CARBON

n. Ka3rb'o2n. Lat., carboneum, carbonium, carbonum, carbo. Fr., carbpne. Ger., Kohlenstoff. It., carbonio. Sp., carbo no. A non-metallic element occurring in nature uncombined. in the form of the diamond and in that of graphite. Combined with oxygen, it occurs to a small extent in the atmosphere, and in the form of organic compounds it is found in all animal and vegetable ti ues. It is also found as a relic of extinct animal and vegetable organisms in the form of carbonates (chalk, coral, limestone) and of coal, and its occurrence in petroleum is probably of like origin. It is also produced (in the form of lamp-clack, gas-c., or charcoal) by the incomplete combustion of animal or vegetable ti ue. All varieties of c. are combustible, but in very different degrees of readine , and under the action of heat they all unite with oxygen to form c. dioxide. In its chemical relations c. exhibits great stability. It is not attacked by acids and is not soluble in any liquid; neither can it be fused nor volatilized. In combination it shows like stability, silicon being almost the only element that expels it from its compounds. It is distinguished from all other elements by its remarkable capacity for combining with itself, so that even several hundreds of atoms may be linked together in a single molecule. From the fact that such compounds are the characteristic components of organized ti ues, the term organic has been applied to the whole cla of c. compounds. C. combines directly with hydrogen, forming the various series of hydrocarbons, which are characterized by the facility with which the hydrogen is replaceable by other elements or by radicles, thus giving rise to the alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, organic acids, etc. In composition c. acts as a quadrivalent radicle, replacing or combining with 4 atoms of hydrogen; atomic weight, 11 '97; symbol, C. The term c. is also popularly used to denote something made of c., such as the c. plate in a galvanic battery and the c. pole of an apparatus for electric lighting. [B, 3, 4.] See CHARCOAL. DIAMOND, GRAPHITE, LAMPBLACK, and Gas c. C. acid. See Organic ACID. C. bichloride. Lat., carboneum bichloratum. Fr., bichlorure de carbone. See C. tetrachloride.C. hinoxide. Fr., bioxyde de carbone. See C. dioxide. C. bisulphide, C. bisulphuret. See C. disulphide. C'blut (Ger.). Charcoal impregnated with blood; used in the clarification of sugar. [B, 270.] C. bromide. Fr., bromure de carbone. Ger., Bromkohlenstoff. A compound of c. and bromine. [B.] See C. tetra bromide, C. chlorobromide, and C. oxy bromide.C. chloride. Fr.,chlorurede carbone. Ger.,Chlorkohlenstoff. A compound of c. and chlorine. [B.] See C. telrachloride, C. dichloride, C. monochloride, C. chlorobromide, and C. oxy chloride. C. chlorobromide. Fr., chlorobromure de carbone. Ger.. Chlorbromkohlenstoff. Tet rach lord i bro methane. [B, 158.] C. dibromide. Fr., dibromure (ou bibromure) de carbone. Tetra bro methylene. [B, 2, 158.] C. dichloride. Fr., dichlorure (ou bichlorure) de carbone. 1. Tet rach lor ethylene. 2. C. tetrachloride (tet rach lor methane). [B, 2, 158.] C. dioxide. Lat., carb one i dioxidum, carboneum bioxydatum, acidum aereum (seu mephiticum), gas mephiticum. Fr., bioxyde (ou dioxyde) de carbone. Ger.,Kohlendioxyd. It., dio ido (o bio ido) di carbonio. Sp., dioyido (6 bioxido) de carbo no. Syn.: carbonic anhydride, aerial acid, mephitic (or fixed) air. A colorle gas, CO2, of a rather pungent acid odor and acid taste, often erroneously called carbonic acid or carbonic-acid gas; found as a constant constituent of the atmosphere, of which it forms about 4 parts by volume (6 by weight) in 10,000. It also occurs di olved in considerable quantities in certain mineral waters, giving them their effervescence; and in some volcanic districts it is given off from clefts in the ground, from caves, and from volcanic craters. Its presence in the atmosphere or elsewhere is due to its production by the combustion of organic matter (coal, wood, etc.), by the respiration of animals, or by the decay of dead organic matter in the soil. Its accumulation in the atmosphere is U1, blue; U3, lull; U4, full; U, urn; U, like u (German). [s. 79]