BOLOGNA

(anciently Bononia)^ one of the oldest, largest, and richest cities of Italy, capital of the province of Uie same name. It lies at the foot of the w. A pennines, between the rivers Keno and Savena, 190 miles K.ir.w. Home. Bologna is 5 or 6 miles in of drcumferenoe, and is surrounded by an unfortified wall of brick. It is an archbishopric, and has a tribuon nal of appeal in the first instance, and of commerce. of It has extensive manufactures of silk goods, velvet, artificial flowers, ftc. The town consists of four quarters, the older poorly, and the modem handsomely built. There are colonnades along the sides of the streets affording shade and shelter to the foot pa engers. Bologna was long renowned for its university, founded, according to tradition, by Theodosius the younger in 425, and restored by Charlea magne, which, in the centuries of barbarism, spread the light of knowledge over all Europe. It once had 10,000 students, but the number now averages only 300. Here the famous Imerius taught the civil law in the eleventh century; and men Uke Bulger us, by Martin us, Jacobus, and Hugo attracted pupils from every quarter. Several learned ladies have also at different times been profe ors here, such as Laura Ba i, profe or of mathematics and natural philosophy, and Matilda Tambroni, profe or of Greek, and the predece or of the famous Cardinal Mezz of anti The university formerly po e ed so much influence, that even the coins of the dty bore its motto — Bononia docet. The law school enjoyed the greatest fame. Its teachers had the reputation of inculcating principles favourable to despotism, and were consequently rewarded by the favour of the emperors, and of the Italian sovereigns. During 1400 years every new discovery in science and the arts found patrons here. The medical school is celebrated for having introduced the di ection of human bodies, and the scientific journals prove that the love of investigation is still awake in Bologna. The university, indeed, still enjoys a considerable reputation. A citizen of Bologna^ Greneral Count Fern. Marsigli, founded in 1709 the Instituto delle Sdenze, and gave it a library which numbers about 105,000 volumes, with 6000 manuscripts. The Church of San Domenico has a library of 90,000 volumes. Count Marsigli founded and endowed also an observatory, an anatomical hall, a botanical garden, and accumulated valuable collections for all branches of science and art. These collections are lodged in the university buildings, formerly the Palazzo Cellesi In the sixteenth century the famous painters and sculptors Caracci, Guide Reni, Do men i chino, and Albano founded a school, to which their works have given great reputation. (See Painting.) There were, even as early as the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, great painters in Bologna. Francesco, called U Francia, was famous in the fifteenth century. The chief square of the city. Piazza Maggiore, the forum in the middle ages, is adorned by several venerable buildings: among them are the Palazzo Fubblico, which contains some magnificent halls, adorned with statues and paintings; Palazzo del Podest^, diiefly remarkable as having been the prison of Enzius, king of Sardinia, and son of the emperor Frederick II., who was captured and kept here by the Bolognese for more than twenty years, till his death; and the church or basilica of St. Petronio, with its imfinished front and the meridian of Ca ini drawn upon a copper plate in the floor. Among the hundred other churches, the following are distinguished: S. Pietro, S. Salvatore, S. Domenico, S. Giovanni in Monte, S. Giaoomo Maggiore, all po e ed of rich treasures of art. The piJaces are nimierous, and were formerly enriched with numerous and valuable works of ml. Many of these have now disappeared, though frescoes and other internal decorations still remain. The collection of the Academy of Painting, endowed in modem times by the municipality, principally with the treasures of abolished chiirches and monasteries, is rich and full of hist or i cid interest. The admired fountain of the market is adorned with a Neptune in bronze, by John of Bologna. The leaning towers Degli Asinelli and Gari send a, dating from the twelfth century, are among the most remarkable objects in Bologna. The former is square and of ma ive brickwork, built in three portions, and diminishing in diameter to the top. Its height is 321 feet, and its inclination from the perpendicular 6 feet 10^ inches. The Gari send a is 161 feet high, and inclines a little more than 8 feet. Bologna has always been famous for cheap living, and has been chosen as a residence by many literary men. Gourmands praise it as the native country of excellent maccaroni, sausages, liquors, and preserved fruits. The pilgrimage to the Madonna di S. Lucca, whose church is situated at the foot of the A pennines, ^ league distant from Bologna, and to which an arcade of 640 arches leads, annually attracts a great number of people from all parts of Italy. Bologna was founded by the Etruscans under the name of FcUina, before the foundation of Kome. In 189 D.C. it was made a Roman colony, and called Bononia, On the fall of the Roman Empire, it was taken by the Longobards, then it pa ed into the hands of the Franks, and was made a free city by Charlemagne. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries it was one of the most flourishing of the Italian republics; but the feuds between the different parties of the nobles disturbed the stable government of tlie city, and led to its submi ion to the papal see in 1513. Several attempts were made to throw off the papal yoke, one of which, in 1831, was for a time eucoe ful In 1849 the Austrians obtained po e ion of Bologna^ and made it the head-quarters of their 2d Italian Corps. In 1860 Bologna was by popular vote annexed to the dominions dt King Victor Emmanuel. Pop. in 1872, 115,957. 277