Bologna

one of the oldest, largest and richest cities of Italy, capital of the Province of same name, in a fertile plain at the foot of the A pennines, between the rivers Reno and Savena, surrounded by an unfortified brick wall. In the 12th and 13th centuries it was one of the most flourishing of the Italian republics; but the feuds between the different parties of the nobles led to its submi ion to the papal see in 1513. Several attempts were made to throw off the papal yoke, one of which, in 1831, was for a time succe ful. In 1849 the Austrians obtained po e ion of it. In 1860 it was annexed to the dominions of King Victor Emmanuel. Population (1901) 152,009. 5 Bolognese School, an _ Italian school of painting, founded in the 14th century, probably by Franco. ‘The: great master of the school was Francesco Francia, a contemporary of Raphael, celebrated for the purity and serenity of his Madonnas, Bolometer, a most sensitive electrical instrument invented by Langley in 1883 for the measurement of radiant heat.