CHARLES I

(160049), King of Gt. Britain and Ireland; 2nd 's. of James I.; 6. Dun ferm line; succ. March 27, 1625; m. Henrietta Maria of France, May 1625. C. di olved his first two Parlia-~ ments because of their opposition to his favorite Bucking ham. In 1628 a third Parliament compelled the king to redre the grievances stated in the Petition of Right, viz. forced loans, arbitrary imprisonment, illegal billeting of soldiers, and commi ions of martial law. Early in 1629 Parliament attacked ©. for levying tonnage and poundage, and for furthering Abp. Laud’s innovations in religion. For eleven years ©, ruled Without Parliaments, raising money unconstitutionally. Advised by his chief supporter Went worth, now Earl of Str afford, C. summoned a Parliament (Short Parliament, April 13-May 5, 1640), which refused supplies, and was di olved. In Aug. C. was defeated in the Second Bishop’s War against the Scots, and in Nov. again summoned Parliament (Long Parliament). ©. consented to various reforms, and was forced to sign a bill of attainder against Str afford, who was beheaded May 12, 1641. Following an attempt to arrest five members with an armed force in the House of Commons, Jan. 4, 1642, O. abandoned the capital, Jan. 10. The N. and N.W. were strongly Royalist, and, On Aug. 22 C. set up his standard at Nottingham, After an indecisive batt at Edge hill, Oct. 23, O. was victoriou: in 1643 at Adwalton Moor, Roundwa Down, and Cropredy Bridge. At the en of the year the Scots gave their helt to Parliament, while the Royalists were reinforced by the army from Ireland On July 2, 1644, Prince Rupert was defeated at Marston Moor, and the North fell to Parliament. The Parliamentary army, remodelled by Cromwell, gave the Royalist cause its deathblow at Naseby, June 14, 1645,; In April 1646 C. sought the protection of the Scots, who surrendered to the Eng. Parliament. The army, now divided against the Parliament, seized C. and imprisoned him at Car is bro oke. The Royalists rose in Wales and Kent, and Parliament, largely phy) Sopher negotiated with the king, but its action was nullified by the army. A High Court of Justice was, however, appointed by the Rump of Independents to try the king, and he was beheaded as a traitor at White hall, Jan. 30, 1649. ©. had many traits, but had little appreciation of men and forces. i