Llewelyn ap Iorwerth (1173-1240), who obtained special conce ions in Magna Charta, ruled over large tracts of middle Wales as well as Gwynedd, and established a strong kingdom. But ‘the last of the Welsh Princes,’ Liewelyn ap Griffith, who had a wider rule than any post-Norman prince, played into the hands of Edward I. by his restle ambition. He was twice beaten (1277 and 1282), and was killed in a skirmish. Wales was incorporated in England and became an appanage of the king’s eldest son. Edward also set up the shires of Flint, Anglesey, Car mar then. Eng. influence was secured by castles and boroughs filled with English men, but Welsh men played an important part in the Eng. wars in Scotland and France (they were the first soldiers to wear a uniform), until the oppre ions of individuals almost enabled Owen Glen dower to regain Welsh independence in the 15th cent. His failure allowed Henry VIII. to finish the work of Edward I. by shiring the whole of Wale and Bane parl. representation. Welsh history then became merged into English, although the Welsh national spirit has always remained strong, and its traditions, linguistic, literary, and musical proclivities have been continuously fostered by the annual EIsTEDDFOD. Literature—With few important exceptions, chief original works are in poetry of often striking excellence, eldest specimen a series of stanzas belonging to 9th cent. Book of Aneirin (early 13th cent.) gives specimens which may be 8th or 9th cent. Main poem of this Ms. is YGododin, irregular a ortment of fragments describing contests in N. Britain. Poems of same cycle in Book of Talie in (14th cent.). Book af Anetrin. and oldest nucleus of Book of Talie in, together with certain oems in Black Book of Car mar then, long to zone of Gwynedd; other poems in Black Book of Car mar then and most of Llywarch Hen poems of Red Book of Hergest belong to zone of Powys. From 1100 to 1300 Welsh poetry, often very vigorous, terse, and showing highly developed technical skill, is represented mainly by compositions of the court and many others. Towards the end of this period poetry in praise of women begins to be developed, especially ae Anglesey poet, Griffith ap Maredudd, and by Griffith Gryg, an older contemporary of the greatest love poet of Wales, and one of the greatest in all literature, Dafydd ap Gwilym, who blended love poetry with that of nature, and found a host of imitators among later poets. More ascetic side of Welsh life found poetic expre ion (14th cent.) in Sion Cent. Welsh poetry was linked with political move The last pre-Reformation poet of distinction was Tudur Aled, followed in Tudur period by William Lleyn. During Civil War and Commonwealth leading poet was Hugh Morris. Great revival towards middle of 18th cent., led by such writers as Goronwy Owen, who was familiar with cla . models. Since then many poetic writers of high rank. Welsh hymns of striking beauty abound, notably by Williams of Pantycelyn. In prose the chief medieval work is the Mabinogion (trans. Lady Guest, 1838). There are also many M . containing translations from French and Latin, notably stories from the Charlemagne cycle. The Bible was trans. into Welsh in 1588 by Morgan, Bishop of St. Asaph, and revised by Bishop Parry and Dr. John Davies in 1620. One of the most remarkable Welsh books of the 17th cent. is Llyfry Tri Aderyn (‘Book of the Three Birds’) by the Welsh Puritan, Morgan Lloyd. The chief development of Welsh prose was in the 19th cent. and later, when a large number of excellent works on theology, biography, general literature, and politics as well as fiction were published. Tran GEorRGE ANDREW Patrick Davin), Prince oF (1894), eldest son of King George V.; 6b. White Lodge, Sheen; educated at Osborne Coll. (1907-9) and Naval Coll., Dart mouth (1909-11). On the acce ion of George V. in 1910 he was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, and in July 1911 he was invested as such at Carnarvon Castle, Wales. During the academic years 1912-13 and 1913-14 he studied at Magdalen Coll., Oxford, as an ordinary undergraduate, taking an active part in the corporate life of his coll. He visited France in 1912, Germany in 1913, Denmark and Norway in 1914. On outbreak of war in Aug. 1914 he received a commi ion in the Grenadier Guards as second-lieutenant (attached Ist Batt.); lieutenant (1914); captain (1916); major (1918). In addition to his duties in France on the staff of Sir John French, he was in Egypt with the - Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (March to April 1916), paid three visits to Italy (1916, 1917, and 1918), and was with the Brit. army at the formal entry into Valenciennes (Nov. 7, 1918). In Aug. 1919 he sailed in Renown for Canada, where he not only visited such cities as Quebec, Toronto, Ottawa, Winnipeg, Vancouver, Victoria, and F Montreal, but also toured the more outlying parts, including the Cobalt silver mines, the Niagara Falls, Nipigon R., the Okanagan fruit country, and Alberta. At Banff, the gateway to the Rockies, and again at Brant ford, he was elected a chief by the Ind. tribes of the district. His visit lasted about three months in all, and he then proceeded to America. his tour there comprising only Washington and New York and their immediate environs. Welcomed everywhere with enthusiasm, his personal qualities won for him the loyal affection of Canada and the warm appreciation of the U. S. In March 1920 he sailed in Renown for Austral asia. Calling en route at Barbados, Panama, San Diego Hawaii, and Fiji, he reached New Zealand towards the end of April. The New Zealand ers, including the Maoris, gave him a warm welcome, both in the towns of Auckland, Rotorua, Wellington, Christ church, and Dunedin, and in the country districts of Otago and the W. coast. The end of May saw him in Melbourne, and during June he toured Victoria and New South Wales, making a short stay at Sydney. He visited W. and 8S. Australia and Tasmania in July, and Queensland in August. From there visited principal states of India. In 1923 he again visited Canada, spending some time on his ranch in Alberta.